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Javascript Interview Questions & Answers: Sudheerj

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README.md

JavaScript Interview Questions &

Answers
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Follow me @SudheerJonna for technical updates.

Go to Coding Exercise for coding specific questions

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Disclaimer
The questions provided in this repository are the summary of frequently
asked questions across numerous companies. We cannot guarantee that
these questions will actually be asked during your interview process, nor
should you focus on memorizing all of them. The primary purpose is for
you to get a sense of what some companies might ask — do not get
discouraged if you don't know the answer to all of them — that is ok!

Good luck with your interview

Table of Contents

No. Questions

1 What are the possible ways to create objects in JavaScript

2 What is prototype chain

3 What is the difference between Call, Apply and Bind

4 What is JSON and its common operations

5 What is the purpose of the array slice method

6 What is the purpose of the array splice method

No. Questions

7 What is the difference between slice and splice

8 How do you compare Object and Map

9 What is the difference between == and === operators

10 What are lambda or arrow functions

11 What is a first class function

12 What is a first order function

13 What is a higher order function

14 What is a unary function

15 What is the currying function

16 What is a pure function

17 What is the purpose of the let keyword

18 What is the difference between let and var

19 What is the reason to choose the name let as a keyword

How do you redeclare variables in switch block without an

20
error

21 What is the Temporal Dead Zone

22 What is IIFE(Immediately Invoked Function Expression)

23 What is the benefit of using modules

24 What is memoization

25 What is Hoisting

26 What are classes in ES6

27 What are closures

No. Questions
28 What are modules

29 Why do you need modules

30 What is scope in javascript

31 What is a service worker

32 How do you manipulate DOM using a service worker

33 How do you reuse information across service worker restarts

34 What is IndexedDB

35 What is web storage

36 What is a post message

37 What is a cookie

38 Why do you need a Cookie

39 What are the options in a cookie

40 How do you delete a cookie

What are the differences between cookie, local storage and

41
session storage

What is the main difference between localStorage and

42
sessionStorage

43 How do you access web storage

44 What are the methods available on session storage

45 What is a storage event and its event handler

46 Why do you need web storage

47 How do you check web storage browser support

48 How do you check web workers browser support

No. Questions
49 Give an example of web worker

50 What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM

51 What is a promise

52 Why do you need a promise

53 What are the three states of promise

54 What is a callback function

55 Why do we need callbacks

56 What is a callback hell

57 What is server-sent events

58 How do you receive server-sent event notifications

59 How do you check browser support for server-sent events

60 What are the events available for server sent events

61 What are the main rules of promise

62 What is callback in callback

63 What is promise chaining

64 What is promise.all

65 What is the purpose of race method in promise

66 What is a strict mode in javascript

67 Why do you need strict mode

68 How do you declare strict mode

69 What is the purpose of double exclamation

70 What is the purpose of delete operator

No. Questions
71 What is typeof operator

72 What is undefined property

73 What is null value

74 What is the difference between null and undefined

75 What is eval

76 What is the difference between window and document

77 How do you access history in javascript

78 What are the javascript data types

79 What is isNaN

What are the differences between undeclared and undefined

80
variables

81 What are global variables

82 What are the problems with global variables

83 What is NaN property

84 What is the purpose of isFinite function

85 What is an event flow

86 What is event bubbling

87 What is event capturing

88 How do you submit a form using JavaScript

89 How do you find operating system details

What is the difference between document load and

90
DOMContentLoaded events

91 What is the difference between native, host and user objects

No. Questions
What are the tools or techniques used for debugging
92
JavaScript code

93 What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks

94 What is the difference between an attribute and a property

95 What is same-origin policy

96 What is the purpose of void 0

97 Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language

98 Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language

99 Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript

100 What are events

101 Who created javascript

102 What is the use of preventDefault method

103 What is the use of stopPropagation method

104 What are the steps involved in return false

105 What is BOM

106 What is the use of setTimeout

107 What is the use of setInterval

108 Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded

109 What is an event delegation

110 What is ECMAScript

111 What is JSON

112 What are the syntax rules of JSON

113 What is the purpose JSON stringify

No. Questions

114 How do you parse JSON string

115 Why do you need JSON

116 What are PWAs

117 What is the purpose of clearTimeout method

118 What is the purpose of clearInterval method

119 How do you redirect new page in javascript

120 How do you check whether a string contains a substring

121 How do you validate an email in javascript

122 How do you get the current url with javascript

123 What are the various url properties of location object

124 How do get query string values in javascript

125 How do you check if a key exists in an object

126 How do you loop through or enumerate javascript object

127 How do you test for an empty object

128 What is an arguments object

129 How do you make first letter of the string in an uppercase

130 What are the pros and cons of for loop

131 How do you display the current date in javascript

132 How do you compare two date objects

133 How do you check if a string starts with another string

134 How do you trim a string in javascript

135 How do you add a key value pair in javascript

No. Questions
136 Is the '!--' notation represents a special operator

137 How do you assign default values to variables

138 How do you define multiline strings

139 What is an app shell model

140 Can we define properties for functions

What is the way to find the number of parameters expected by

141
a function

142 What is a polyfill

143 What are break and continue statements

144 What are js labels

145 What are the benefits of keeping declarations at the top

146 What are the benefits of initializing variables

147 What are the recommendations to create new object

148 How do you define JSON arrays

149 How do you generate random integers

Can you write a random integers function to print integers

150
with in a range

151 What is tree shaking

152 What is the need of tree shaking

153 Is it recommended to use eval

154 What is a Regular Expression

155 What are the string methods available in Regular expression

156 What are modifiers in regular expression

No. Questions
157 What are regular expression patterns

158 What is a RegExp object

159 How do you search a string for a pattern

160 What is the purpose of exec method

161 How do you change style of a HTML element

162 What would be the result of 1+2+'3'

163 What is a debugger statement

164 What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging

165 Can I use reserved words as identifiers

166 How do you detect a mobile browser

167 How do you detect a mobile browser without regexp

168 How do you get the image width and height using JS

169 How do you make synchronous HTTP request

170 How do you make asynchronous HTTP request

171 How do you convert date to another timezone in javascript

172 What are the properties used to get size of window

173 What is a conditional operator in javascript

174 Can you apply chaining on conditional operator

175 What are the ways to execute javascript after page load

176 What is the difference between proto and prototype

177 Give an example where do you really need semicolon

178 What is a freeze method

No. Questions
179 What is the purpose of freeze method

180 Why do I need to use freeze method

181 How do you detect a browser language preference

182 How to convert string to title case with javascript

183 How do you detect javascript disabled in the page

184 What are various operators supported by javascript

185 What is a rest parameter

What happens if you do not use rest parameter as a last

186
argument

187 What are the bitwise operators available in javascript

188 What is a spread operator

189 How do you determine whether object is frozen or not

190 How do you determine two values same or not using object

191 What is the purpose of using object is method

192 How do you copy properties from one object to other

193 What are the applications of assign method

194 What is a proxy object

195 What is the purpose of seal method

196 What are the applications of seal method

197 What are the differences between freeze and seal methods

198 How do you determine if an object is sealed or not

199 How do you get enumerable key and value pairs

What is the main difference between Object values and

No. Questions
What is the main difference between Object.values and
200
Object.entries method

201 How can you get the list of keys of any object

202 How do you create an object with prototype

203 What is a WeakSet

204 What are the differences between WeakSet and Set

205 List down the collection of methods available on WeakSet

206 What is a WeakMap

207 What are the differences between WeakMap and Map

208 List down the collection of methods available on WeakMap

209 What is the purpose of uneval

210 How do you encode an URL

211 How do you decode an URL

212 How do you print the contents of web page

213 What is the difference between uneval and eval

214 What is an anonymous function

What is the precedence order between local and global

215
variables

216 What are javascript accessors

217 How do you define property on Object constructor

218 What is the difference between get and defineProperty

219 What are the advantages of Getters and Setters

220 Can I add getters and setters using defineProperty method

No. Questions
221 What is the purpose of switch-case

What are the conventions to be followed for the usage of

222
swtich case

223 What are primitive data types

224 What are the different ways to access object properties

225 What are the function parameter rules

226 What is an error object

227 When you get a syntax error

228 What are the different error names from error object

229 What are the various statements in error handling

230 What are the two types of loops in javascript

231 What is nodejs

232 What is an Intl object

How do you perform language specific date and time

233
formatting

234 What is an Iterator

235 How does synchronous iteration works

236 What is an event loop

237 What is call stack

238 What is an event queue

239 What is a decorator

240 What are the properties of Intl object

241 What is an Unary operator

No. Questions
242 How do you sort elements in an array

243 What is the purpose of compareFunction while sorting arrays

244 How do you reversing an array

245 How do you find min and max value in an array

246 How do you find min and max values without Math functions

247 What is an empty statement and purpose of it

248 How do you get meta data of a module

249 What is a comma operator

250 What is the advantage of a comma operator

251 What is typescript

252 What are the differences between javascript and typescript

253 What are the advantages of typescript over javascript

254 What is an object initializer

255 What is a constructor method

What happens if you write constructor more than once in a

256
class

257 How do you call the constructor of a parent class

258 How do you get the prototype of an object

259 What happens If I pass string type for getPrototype method

260 How do you set prototype of one object to another

261 How do you check whether an object can be extendable or not

262 How do you prevent an object to extend

263 What are the different ways to make an object non-extensible

No. Questions

264 How do you define multiple properties on an object

265 What is MEAN in javascript

266 What Is Obfuscation in javascript

267 Why do you need Obfuscation

268 What is Minification

269 What are the advantages of minification

270 What are the differences between Obfuscation and Encryption

271 What are the common tools used for minification

272 How do you perform form validation using javascript

273 How do you perform form validation without javascript

274 What are the DOM methods available for constraint validation

275 What are the available constraint validation DOM properties

276 What are the list of validity properties

277 Give an example usage of rangeOverflow property

278 Is enums feature available in javascript

279 What is an enum

280 How do you list all properties of an object

281 How do you get property descriptors of an object

282 What are the attributes provided by a property descriptor

283 How do you extend classes

284 How do I modify the url without reloading the page

How do you check whether an array includes a particular value

285
or not
No. Questions
or not

286 How do you compare scalar arrays

287 How to get the value from get parameters

How do you print numbers with commas as thousand

288
separators

289 What is the difference between java and javascript

290 Is javascript supports namespace

291 How do you declare namespace

How do you invoke javascript code in an iframe from parent

292
page

293 How do get the timezone offset from date

294 How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically

What are the different methods to find HTML elements in

295
DOM

296 What is jQuery

297 What is V8 JavaScript engine

298 Why do we call javascript as dynamic language

299 What is a void operator

300 How to set the cursor to wait

301 How do you create an infinite loop

302 Why do you need to avoid with statement

303 What is the output of below for loops

304 List down some of the features of ES6

305 What is ES6

No. Questions

306 Can I redeclare let and const variables

307 Is const variable makes the value immutable

308 What are default parameters

309 What are template literals

310 How do you write multi-line strings in template literals

311 What are nesting templates

312 What are tagged templates

313 What are raw strings

314 What is destructuring assignment

315 What are default values in destructuring assignment

316 How do you swap variables in destructuring assignment

317 What are enhanced object literals

318 What are dynamic imports

319 What are the use cases for dynamic imports

320 What are typed arrays

321 What are the advantages of module loaders

322 What is collation

323 What is for...of statement

324 What is the output of below spread operator array

325 Is PostMessage secure

What are the problems with postmessage target origin as

326
wildcard
No. Questions
327 How do you avoid receiving postMessages from attackers

328 Can I avoid using postMessages completely

329 Is postMessages synchronous

330 What paradigm is Javascript

331 What is the difference between internal and external javascript

332 Is JavaScript faster than server side script

333 How do you get the status of a checkbox

334 What is the purpose of double tilde operator

335 How do you convert character to ASCII code

336 What is ArrayBuffer

337 What is the output of below string expression

338 What is the purpose of Error object

339 What is the purpose of EvalError object

What are the list of cases error thrown from non-strict mode to
340
strict mode

341 Is all objects have prototypes

342 What is the difference between a parameter and an argument

343 What is the purpose of some method in arrays

344 How do you combine two or more arrays

345 What is the difference between Shallow and Deep copy

346 How do you create specific number of copies of a string

How do you return all matching strings against a regular

347
expression
No. Questions
348 How do you trim a string at the beginning or ending

What is the output of below console statement with unary

349
operator

350 Does javascript uses mixins

351 What is a thunk function

352 What are asynchronous thunks

353 What is the output of below function calls

354 How to remove all line breaks from a string

355 What is the difference between reflow and repaint

356 What happens with negating an array

357 What happens if we add two arrays

What is the output of prepend additive operator on falsy

358
values

359 How do you create self string using special characters

360 How do you remove falsy values from an array

361 How do you get unique values of an array

362 What is destructuring aliases

363 How do you map the array values without using map method

364 How do you empty an array

365 How do you rounding numbers to certain decimals

366 What is the easiest way to convert an array to an object

367 How do you create an array with some data

368 What are the placeholders from console object

No. Questions
369 Is it possible to add CSS to console messages

370 What is the purpose of dir method of console object

371 Is it possible to debug HTML elements in console

How do you display data in a tabular format using console

372
object

373 How do you verify that an argument is a Number or not

374 How do you create copy to clipboard button

375 What is the shortcut to get timestamp

376 How do you flattening multi dimensional arrays

377 What is the easiest multi condition checking

378 How do you capture browser back button

379 How do you disable right click in the web page

380 What are wrapper objects

381 What is AJAX

382 What are the different ways to deal with Asynchronous Code

383 How to cancel a fetch request

384 What is web speech API

385 What is minimum timeout throttling

386 How do you implement zero timeout in modern browsers

387 What are tasks in event loop

388 What are microtasks

389 What are different event loops

390 What is the purpose of queueMicrotask

No. Questions

391 How do you use javascript libraries in typescript file

392 What are the differences between promises and observables

393 What is heap

394 What is an event table

395 What is a microTask queue

396 What is the difference between shim and polyfill

397 How do you detect primitive or non primitive value type

398 What is babel

399 Is Node.js completely single threaded

400 What are the common use cases of observables

401 What is RxJS

What is the difference between Function constructor and

402
function declaration

403 What is a Short circuit condition

404 What is the easiest way to resize an array

405 What is an observable

406 What is the difference between function and class declarations

407 What is an async function

408 How do you prevent promises swallowing errors

409 What is deno

410 How do you make an object iterable in javascript

411 What is a Proper Tail Call

No. Questions
412 How do you check an object is a promise or not

413 How to detect if a function is called as constructor

What are the differences between arguments object and rest

414
parameter

What are the differences between spread operator and rest

415
parameter

416 What are the different kinds of generators

417 What are the built-in iterables

What are the differences between for...of and for...in

418
statements

419 How do you define instance and non-instance properties

420 What is the difference between isNaN and Number.isNaN?

1. What are the possible ways to create objects in

JavaScript
There are many ways to create objects in javascript as below

i. Object constructor:

The simplest way to create an empty object is using the Object

constructor. Currently this approach is not recommended.

var object = new Object();

ii. Object's create method:

The create method of Object creates a new object by passing the

prototype object as a parameter
var object = Object.create(null);

iii. Object literal syntax:

The object literal syntax is equivalent to create method when it

passes null as parameter

var object = {};

iv. Function constructor:

Create any function and apply the new operator to create object
instances,

function Person(name){
var object = {};
object.name=name;
object.age=21;
return object;
}
var object = new Person("Sudheer");

v. Function constructor with prototype:

This is similar to function constructor but it uses prototype for

their properties and methods,

function Person(){}
Person.prototype.name = "Sudheer";
var object = new Person();

This is equivalent to an instance created with an object create

method with a function prototype and then call that function
with an instance and parameters as arguments.

function func {};

new func(x, y, z);

(OR)

// Create a new instance using function prototype.

var newInstance = Object.create(func.prototype)

// Call the function

var result = func.call(newInstance, x, y, z),

// If the result is a non-null object then use it otherwise

console.log(result && typeof result === 'object' ? result :

vi. ES6 Class syntax:

ES6 introduces class feature to create the objects

class Person {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
}

var object = new Person("Sudheer");

vii. Singleton pattern:

A Singleton is an object which can only be instantiated one time.

Repeated calls to its constructor return the same instance and
this way one can ensure that they don't accidentally create
multiple instances.

var object = new function(){

this.name = "Sudheer";
}

Back to Top
2. What is a prototype chain
Prototype chaining is used to build new types of objects based on
existing ones. It is similar to inheritance in a class based language. The
prototype on object instance is available through
Object.getPrototypeOf(object) or proto property whereas prototype
on constructors function is available through object.prototype.

3. What is the difference between Call, Apply and Bind

The difference between Call, Apply and Bind can be explained with
below examples,

Call: The call() method invokes a function with a given this value
and arguments provided one by one

var employee1 = {firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Rodson'};

var employee2 = {firstName: 'Jimmy', lastName: 'Baily'};

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

console.log(greeting1 + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.la
}

invite.call(employee1, 'Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello John R

invite.call(employee2, 'Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello Jimmy

Apply: Invokes the function and allows you to pass in arguments as

an array

var employee1 = {firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Rodson'};

var employee2 = {firstName: 'Jimmy', lastName: 'Baily'};

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

console.log(greeting1 + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.la
}

invite.apply(employee1, ['Hello', 'How are you?']); // Hello Joh

invite.apply(employee2, ['Hello', 'How are you?']); // Hello Jim

bind: returns a new function, allowing you to pass in an array and any
number of arguments

var employee1 = {firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Rodson'};

var employee2 = {firstName: 'Jimmy', lastName: 'Baily'};

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

console.log(greeting1 + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.la
}

var inviteEmployee1 = invite.bind(employee1);

var inviteEmployee2 = invite.bind(employee2);
inviteEmployee1('Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello John Rodson,
inviteEmployee2('Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello Jimmy Baily,

Call and apply are pretty interchangeable. Both execute the current
function immediately. You need to decide whether it’s easier to send
in an array or a comma separated list of arguments. You can
remember by treating Call is for comma (separated list) and Apply is
for Array. Whereas Bind creates a new function that will have this
set to the first parameter passed to bind().

4. What is JSON and its common operations

JSON is a text-based data format following JavaScript object syntax,
which was popularized by Douglas Crockford . It is useful when you
want to transmit data across a network and it is basically just a text
file with an extension of .json, and a MIME type of application/json
Parsing: Converting a string to a native object
JSON.parse(text)

Stringification: **converting a native object to a string so it can be

transmitted across the network

JSON.stringify(object)

5. What is the purpose of the array slice method

The slice() method returns the selected elements in an array as a new
array object. It selects the elements starting at the given start
argument, and ends at the given optional end argument without
including the last element. If you omit the second argument then it
selects till the end. Some of the examples of this method are,

let arrayIntegers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegers.slice(0,2); // returns [1,2]
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegers.slice(2,3); // returns [3]
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegers.slice(4); //returns [5]

Note: Slice method won't mutate the original array but it returns the
subset as a new array.

6. What is the purpose of the array splice method

The splice() method is used either adds/removes items to/from an
array, and then returns the removed item. The first argument specifies
the array position for insertion or deletion whereas the option second
argument indicates the number of elements to be deleted. Each
additional argument is added to the array. Some of the examples of
this method are,
let arrayIntegersOriginal1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegersOriginal1.splice(0,2); // retu

let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegersOriginal2.splice(3); // return
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegersOriginal3.splice(3, 1, "a", "b

Note: Splice method modifies the original array and returns the
deleted array.

7. What is the difference between slice and splice

Some of the major difference in a tabular form

Slice Splice

Doesn't modify the original Modifies the original

array(immutable) array(mutable)

Returns the subset of original Returns the deleted elements

array as array

Used to pick the elements Used to insert or delete

from array elements to/from array

8. How do you compare Object and Map

Objects are similar to Maps in that both let you set keys to values,
retrieve those values, delete keys, and detect whether something is
stored at a key. Due to this reason, Objects have been used as Maps
historically. But there are important differences that make using a
Map preferable in certain cases.
i. The keys of an Object are Strings and Symbols, whereas they can
be any value for a Map, including functions, objects, and any
primitive.
ii. The keys in Map are ordered while keys added to Object are not.
Thus, when iterating over it, a Map object returns keys in order of
insertion.
iii. You can get the size of a Map easily with the size property, while
the number of properties in an Object must be determined
manually.
iv. A Map is an iterable and can thus be directly iterated, whereas
iterating over an Object requires obtaining its keys in some
fashion and iterating over them.
v. An Object has a prototype, so there are default keys in the map
that could collide with your keys if you're not careful. As of ES5
this can be bypassed by using map = Object.create(null), but this
is seldom done.
vi. A Map may perform better in scenarios involving frequent
addition and removal of key pairs.

9. What
is the difference between == and ===
operators
JavaScript provides both strict(===, !==) and type-converting(==, !=)
equality comparison. The strict operators take type of variable in
consideration, while non-strict operators make type
correction/conversion based upon values of variables. The strict
operators follow the below conditions for different types,

i. Two strings are strictly equal when they have the same sequence
of characters, same length, and same characters in corresponding
positions.
ii. Two numbers are strictly equal when they are numerically equal.
i.e, Having the same number value. There are two special cases in
this,
a. NaN is not equal to anything, including NaN.
b. Positive and negative zeros are equal to one another.
iii. Two Boolean operands are strictly equal if both are true or both
are false.
iv. Two objects are strictly equal if they refer to the same Object.
v. Null and Undefined types are not equal with ===, but equal with
==. i.e, null===undefined --> false but null==undefined --> true

Some of the example which covers the above cases,

0 == false // true
0 === false // false
1 == "1" // true
1 === "1" // false
null == undefined // true
null === undefined // false
'0' == false // true
'0' === false // false
[]==[] or []===[] //false, refer different objects in memory
{}=={} or {}==={} //false, refer different objects in memory

10. What are lambda or arrow functions

An arrow function is a shorter syntax for a function expression and
does not have its own this, arguments, super, or new.target. These
functions are best suited for non-method functions, and they cannot
be used as constructors.

11. What is a first class function

In Javascript, functions are first class objects. First-class functions
means when functions in that language are treated like any other
variable.
For example, in such a language, a function can be passed as an
argument to other functions, can be returned by another function and
can be assigned as a value to a variable. For example, in the below
example, handler functions assigned to a listener

const handler = () => console.log ('This is a click handler func

document.addEventListener ('click', handler);

12. What is a first order function

First-order function is a function that doesn’t accept another function
as an argument and doesn’t return a function as its return value.

const firstOrder = () => console.log ('I am a first order functi

13. What is a higher order function

Higher-order function is a function that accepts another function as
an argument or returns a function as a return value.

const firstOrderFunc = () => console.log ('Hello I am a First or

const higherOrder = ReturnFirstOrderFunc => ReturnFirstOrderFunc
higherOrder (firstOrderFunc);

14. What is a unary function

Unary function (i.e. monadic) is a function that accepts exactly one
argument. Let us take an example of unary function. It stands for a
single argument accepted by a function.

const unaryFunction = a => console.log (a + 10); // Add 10 to th

15. What is the currying function

Currying is the process of taking a function with multiple arguments
and turning it into a sequence of functions each with only a single
argument. Currying is named after a mathematician Haskell Curry. By
applying currying, a n-ary function turns it into a unary function. Let's
take an example of n-ary function and how it turns into a currying
function

const multiArgFunction = (a, b, c) => a + b + c;

const curryUnaryFunction = a => b => c => a + b + c;
curryUnaryFunction (1); // returns a function: b => c => 1 + b
curryUnaryFunction (1) (2); // returns a function: c => 3 + c
curryUnaryFunction (1) (2) (3); // returns the number 6

Curried functions are great to improve code reusability and functional

composition.

16. What is a pure function

A Pure function is a function where the return value is only
determined by its arguments without any side effects. i.e, If you call a
function with the same arguments 'n' number of times and 'n'
number of places in the application then it will always return the same
value. Let's take an example to see the difference between pure and
impure functions,
//Impure
let numberArray = [];
const impureAddNumber = number => numberArray.push (number);
//Pure
const pureAddNumber = number => argNumberArray =>
argNumberArray.concat ([number]);

//Display the results

console.log (impureAddNumber (6)); // returns 1
console.log (numberArray); // returns [6]
console.log (pureAddNumber (7) (numberArray)); // returns [6, 7]
console.log (numberArray); // returns [6]

As per above code snippets, Push function is impure itself by altering

the array and returning an push number index which is independent
of parameter value. Whereas Concat on the other hand takes the
array and concatenates it with the other array producing a whole new
array without side effects. Also, the return value is a concatenation of
the previous array. Remember that Pure functions are important as
they simplify unit testing without any side effects and no need for
dependency injection. They also avoid tight coupling and make it
harder to break your application by not having any side effects. These
principles are coming together with Immutability concept of ES6 by
giving preference to const over let usage.

17. What is the purpose of the let keyword

The let statement declares a block scope local variable. Hence the
variables defined with let keyword are limited in scope to the block,
statement, or expression on which it is used. Whereas variables
declared with the var keyword used to define a variable globally, or
locally to an entire function regardless of block scope. Let's take an
example to demonstrate the usage,

let counter = 30;

if (counter === 30) {
let counter = 31;
console.log(counter); // 31
}
console.log(counter); // 30 (because if block variable won't exi

18. What is the difference between let and var

You can list out the differences in a tabular format

var let

It is been available from the beginning of Introduced as part

JavaScript of ES6

It has function scope It has block scope

Hoisted but not

Variables will be hoisted
initialized

Let's take an example to see the difference,

function userDetails(username) {
if(username) {
console.log(salary); // undefined(due to hoisting)
console.log(age); // error: age is not defined
let age = 30;
var salary = 10000;
}
console.log(salary); //10000 (accessible to due function scop
console.log(age); //error: age is not defined(due to block sc
}

19. What is the reason to choose the name let as a

keyword
Let is a mathematical statement that was adopted by early
programming languages like Scheme and Basic. It has been borrowed
from dozens of other languages that use let already as a traditional
keyword as close to var as possible.

20. Howdo you redeclare variables in switch block

without an error
If you try to redeclare variables in a switch block then it will cause
errors because there is only one block. For example, the below code
block throws a syntax error as below,

let counter = 1;
switch(x) {
case 0:
let name;
break;

case 1:
let name; // SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}

To avoid this error, you can create a nested block inside a case clause
and create a new block scoped lexical environment.

let counter = 1;
switch(x) {
case 0: {
let name;
break;
}
case 1: {
let name; // No SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}
}

21. What is the Temporal Dead Zone

The Temporal Dead Zone is a behavior in JavaScript that occurs when
declaring a variable with the let and const keywords, but not with var.
In ECMAScript 6, accessing a let or const variable before its
declaration (within its scope) causes a ReferenceError. The time span
when that happens, between the creation of a variable’s binding and
its declaration, is called the temporal dead zone. Let's see this
behavior with an example,

function somemethod() {
console.log(counter1); // undefined
console.log(counter2); // ReferenceError
var counter1 = 1;
let counter2 = 2;
}

22. What
is IIFE(Immediately Invoked Function
Expression)
IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) is a JavaScript
function that runs as soon as it is defined. The signature of it would
be as below,

(function ()
{
// logic here
}
)
();
The primary reason to use an IIFE is to obtain data privacy because
any variables declared within the IIFE cannot be accessed by the
outside world. i.e, If you try to access variables with IIFE then it throws
an error as below,

(function ()
{
var message = "IIFE";
console.log(message);
}
)
();
console.log(message); //Error: message is not defined

23. What is the benefit of using modules

There are a lot of benefits to using modules in favour of a sprawling.
Some of the benefits are,

i. Maintainability
ii. Reusability
iii. Namespacing

24. What is memoization

Memoization is a programming technique which attempts to increase
a function’s performance by caching its previously computed results.
Each time a memoized function is called, its parameters are used to
index the cache. If the data is present, then it can be returned, without
executing the entire function. Otherwise the function is executed and
then the result is added to the cache. Let's take an example of adding
function with memoization,
const memoizAddition = () => {
let cache = {};
return (value) => {
if (value in cache) {
console.log('Fetching from cache');
return cache[value]; // Here, cache.value cannot be used as p
}
else {
console.log('Calculating result');
let result = value + 20;
cache[value] = result;
return result;
}
}
}
// returned function from memoizAddition
const addition = memoizAddition();
console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 calculated
console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 cached

25. What is Hoisting

Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables and function
declarations are moved to the top of their scope before code
execution. Remember that JavaScript only hoists declarations, not
initialisation. Let's take a simple example of variable hoisting,

console.log(message); //output : undefined

var message = 'The variable Has been hoisted';

The above code looks like as below to the interpreter,

var message;
console.log(message);
message = 'The variable Has been hoisted';

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26. What are classes in ES6
In ES6, Javascript classes are primarily syntactic sugar over JavaScript’s
existing prototype-based inheritance. For example, the prototype
based inheritance written in function expression as below,

function Bike(model,color) {
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}

Bike.prototype.getDetails = function() {
return this.model + ' bike has' + this.color + ' color';
};

Whereas ES6 classes can be defined as an alternative

class Bike{
constructor(color, model) {
this.color= color;
this.model= model;
}

getDetails() {
return this.model + ' bike has' + this.color + ' color';
}
}

27. What are closures

A closure is the combination of a function and the lexical environment
within which that function was declared. i.e, It is an inner function that
has access to the outer or enclosing function’s variables. The closure
has three scope chains

i. Own scope where variables defined between its curly brackets

ii. Outer function’s variables
iii. Global variables Let's take an example of closure concept,

function Welcome(name){
var greetingInfo = function(message){
console.log(message+' '+name);
}
return greetingInfo;
}
var myFunction = Welcome('John');
myFunction('Welcome '); //Output: Welcome John
myFunction('Hello Mr.'); //output: Hello Mr.John

As per the above code, the inner function(greetingInfo) has access to

the variables in the outer function scope(Welcome) even after the
outer function has returned.

28. What are modules

Modules refer to small units of independent, reusable code and also
act as the foundation of many JavaScript design patterns. Most of the
JavaScript modules export an object literal, a function, or a
constructor

29. Why do you need modules

Below are the list of benefits using modules in javascript ecosystem

i. Maintainability
ii. Reusability
iii. Namespacing

30. What is scope in javascript

Scope is the accessibility of variables, functions, and objects in some
particular part of your code during runtime. In other words, scope
determines the visibility of variables and other resources in areas of
your code.

31. What is a service worker

A Service worker is basically a script (JavaScript file) that runs in the
background, separate from a web page and provides features that
don't need a web page or user interaction. Some of the major
features of service workers are Rich offline experiences(offline first
web application development), periodic background syncs, push
notifications, intercept and handle network requests and
programmatically managing a cache of responses.

32. How do you manipulate DOM using a service worker

Service worker can't access the DOM directly. But it can communicate
with the pages it controls by responding to messages sent via the
postMessage interface, and those pages can manipulate the DOM.

33. Howdo you reuse information across service worker

restarts
The problem with service worker is that it gets terminated when not
in use, and restarted when it's next needed, so you cannot rely on
global state within a service worker's onfetch and onmessage
handlers. In this case, service workers will have access to IndexedDB
API in order to persist and reuse across restarts.

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34. What is IndexedDB
IndexedDB is a low-level API for client-side storage of larger amounts
of structured data, including files/blobs. This API uses indexes to
enable high-performance searches of this data.

35. What is web storage

Web storage is an API that provides a mechanism by which browsers
can store key/value pairs locally within the user's browser, in a much
more intuitive fashion than using cookies. The web storage provides
two mechanisms for storing data on the client.

i. Local storage: It stores data for current origin with no expiration

date.
ii. Session storage: It stores data for one session and the data is
lost when the browser tab is closed.

36. What is a post message

Post message is a method that enables cross-origin communication
between Window objects.(i.e, between a page and a pop-up that it
spawned, or between a page and an iframe embedded within it).
Generally, scripts on different pages are allowed to access each other
if and only if the pages follow same-origin policy(i.e, pages share the
same protocol, port number, and host).

37. What is a Cookie

A cookie is a piece of data that is stored on your computer to be
accessed by your browser. Cookies are saved as key/value pairs. For
example, you can create a cookie named username as below,
document.cookie = "username=John";

38. Why do you need a Cookie

Cookies are used to remember information about the user
profile(such as username). It basically involves two steps,

i. When a user visits a web page, the user profile can be stored in a
cookie.
ii. Next time the user visits the page, the cookie remembers the
user profile.

39. What are the options in a cookie

There are few below options available for a cookie,

i. By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed but

you can change this behavior by setting expiry date (in UTC
time).

document.cookie = "username=John; expires=Sat, 8 Jun 2019 12:00:

i. By default, the cookie belongs to a current page. But you can tell
the browser what path the cookie belongs to using a path
parameter.

document.cookie = "username=John; path=/services";

40. How do you delete a cookie

You can delete a cookie by setting the expiry date as a passed date.
You don't need to specify a cookie value in this case. For example,
you can delete a username cookie in the current page as below.

document.cookie = "username=; expires=Fri, 07 Jun 2019 00:00:00

Note: You should define the cookie path option to ensure that you
delete the right cookie. Some browsers doesn't allow to delete a
cookie unless you specify a path parameter.

41. Whatare the differences between cookie, local

storage and session storage
Below are some of the differences between cookie, local storage and
session storage,

Local Session
Feature Cookie
storage storage

Accessed on
Both server-side client-side client-side
client or server
& client-side only only
side

As configured
until until tab
Lifetime using Expires
deleted is closed
option
Local Session
Feature Cookie
storage storage
Not Not
SSL support Supported
supported supported

Maximum data
4KB 5 MB 5MB
size

42. Whatis the main difference between localStorage and

sessionStorage
LocalStorage is the same as SessionStorage but it persists the data
even when the browser is closed and reopened(i.e it has no expiration
time) whereas in sessionStorage data gets cleared when the page
session ends.

43. How do you access web storage

The Window object implements the WindowLocalStorage and
WindowSessionStorage objects which has
localStorage (window.localStorage) and
sessionStorage (window.sessionStorage) properties respectively.
These properties create an instance of the Storage object, through
which data items can be set, retrieved and removed for a specific
domain and storage type (session or local). For example, you can read
and write on local storage objects as below

localStorage.setItem('logo', document.getElementById('logo').val
localStorage.getItem('logo');

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44. What are the methods available on session storage
The session storage provided methods for reading, writing and
clearing the session data

// Save data to sessionStorage

sessionStorage.setItem('key', 'value');

// Get saved data from sessionStorage

let data = sessionStorage.getItem('key');

// Remove saved data from sessionStorage

sessionStorage.removeItem('key');

// Remove all saved data from sessionStorage

sessionStorage.clear();

45. What is a storage event and its event handler

The StorageEvent is an event that fires when a storage area has been
changed in the context of another document. Whereas onstorage
property is an EventHandler for processing storage events. The syntax
would be as below

window.onstorage = functionRef;

Let's take the example usage of onstorage event handler which logs
the storage key and it's values

window.onstorage = function(e) {
console.log('The ' + e.key +
' key has been changed from ' + e.oldValue +
' to ' + e.newValue + '.');
};

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46. Why do you need web storage
Web storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can be stored
locally, without affecting website performance. Also, the information
is never transferred to the server. Hence this is a more recommended
approach than Cookies.

47. How do you check web storage browser support

You need to check browser support for localStorage and
sessionStorage before using web storage,

if (typeof(Storage) !== "undefined") {

// Code for localStorage/sessionStorage.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Storage support..
}

48. How do you check web workers browser support

You need to check browser support for web workers before using it

if (typeof(Worker) !== "undefined") {

// code for Web worker support.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Worker support..
}

49. Give an example of a web worker

You need to follow below steps to start using web workers for
counting example

i. Create a Web Worker File: You need to write a script to

increment the count value. Let's name it as counter.js

let i = 0;

function timedCount() {
i = i + 1;
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()",500);
}

timedCount();

Here postMessage() method is used to post a message back to the

HTML page

i. Create a Web Worker Object: You can create a web worker object
by checking for browser support. Let's name this file as
web_worker_example.js

if (typeof(w) == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("counter.js");
}

and we can receive messages from web worker

w.onmessage = function(event){
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = event.data;
};

i. Terminate a Web Worker: Web workers will continue to listen for

messages (even after the external script is finished) until it is
terminated. You can use the terminate() method to terminate
listening to the messages.

w.terminate();
i. Reuse the Web Worker: If you set the worker variable to
undefined you can reuse the code

w = undefined;

50. What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM

WebWorkers don't have access to below javascript objects since they
are defined in an external files

i. Window object
ii. Document object
iii. Parent object

51. What is a promise

A promise is an object that may produce a single value some time in
the future with either a resolved value or a reason that it’s not
resolved(for example, network error). It will be in one of the 3 possible
states: fulfilled, rejected, or pending.

The syntax of Promise creation looks like below,

const promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {

// promise description
})

The usage of a promise would be as below,

const promise = new Promise(resolve => {

setTimeout(() => {
resolve("I'm a Promise!");
}, 5000);
}, reject => {
});

promise.then(value => console.log(value));

The action flow of a promise will be as below,

52. Why do you need a promise

Promises are used to handle asynchronous operations. They provide
an alternative approach for callbacks by reducing the callback hell
and writing the cleaner code.

53. What are the three states of promise

Promises have three states:

i. Pending: This is an initial state of the Promise before an

operation begins
ii. Fulfilled: This state indicates that the specified operation was
completed.
iii. Rejected: This state indicates that the operation did not
complete. In this case an error value will be thrown.

54. What is a callback function

A callback function is a function passed into another function as an
argument. This function is invoked inside the outer function to
complete an action. Let's take a simple example of how to use
callback function

function callbackFunction(name) {
console.log('Hello ' + name);
}

function outerFunction(callback) {
let name = prompt('Please enter your name.');
callback(name);
}

outerFunction(callbackFunction);

55. Why do we need callbacks

The callbacks are needed because javascript is an event driven
language. That means instead of waiting for a response javascript will
keep executing while listening for other events. Let's take an example
with the first function invoking an API call(simulated by setTimeout)
and the next function which logs the message.

Output
// Second function called
// First function called

As observed from the output, javascript didn't wait for the response
of the first function and the remaining code block got executed. So
callbacks are used in a way to make sure that certain code doesn’t
execute until the other code finishes execution.

56. What is a callback hell

Callback Hell is an anti-pattern with multiple nested callbacks which
makes code hard to read and debug when dealing with asynchronous
logic. The callback hell looks like below,

async1(function(){
async2(function(){
async3(function(){
async4(function(){
....
});
});
});
});

57. What are server-sent events

Server-sent events (SSE) is a server push technology enabling a
browser to receive automatic updates from a server via HTTP
connection without resorting to polling. These are a one way
communications channel - events flow from server to client only. This
has been used in Facebook/Twitter updates, stock price updates,
news feeds etc.

58. How do you receive server-sent event notifications

The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event
notifications. For example, you can receive messages from server as
below,

if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {

var source = new EventSource("sse_generator.js");
source.onmessage = function(event) {
document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += event.data +
};
}

59. Howdo you check browser support for server-sent

events
You can perform browser support for server-sent events before using
it as below,

if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {

// Server-sent events supported. Let's have some code here!
} else {
// No server-sent events supported
}

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60. What are the events available for server sent events
Below are the list of events available for server sent events

Event Description

It is used when a connection to the server is

onopen
opened

onmessage This event is used when a message is received

onerror It happens when an error occurs

61. What are the main rules of promise

A promise must follow a specific set of rules,

i. A promise is an object that supplies a standard-compliant

.then() method

ii. A pending promise may transition into either fulfilled or rejected

state
iii. A fulfilled or rejected promise is settled and it must not transition
into any other state.
iv. Once a promise is settled, the value must not change.

62. What is callback in callback

You can nest one callback inside in another callback to execute the
actions sequentially one by one. This is known as callbacks in
callbacks.

loadScript('/script1.js', function(script) {
console.log('first script is loaded');

loadScript('/script2.js', function(script) {
console.log('second script is loaded');

loadScript('/script3.js', function(script) {

console.log('third script is loaded');

// after all scripts are loaded
});

})

});

63. What is promise chaining

The process of executing a sequence of asynchronous tasks one after
another using promises is known as Promise chaining. Let's take an
example of promise chaining for calculating the final result,

new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {

setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000);

}).then(function(result) {

console.log(result); // 1
return result * 2;

}).then(function(result) {

console.log(result); // 2
return result * 3;

}).then(function(result) {

console.log(result); // 6
return result * 4;

});
In the above handlers, the result is passed to the chain of .then()
handlers with the below work flow,

i. The initial promise resolves in 1 second,

ii. After that .then handler is called by logging the result(1) and
then return a promise with the value of result * 2.
iii. After that the value passed to the next .then handler by logging
the result(2) and return a promise with result * 3.
iv. Finally the value passed to the last .then handler by logging the
result(6) and return a promise with result * 4.

64. What is promise.all

Promise.all is a promise that takes an array of promises as an input
(an iterable), and it gets resolved when all the promises get resolved
or any one of them gets rejected. For example, the syntax of
promise.all method is below,

Promise.all([Promise1, Promise2, Promise3]) .then(result) => {

Note: Remember that the order of the promises(output the result) is

maintained as per input order.

65. What is the purpose of the race method in promise

Promise.race() method will return the promise instance which is firstly
resolved or rejected. Let's take an example of race() method where
promise2 is resolved first

var promise1 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {

setTimeout(resolve, 500, 'one');
});
var promise2 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 100, 'two');
});

Promise.race([promise1, promise2]).then(function(value) {
console.log(value); // "two" // Both promises will resolve, bu
});

66. What is a strict mode in javascript

Strict Mode is a new feature in ECMAScript 5 that allows you to place
a program, or a function, in a “strict” operating context. This way it
prevents certain actions from being taken and throws more
exceptions. The literal expression "use strict"; instructs the
browser to use the javascript code in the Strict mode.

67. Why do you need strict mode

Strict mode is useful to write "secure" JavaScript by notifying "bad
syntax" into real errors. For example, it eliminates accidentally
creating a global variable by throwing an error and also throws an
error for assignment to a non-writable property, a getter-only
property, a non-existing property, a non-existing variable, or a non-
existing object.

68. How do you declare strict mode

The strict mode is declared by adding "use strict"; to the beginning of
a script or a function. If declared at the beginning of a script, it has
global scope.
"use strict";
x = 3.14; // This will cause an error because x is not declared

and if you declare inside a function, it has local scope

x = 3.14; // This will not cause an error.

myFunction();

function myFunction() {
"use strict";
y = 3.14; // This will cause an error
}

69. What is the purpose of double exclamation

The double exclamation or negation(!!) ensures the resulting type is a
boolean. If it was falsey (e.g. 0, null, undefined, etc.), it will be false,
otherwise, true. For example, you can test IE version using this
expression as below,

let isIE8 = false;

isIE8 = !! navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/);
console.log(isIE8); // returns true or false

If you don't use this expression then it returns the original value.

console.log(navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/)); // returns

Note: The expression !! is not an operator, but it is just twice of !

operator.

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70. What is the purpose of the delete operator
The delete keyword is used to delete the property as well as its value.

var user= {name: "John", age:20};

delete user.age;

console.log(user); // {name: "John"}

71. What is the typeof operator

You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a
JavaScript variable. It returns the type of a variable or an expression.

typeof "John Abraham" // Returns "string"

typeof (1 + 2) // Returns "number"

72. What is undefined property

The undefined property indicates that a variable has not been
assigned a value, or not declared at all. The type of undefined value is
undefined too.

var user; // Value is undefined, type is undefined

console.log(typeof(user)) //undefined

Any variable can be emptied by setting the value to undefined.

user = undefined

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73. What is null value
The value null represents the intentional absence of any object value.
It is one of JavaScript's primitive values. The type of null value is
object. You can empty the variable by setting the value to null.

var user = null;

console.log(typeof(user)) //object

74. What is the difference between null and undefined

Below are the main differences between null and undefined,

Null Undefined

It is not an assignment value

It is an assignment value
where a variable has been
which indicates that variable
declared but has not yet been
points to no object.
assigned a value.

Type of null is object Type of undefined is undefined

The null value is a primitive The undefined value is a

value that represents the primitive value used when a
null, empty, or non-existent variable has not been assigned a
reference. value.

Indicates the absence of a Indicates absence of variable

value for a variable itself

Converted to zero (0) while

Converted to NaN while
performing primitive
performing primitive operations
operations

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75. What is eval
The eval() function evaluates JavaScript code represented as a string.
The string can be a JavaScript expression, variable, statement, or
sequence of statements.

console.log(eval('1 + 2')); // 3

76. What
is the difference between window and
document
Below are the main differences between window and document,

Window Document

It is the direct child of the window

It is the root level element
object. This is also known as
in any web page
Document Object Model(DOM)

By default window object

You can access it via
is available implicitly in the
window.document or document.
page

It provides methods like

It has methods like alert(),
getElementById,
confirm() and properties
getElementByTagName,
like document, location
createElement etc

77. How do you access history in javascript

The window.history object contains the browser's history. You can
load previous and next URLs in the history using back() and next()
methods.
function goBack() {
window.history.back()
}
function goForward() {
window.history.forward()
}

Note: You can also access history without window prefix.

78. What are the javascript data types

Below are the list of javascript data types available

i. Number
ii. String
iii. Boolean
iv. Object
v. Undefined

79. What is isNaN

The isNaN() function is used to determine whether a value is an illegal
number (Not-a-Number) or not. i.e, This function returns true if the
value equates to NaN. Otherwise it returns false.

isNaN('Hello') //true
isNaN('100') //false

80. What
are the differences between undeclared and
undefined variables
Below are the major differences between undeclared and undefined
variables,

undeclared undefined

These variables declared in

These variables do not exist in a
the program but have not
program and are not declared
assigned any value

If you try to read the value of If you try to read the value of
an undeclared variable, then a an undefined variable, an
runtime error is encountered undefined value is returned.

81. What are global variables

Global variables are those that are available throughout the length of
the code without any scope. The var keyword is used to declare a
local variable but if you omit it then it will become global variable

msg = "Hello" // var is missing, it becomes global variable

82. What are the problems with global variables

The problem with global variables is the conflict of variable names of
local and global scope. It is also difficult to debug and test the code
that relies on global variables.

83. What is NaN property

The NaN property is a global property that represents "Not-a-
Number" value. i.e, It indicates that a value is not a legal number. It is
very rare to use NaN in a program but it can be used as return value
for few cases

Math.sqrt(-1)
parseInt("Hello")

84. What is the purpose of isFinite function

The isFinite() function is used to determine whether a number is a
finite, legal number. It returns false if the value is +infinity, -infinity, or
NaN (Not-a-Number), otherwise it returns true.

isFinite(Infinity); // false
isFinite(NaN); // false
isFinite(-Infinity); // false

isFinite(100); // true

85. What is an event flow

Event flow is the order in which event is received on the web page.
When you click an element that is nested in various other elements,
before your click actually reaches its destination, or target element, it
must trigger the click event for each of its parent elements first,
starting at the top with the global window object. There are two ways
of event flow

i. Top to Bottom(Event Capturing)

ii. Bottom to Top (Event Bubbling)

86. What is event bubbling

Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event first
triggers on the innermost target element, and then successively
triggers on the ancestors (parents) of the target element in the same
nesting hierarchy till it reaches the outermost DOM element.

87. What is event capturing

Event capturing is a type of event propagation where the event is first
captured by the outermost element, and then successively triggers on
the descendants (children) of the target element in the same nesting
hierarchy till it reaches the innermost DOM element.

88. How do you submit a form using JavaScript

You can submit a form using JavaScript use
document.form[0].submit(). All the form input's information is
submitted using onsubmit event handler

function submit() {
document.form[0].submit();
}

89. How do you find operating system details

The window.navigator object contains information about the visitor's
browser OS details. Some of the OS properties are available under
platform property,

console.log(navigator.platform);
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90. What
is the difference between document load and
DOMContentLoaded events
The DOMContentLoaded event is fired when the initial HTML document
has been completely loaded and parsed, without waiting for
assets(stylesheets, images, and subframes) to finish loading. Whereas
The load event is fired when the whole page has loaded, including all
dependent resources(stylesheets, images).

91. Whatis the difference between native, host and user

objects
Native objects are objects that are part of the JavaScript language
defined by the ECMAScript specification. For example, String, Math,
RegExp, Object, Function etc core objects defined in the ECMAScript
spec. Host objects are objects provided by the browser or runtime
environment (Node). For example, window, XmlHttpRequest, DOM
nodes etc are considered as host objects. User objects are objects
defined in the javascript code. For example, User objects created for
profile information.

92. Whatare the tools or techniques used for debugging

JavaScript code
You can use below tools or techniques for debugging javascript

i. Chrome Devtools
ii. debugger statement
iii. Good old console.log statement

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93. What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks
Below are the list of pros and cons of promises over callbacks,

Pros:

i. It avoids callback hell which is unreadable

ii. Easy to write sequential asynchronous code with .then()
iii. Easy to write parallel asynchronous code with Promise.all()
iv. Solves some of the common problems of callbacks(call the
callback too late, too early, many times and swallow
errors/exceptions)

Cons:

i. It makes little complex code

ii. You need to load a polyfill if ES6 is not supported

94. What
is the difference between an attribute and a
property
Attributes are defined on the HTML markup whereas properties are
defined on the DOM. For example, the below HTML element has 2
attributes type and value,

<input type="text" value="Name:">

You can retrieve the attribute value as below,

const input = document.querySelector('input');

console.log(input.getAttribute('value')); // Good morning
console.log(input.value); // Good morning

And after you change the value of the text field to "Good evening", it
becomes like

console.log(input.getAttribute('value')); // Good morning

console.log(input.value); // Good evening

95. What is same-origin policy

The same-origin policy is a policy that prevents JavaScript from
making requests across domain boundaries. An origin is defined as a
combination of URI scheme, hostname, and port number. If you
enable this policy then it prevents a malicious script on one page
from obtaining access to sensitive data on another web page using
Document Object Model(DOM).

96. What is the purpose of void 0

Void(0) is used to prevent the page from refreshing. This will be
helpful to eliminate the unwanted side-effect, because it will return
the undefined primitive value. It is commonly used for HTML
documents that use href="JavaScript:Void(0);" within an <a>
element. i.e, when you click a link, the browser loads a new page or
refreshes the same page. But this behavior will be prevented using
this expression. For example, the below link notify the message
without reloading the page

<a href="JavaScript:void(0);" onclick="alert('Well done!')">Clic

97. Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language

JavaScript is an interpreted language, not a compiled language. An
interpreter in the browser reads over the JavaScript code, interprets
each line, and runs it. Nowadays modern browsers use a technology
known as Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, which compiles JavaScript to
executable bytecode just as it is about to run.

98. Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language

Yes, JavaScript is a case sensitive language. The language keywords,
variables, function & object names, and any other identifiers must
always be typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.

99. Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript

No, they are entirely two different programming languages and have
nothing to do with each other. But both of them are Object Oriented
Programming languages and like many other languages, they follow
similar syntax for basic features(if, else, for, switch, break, continue
etc).

100. What are events

Events are "things" that happen to HTML elements. When JavaScript
is used in HTML pages, JavaScript can react on these events. Some
of the examples of HTML events are,

i. Web page has finished loading

ii. Input field was changed
iii. Button was clicked

Let's describe the behavior of click event for button element,

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function greeting() {
alert('Hello! Good morning');
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button type="button" onclick="greeting()">Click me</button>
</body>
</html>

101. Who created javascript

JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 during his time at
Netscape Communications. Initially it was developed under the name
Mocha , but later the language was officially called LiveScript when
it first shipped in beta releases of Netscape.

102. What is the use of preventDefault method

The preventDefault() method cancels the event if it is cancelable,
meaning that the default action or behaviour that belongs to the
event will not occur. For example, prevent form submission when
clicking on submit button and prevent opening the page URL when
clicking on hyperlink are some common use cases.

document.getElementById("link").addEventListener("click", functi
event.preventDefault();
});
Note: Remember that not all events are cancelable.

103. What is the use of stopPropagation method

The stopPropagation method is used to stop the event from bubbling
up the event chain. For example, the below nested divs with
stopPropagation method prevents default event propagation when
clicking on nested div(Div1)

<p>Click DIV1 Element</p>

function secondFunc() {
alert("DIV 2");
}
</script>

104. What are the steps involved in return false usage

The return false statement in event handlers performs the below
steps,

i. First it stops the browser's default action or behaviour.

ii. It prevents the event from propagating the DOM
iii. Stops callback execution and returns immediately when called.

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105. What is BOM
The Browser Object Model (BOM) allows JavaScript to "talk to" the
browser. It consists of the objects navigator, history, screen, location
and document which are children of the window. The Browser Object
Model is not standardized and can change based on different
browsers.

106. What is the use of setTimeout

The setTimeout() method is used to call a function or evaluate an
expression after a specified number of milliseconds. For example, let's
log a message after 2 seconds using setTimeout method,

setTimeout(function(){ console.log("Good morning"); }, 2000);

107. What is the use of setInterval

The setInterval() method is used to call a function or evaluate an
expression at specified intervals (in milliseconds). For example, let's
log a message after 2 seconds using setInterval method,

setInterval(function(){ console.log("Good morning"); }, 2000);

108. Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded

JavaScript is a single-threaded language. Because the language
specification does not allow the programmer to write code so that the
interpreter can run parts of it in parallel in multiple threads or
processes. Whereas languages like java, go, C++ can make multi-
threaded and multi-process programs.

109. What is an event delegation

Event delegation is a technique for listening to events where you
delegate a parent element as the listener for all of the events that
happen inside it.

For example, if you wanted to detect field changes in inside a specific

form, you can use event delegation technique,

var form = document.querySelector('#registration-form');

// Listen for changes to fields inside the form

form.addEventListener('input', function (event) {

// Log the field that was changed

console.log(event.target);

}, false);

110. What is ECMAScript

ECMAScript is the scripting language that forms the basis of
JavaScript. ECMAScript standardized by the ECMA International
standards organization in the ECMA-262 and ECMA-402
specifications. The first edition of ECMAScript was released in 1997.

111. What is JSON

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight format that is used
for data interchanging. It is based on a subset of JavaScript language
in the way objects are built in JavaScript.

112. What are the syntax rules of JSON

Below are the list of syntax rules of JSON

i. The data is in name/value pairs

ii. The data is separated by commas
iii. Curly braces hold objects
iv. Square brackets hold arrays

113. What is the purpose JSON stringify

When sending data to a web server, the data has to be in a string
format. You can achieve this by converting JSON object into a string
using stringify() method.

var userJSON = {'name': 'John', age: 31}

var userString = JSON.stringify(user);
console.log(userString); //"{"name":"John","age":31}"

114. How do you parse JSON string

When receiving the data from a web server, the data is always in a
string format. But you can convert this string value to a javascript
object using parse() method.

var userString = '{"name":"John","age":31}';

var userJSON = JSON.parse(userString);
console.log(userJSON);// {name: "John", age: 31}

115. Why do you need JSON

When exchanging data between a browser and a server, the data can
only be text. Since JSON is text only, it can easily be sent to and from
a server, and used as a data format by any programming language.

116. What are PWAs

Progressive web applications (PWAs) are a type of mobile app
delivered through the web, built using common web technologies
including HTML, CSS and JavaScript. These PWAs are deployed to
servers, accessible through URLs, and indexed by search engines.

117. What is the purpose of clearTimeout method

The clearTimeout() function is used in javascript to clear the timeout
which has been set by setTimeout()function before that. i.e, The return
value of setTimeout() function is stored in a variable and it’s passed
into the clearTimeout() function to clear the timer.

For example, the below setTimeout method is used to display the

message after 3 seconds. This timeout can be cleared by the
clearTimeout() method.
<script>
var msg;
function greeting() {
alert('Good morning');
}
function start() {
msg =setTimeout(greeting, 3000);

function stop() {
clearTimeout(msg);
}
</script>

118. What is the purpose of clearInterval method

The clearInterval() function is used in javascript to clear the interval
which has been set by setInterval() function. i.e, The return value
returned by setInterval() function is stored in a variable and it’s passed
into the clearInterval() function to clear the interval.

For example, the below setInterval method is used to display the

message for every 3 seconds. This interval can be cleared by the
clearInterval() method.

function stop() {
clearInterval(msg);
}
</script>

119. How do you redirect new page in javascript

In vanilla javascript, you can redirect to a new page using the
location property of window object. The syntax would be as follows,

function redirect() {
window.location.href = 'newPage.html';
}

120. Howdo you check whether a string contains a

substring
There are 3 possible ways to check whether a string contains a
substring or not,

i. Using includes: ES6 provided String.prototype.includes

method to test a string contains a substring

var mainString = "hello", subString = "hell";

mainString.includes(subString)

i. Using indexOf: In an ES5 or older environment, you can use

String.prototype.indexOf which returns the index of a
substring. If the index value is not equal to -1 then it means the
substring exists in the main string.

var mainString = "hello", subString = "hell";

mainString.indexOf(subString) !== -1

i. Using RegEx: The advanced solution is using Regular

expression's test method( RegExp.test ), which allows for testing
for against regular expressions

var mainString = "hello", regex = "/hell/";

regex.test(mainString)

121. How do you validate an email in javascript

You can validate an email in javascript using regular expressions. It is
recommended to do validations on the server side instead of the
client side. Because the javascript can be disabled on the client side.

function validateEmail(email) {
var re = /^(([^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+(\.[^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+
return re.test(String(email).toLowerCase());
}

The above regular expression accepts unicode characters.

122. How do you get the current url with javascript

You can use window.location.href expression to get the current url
path and you can use the same expression for updating the URL too.
You can also use document.URL for read-only purposes but this
solution has issues in FF.

console.log('location.href', window.location.href); // Returns f

123. What are the various url properties of location object

The below Location object properties can be used to access URL
components of the page,

i. href - The entire URL

ii. protocol - The protocol of the URL
iii. host - The hostname and port of the URL
iv. hostname - The hostname of the URL
v. port - The port number in the URL
vi. pathname - The path name of the URL
vii. search - The query portion of the URL
viii. hash - The anchor portion of the URL

124. How do get query string values in javascript

You can use URLSearchParams to get query string values in javascript.
Let's see an example to get the client code value from URL query
string,

const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);

const clientCode = urlParams.get('clientCode');

125. How do you check if a key exists in an object

You can check whether a key exists in an object or not using three
approaches,

i. Using in operator: You can use the in operator whether a key

exists in an object or not

"key" in obj

and If you want to check if a key doesn't exist, remember to use

parenthesis,

!("key" in obj)

i. Using hasOwnProperty method: You can use hasOwnProperty to

particularly test for properties of the object instance (and not
inherited properties)

obj.hasOwnProperty("key") // true

i. Using undefined comparison: If you access a non-existing

property from an object, the result is undefined. Let’s compare
the properties against undefined to determine the existence of
the property.

const user = {
name: 'John'
};

console.log(user.name !== undefined); // true

console.log(user.nickName !== undefined); // false

126. Howdo you loop through or enumerate javascript

object
You can use the for-in loop to loop through javascript object. You
can also make sure that the key you get is an actual property of an
object, and doesn't come from the prototype using hasOwnProperty
method.

var object = {
"k1": "value1",
"k2": "value2",
"k3": "value3"
};
for (var key in object) {
if (object.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
console.log(key + " -> " + object[key]); // k1 -> value1
}
}

127. How do you test for an empty object

There are different solutions based on ECMAScript versions

i. Using Object entries(ECMA 7+): You can use object entries

length along with constructor type.

Object.entries(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object /

i. Using Object keys(ECMA 5+): You can use object keys length
along with constructor type.

Object.keys(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object // S

i. Using for-in with hasOwnProperty(Pre-ECMA 5): You can use a

for-in loop along with hasOwnProperty.

function isEmpty(obj) {
for(var prop in obj) {
if(obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
return false;
}
}

return JSON.stringify(obj) === JSON.stringify({});

}

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128. What is an arguments object
The arguments object is an Array-like object accessible inside
functions that contains the values of the arguments passed to that
function. For example, let's see how to use arguments object inside
sum function,

function sum() {
var total = 0;
for (var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; ++i) {
total += arguments[i];
}
return total;
}

sum(1, 2, 3) // returns 6

Note: You can't apply array methods on arguments object. But you
can convert into a regular array as below.

var argsArray = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);

129. How
do you make first letter of the string in an
uppercase
You can create a function which uses a chain of string methods such
as charAt, toUpperCase and slice methods to generate a string with
the first letter in uppercase.

function capitalizeFirstLetter(string) {
return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
}

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130. What are the pros and cons of for loop
The for-loop is a commonly used iteration syntax in javascript. It has
both pros and cons ####Pros

i. Works on every environment

ii. You can use break and continue flow control statements

####Cons

i. Too verbose
ii. Imperative
iii. You might face one-by-off errors

131. How do you display the current date in javascript

You can use new Date() to generate a new Date object containing
the current date and time. For example, let's display the current date
in mm/dd/yyyy

var today = new Date();

var dd = String(today.getDate()).padStart(2, '0');
var mm = String(today.getMonth() + 1).padStart(2, '0'); //Januar
var yyyy = today.getFullYear();

today = mm + '/' + dd + '/' + yyyy;

document.write(today);

132. How do you compare two date objects

You need to use date.getTime() method to compare date values
instead of comparison operators (==, !=, ===, and !== operators)
var d1 = new Date();
var d2 = new Date(d1);
console.log(d1.getTime() === d2.getTime()); //True
console.log(d1 === d2); // False

133. How do you check if a string starts with another string

You can use ECMAScript 6's String.prototype.startsWith() method
to check if a string starts with another string or not. But it is not yet
supported in all browsers. Let's see an example to see this usage,

"Good morning".startsWith("Good"); // true

"Good morning".startsWith("morning"); // false

134. How do you trim a string in javascript

JavaScript provided a trim method on string types to trim any
whitespaces present at the beginning or ending of the string.

" Hello World ".trim(); //Hello World

If your browser(<IE9) doesn't support this method then you can use
below polyfill.

if (!String.prototype.trim) {
(function() {
// Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
var rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;
String.prototype.trim = function() {
return this.replace(rtrim, '');
};
})();
}
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135. How do you add a key value pair in javascript

There are two possible solutions to add new properties to an object.
Let's take a simple object to explain these solutions.

var object = {
key1: value1,
key2: value2
};

i. Using dot notation: This solution is useful when you know the
name of the property

object.key3 = "value3";

i. Using square bracket notation: This solution is useful when the

name of the property is dynamically determined.

obj["key3"] = "value3";

136. Is the !-- notation represents a special operator

No,that's not a special operator. But it is a combination of 2 standard
operators one after the other,

i. A logical not (!)

ii. A prefix decrement (--)

At first, the value decremented by one and then tested to see if it is

equal to zero or not for determining the truthy/falsy value.

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137. How do you assign default values to variables
You can use the logical or operator || in an assignment expression
to provide a default value. The syntax looks like as below,

var a = b || c;

As per the above expression, variable 'a 'will get the value of 'c' only if
'b' is falsy (if is null, false, undefined, 0, empty string, or NaN),
otherwise 'a' will get the value of 'b'.

138. How do you define multiline strings

You can define multiline string literals using the '' character followed
by line terminator.

var str = "This is a \

very lengthy \
sentence!";

But if you have a space after the '' character, the code will look exactly
the same, but it will raise a SyntaxError.

139. What is an app shell model

An application shell (or app shell) architecture is one way to build a
Progressive Web App that reliably and instantly loads on your users'
screens, similar to what you see in native applications. It is useful for
getting some initial HTML to the screen fast without a network.

140. Can we define properties for functions

Yes, We can define properties for functions because functions are also
objects.

fn = function(x) {
//Function code goes here
}

fn.name = "John";

fn.profile = function(y) {
//Profile code goes here
}

141. What
is the way to find the number of parameters
expected by a function
You can use function.length syntax to find the number of
parameters expected by a function. Let's take an example of sum
function to calculate the sum of numbers,

function sum(num1, num2, num3, num4){

return num1 + num2 + num3 + num4;
}
sum.length // 4 is the number of parameters expected.

142. What is a polyfill

A polyfill is a piece of JS code used to provide modern functionality
on older browsers that do not natively support it. For example,
Silverlight plugin polyfill can be used to mimic the functionality of an
HTML Canvas element on Microsoft Internet Explorer 7.

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143. What are break and continue statements
The break statement is used to "jump out" of a loop. i.e, It breaks the
loop and continues executing the code after the loop.

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 5) { break; }
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}

The continue statement is used to "jump over" one iteration in the

loop. i.e, It breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition
occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop.

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 5) { continue; }
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}

144. What are js labels

The label statement allows us to name loops and blocks in JavaScript.
We can then use these labels to refer back to the code later. For
example, the below code with labels avoids printing the numbers
when they are same,

var i, j;

loop1:
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
loop2:
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (i === j) {
continue loop1;
}
console.log('i = ' + i + ', j = ' + j);
}
}

// Output is:
// "i = 1, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 1"

145. What are the benefits of keeping declarations at the

top
It is recommended to keep all declarations at the top of each script or
function. The benefits of doing this are,

i. Gives cleaner code

ii. It provides a single place to look for local variables
iii. Easy to avoid unwanted global variables
iv. It reduces the possibility of unwanted re-declarations

146. What are the benefits of initializing variables

It is recommended to initialize variables because of the below
benefits,

i. It gives cleaner code

ii. It provides a single place to initialize variables
iii. Avoid undefined values in the code

147. What are the recommendations to create new object

It is recommended to avoid creating new objects using new
Object() . Instead you can initialize values based on it's type to create
the objects.

i. Assign {} instead of new Object()

ii. Assign "" instead of new String()
iii. Assign 0 instead of new Number()
iv. Assign false instead of new Boolean()
v. Assign [] instead of new Array()
vi. Assign /()/ instead of new RegExp()
vii. Assign function (){} instead of new Function()

You can define them as an example,

var v1 = {};
var v2 = "";
var v3 = 0;
var v4 = false;
var v5 = [];
var v6 = /()/;
var v7 = function(){};

148. How do you define JSON arrays

JSON arrays are written inside square brackets and arrays contain
javascript objects. For example, the JSON array of users would be as
below,

"users":[
{"firstName":"John", "lastName":"Abrahm"},
{"firstName":"Anna", "lastName":"Smith"},
{"firstName":"Shane", "lastName":"Warn"}
]

149. How do you generate random integers

You can use Math.random() with Math.floor() to return random
integers. For example, if you want generate random integers between
1 to 10, the multiplication factor should be 10,

Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) + 1; // returns a random inte

Math.floor(Math.random() * 100) + 1; // returns a random int

Note: Math.random() returns a random number between 0 (inclusive),

and 1 (exclusive)

150. Can
you write a random integers function to print
integers with in a range
Yes, you can create a proper random function to return a random
number between min and max (both included)

function randomInteger(min, max) {

return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1) ) + min;
}
randomInteger(1, 100); // returns a random integer from 1 to 100
randomInteger(1, 1000); // returns a random integer from 1 to 10

151. What is tree shaking

Tree shaking is a form of dead code elimination. It means that unused
modules will not be included in the bundle during the build process
and for that it relies on the static structure of ES2015 module syntax,(
i.e. import and export). Initially this has been popularized by the
ES2015 module bundler rollup .

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152. What is the need of tree shaking
Tree Shaking can significantly reduce the code size in any application.
i.e, The less code we send over the wire the more performant the
application will be. For example, if we just want to create a “Hello
World” Application using SPA frameworks then it will take around a
few MBs, but by tree shaking it can bring down the size to just a few
hundred KBs. Tree shaking is implemented in Rollup and Webpack
bundlers.

153. Is it recommended to use eval

No, it allows arbitrary code to be run which causes a security problem.
As we know that the eval() function is used to run text as code. In
most of the cases, it should not be necessary to use it.

154. What is a Regular Expression

A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search
pattern. You can use this search pattern for searching data in a text.
These can be used to perform all types of text search and text replace
operations. Let's see the syntax format now,

/pattern/modifiers;

For example, the regular expression or search pattern with case-

insensitive username would be,

/John/i

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155. What
are the string methods available in Regular
expression
Regular Expressions has two string methods: search() and replace().
The search() method uses an expression to search for a match, and
returns the position of the match.

var msg = "Hello John";

var n = msg.search(/John/i); // 6

The replace() method is used to return a modified string where the

pattern is replaced.

var msg = "Hello John";

var n = msg.replace(/John/i, "Buttler"); // Hello Buttler

156. What are modifiers in regular expression

Modifiers can be used to perform case-insensitive and global
searches. Let's list down some of the modifiers,

Modifier Description

i Perform case-insensitive matching

Perform a global match rather than stops at first

g
match

m Perform multiline matching

Let's take an example of global modifier,

var text = "Learn JS one by one";

var pattern = /one/g;
var result = text.match(pattern); // one,one
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157. What are regular expression patterns

Regular Expressions provide a group of patterns in order to match
characters. Basically they are categorized into 3 types,

i. Brackets: These are used to find a range of characters. For

example, below are some use cases,
a. [abc]: Used to find any of the characters between the
brackets(a,b,c)
b. [0-9]: Used to find any of the digits between the brackets
c. (a|b): Used to find any of the alternatives separated with |
ii. Metacharacters: These are characters with a special meaning For
example, below are some use cases,
a. \d: Used to find a digit
b. \s: Used to find a whitespace character
c. \b: Used to find a match at the beginning or ending of a
word
iii. Quantifiers: These are useful to define quantities For example,
below are some use cases,
a. n+: Used to find matches for any string that contains at least
one n
b. n*: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or
more occurrences of n
c. n?: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or
one occurrences of n

158. What is a RegExp object

RegExp object is a regular expression object with predefined
properties and methods. Let's see the simple usage of RegExp object,
var regexp = new RegExp('\\w+');
console.log(regexp);
// expected output: /\w+/

159. How do you search a string for a pattern

You can use the test() method of regular expression in order to search
a string for a pattern, and return true or false depending on the result.

var pattern = /you/;

console.log(pattern.test("How are you?")); //true

160. What is the purpose of exec method

The purpose of exec method is similar to test method but it executes
a search for a match in a specified string and returns a result array, or
null instead of returning true/false.

var pattern = /you/;

console.log(pattern.exec("How are you?")); //["you", index: 8, i

161. How do you change the style of a HTML element

You can change inline style or classname of a HTML element using
javascript

i. Using style property: You can modify inline style using style
property

document.getElementById("title").style.fontSize = "30px";
i. Using ClassName property: It is easy to modify element class
using className property

document.getElementById("title").style.className = "custom-titl

162. What would be the result of 1+2+'3'

The output is going to be 33 . Since 1 and 2 are numeric values,
the result of the first two digits is going to be a numeric value 3 . The
next digit is a string type value because of that the addition of
numeric value 3 and string type value 3 is just going to be a
concatenation value 33 .

163. What is a debugger statement

The debugger statement invokes any available debugging
functionality, such as setting a breakpoint. If no debugging
functionality is available, this statement has no effect. For example, in
the below function a debugger statement has been inserted. So
execution is paused at the debugger statement just like a breakpoint
in the script source.

function getProfile() {
// code goes here
debugger;
// code goes here
}

164. What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging

You can set breakpoints in the javascript code once the debugger
statement is executed and the debugger window pops up. At each
breakpoint, javascript will stop executing, and let you examine the
JavaScript values. After examining values, you can resume the
execution of code using the play button.

165. Can I use reserved words as identifiers

No, you cannot use the reserved words as variables, labels, object or
function names. Let's see one simple example,

var else = "hello"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token el

166. How do you detect a mobile browser

You can use regex which returns a true or false value depending on
whether or not the user is browsing with a mobile.

window.mobilecheck = function() {
var mobileCheck = false;
(function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|
return mobileCheck;
};

167. How do you detect a mobile browser without regexp

You can detect mobile browsers by simply running through a list of
devices and checking if the useragent matches anything. This is an
alternative solution for RegExp usage,
function detectmob() {
if( navigator.userAgent.match(/Android/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/webOS/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/iPhone/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/iPad/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/iPod/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/BlackBerry/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/Windows Phone/i)
){
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}

168. How do you get the image width and height using JS
You can programmatically get the image and check the
dimensions(width and height) using Javascript.

var img = new Image();

img.onload = function() {
console.log(this.width + 'x' + this.height);
}
img.src = 'http://www.google.com/intl/en_ALL/images/logo.gif';

169. How do you make synchronous HTTP request

Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to
make synchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript

function httpGet(theUrl)
{
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlHttpReq.open( "GET", theUrl, false ); // false for synchr
xmlHttpReq.send( null );
return xmlHttpReq.responseText;
}

170. How do you make asynchronous HTTP request

Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to
make asynchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript by passing the 3rd
parameter as true.

function httpGetAsync(theUrl, callback)

{
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlHttpReq.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (xmlHttpReq.readyState == 4 && xmlHttpReq.status == 2
callback(xmlHttpReq.responseText);
}
xmlHttp.open("GET", theUrl, true); // true for asynchronous
xmlHttp.send(null);
}

171. Howdo you convert date to another timezone in

javascript
You can use the toLocaleString() method to convert dates in one
timezone to another. For example, let's convert current date to British
English timezone as below,

console.log(event.toLocaleString('en-GB', { timeZone: 'UTC' }));

172. What are the properties used to get size of window

You can use innerWidth, innerHeight, clientWidth, clientHeight
properties of windows, document element and document body
objects to find the size of a window. Let's use them combination of
these properties to calculate the size of a window or document,

var width = window.innerWidth

|| document.documentElement.clientWidth
|| document.body.clientWidth;

var height = window.innerHeight

|| document.documentElement.clientHeight
|| document.body.clientHeight;

173. What is a conditional operator in javascript

The conditional (ternary) operator is the only JavaScript operator that
takes three operands which acts as a shortcut for if statements.

var isAuthenticated = false;

console.log(isAuthenticated ? 'Hello, welcome' : 'Sorry, you are

174. Can you apply chaining on conditional operator

Yes, you can apply chaining on conditional operators similar to if …
else if … else if … else chain. The syntax is going to be as below,

function traceValue(someParam) {
return condition1 ? value1
: condition2 ? value2
: condition3 ? value3
: value4;
}

// The above conditional operator is equivalent to:

function traceValue(someParam) {
if (condition1) { return value1; }
else if (condition2) { return value2; }
else if (condition3) { return value3; }
else { return value4; }
}

175. What are the ways to execute javascript after page

load
You can execute javascript after page load in many different ways,

i. window.onload:

window.onload = function ...

i. document.onload:

document.onload = function ...

i. body onload:

176. What is the difference between proto and prototype

The __proto__ object is the actual object that is used in the lookup
chain to resolve methods, etc. Whereas prototype is the object that
is used to build __proto__ when you create an object with new
( new Employee ).__proto__ === Employee.prototype;
( new Employee ).prototype === undefined;

177. Give an example where do you really need semicolon

It is recommended to use semicolons after every statement in
JavaScript. For example, in the below case it throws an error ".. is not a
function" at runtime due to missing semicolon.

// define a function
var fn = function () {
//...
} // semicolon missing at this line

// then execute some code inside a closure

(function () {
//...
})();

and it will be interpreted as

var fn = function () {
//...
}(function () {
//...
})();

In this case, we are passing the second function as an argument to

the first function and then trying to call the result of the first function
call as a function. Hence, the second function will fail with a "... is not
a function" error at runtime.

178. What is a freeze method

The freeze() method is used to freeze an object. Freezing an object
does not allow adding new properties to an object,prevents from
removing and prevents changing the enumerability, configurability, or
writability of existing properties. i.e, It returns the passed object and
does not create a frozen copy.

const obj = {
prop: 100
};

Object.freeze(obj);
obj.prop = 200; // Throws an error in strict mode

console.log(obj.prop); //100

Note: It causes a TypeError if the argument passed is not an object.

179. What is the purpose of freeze method

Below are the main benefits of using freeze method,

i. It is used for freezing objects and arrays.

ii. It is used to make an object immutable.

180. Why do I need to use freeze method

In the Object-oriented paradigm, an existing API contains certain
elements that are not intended to be extended, modified, or re-used
outside of their current context. Hence it works as the final
keyword which is used in various languages.

181. How do you detect a browser language preference

You can use navigator object to detect a browser language
preference as below,

var language = navigator.languages && navigator.languages[0] ||

navigator.language || // All browsers
navigator.userLanguage; // IE <= 10

console.log(language);

182. How to convert string to title case with javascript

Title case means that the first letter of each word is capitalized. You
can convert a string to title case using the below function,

function toTitleCase(str) {
return str.replace(
/\w\S*/g,
function(txt) {
return txt.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + txt.substr(
}
);
}
toTitleCase("good morning john"); // Good Morning John

183. How do you detect javascript disabled in the page

You can use the <noscript> tag to detect javascript disabled or not.
The code block inside <noscript> gets executed when JavaScript is
disabled, and is typically used to display alternative content when the
page generated in JavaScript.

184. What are various operators supported by javascript

An operator is capable of manipulating(mathematical and logical
computations) a certain value or operand. There are various operators
supported by JavaScript as below,

i. Arithmetic Operators: Includes + (Addition),– (Subtraction), *

(Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulus), + + (Increment) and –
– (Decrement)
ii. Comparison Operators: Includes = =(Equal),!= (Not Equal), ===
(Equal with type), > (Greater than),> = (Greater than or Equal to),
< (Less than),<= (Less than or Equal to)
iii. Logical Operators: Includes &&(Logical AND),||(Logical OR),!
(Logical NOT)
iv. Assignment Operators: Includes = (Assignment Operator), +=
(Add and Assignment Operator), – = (Subtract and Assignment
Operator), *= (Multiply and Assignment), /= (Divide and
Assignment), %= (Modules and Assignment)
v. Ternary Operators: It includes conditional(: ?) Operator
vi. typeof Operator: It uses to find type of variable. The syntax looks
like typeof variable

185. What is a rest parameter

Rest parameter is an improved way to handle function parameters
which allows us to represent an indefinite number of arguments as an
array. The syntax would be as below,

function f(a, b, ...theArgs) {

// ...
}

For example, let's take a sum example to calculate on dynamic

number of parameters,

function total(…args){
let sum = 0;
for(let i of args){
sum+=i;
}
return sum;
}
console.log(fun(1,2)); //3
console.log(fun(1,2,3)); //6
console.log(fun(1,2,3,4)); //13
console.log(fun(1,2,3,4,5)); //15

Note: Rest parameter is added in ES2015 or ES6

186. What happens if you do not use rest parameter as a

last argument
The rest parameter should be the last argument, as its job is to collect
all the remaining arguments into an array. For example, if you define
a function like below it doesn’t make any sense and will throw an
error.

function someFunc(a,…b,c){
//You code goes here
return;
}
Back to Top

187. What are the bitwise operators available in javascript

Below are the list of bitwise logical operators used in JavaScript

i. Bitwise AND ( & )

ii. Bitwise OR ( | )
iii. Bitwise XOR ( ^ )
iv. Bitwise NOT ( ~ )
v. Left Shift ( << )
vi. Sign Propagating Right Shift ( >> )
vii. Zero fill Right Shift ( >>> )

188. What is a spread operator

Spread operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be
expanded into single arguments/elements. Let's take an example to
see this behavior,

function calculateSum(x, y, z) {
return x + y + z;
}

const numbers = [1, 2, 3];

console.log(calculateSum(...numbers)); // 6

189. How do you determine whether object is frozen or

not
Object.isFrozen() method is used to determine if an object is frozen or
not.An object is frozen if all of the below conditions hold true,
i. If it is not extensible.
ii. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
iii. If all its data properties are non-writable. The usage is going to
be as follows,

const object = {
property: 'Welcome JS world'
};
Object.freeze(object);
console.log(Object.isFrozen(object));

190. Howdo you determine two values same or not using

object
The Object.is() method determines whether two values are the same
value. For example, the usage with different types of values would be,

Object.is('hello', 'hello'); // true

Object.is(window, window); // true
Object.is([], []) // false

Two values are the same if one of the following holds:

i. both undefined
ii. both null
iii. both true or both false
iv. both strings of the same length with the same characters in the
same order
v. both the same object (means both object have same reference)
vi. both numbers and both +0 both -0 both NaN both non-zero and
both not NaN and both have the same value.

Back to Top
191. What is the purpose of using object is method
Some of the applications of Object's is method are follows,

i. It is used for comparison of two strings.

ii. It is used for comparison of two numbers.
iii. It is used for comparing the polarity of two numbers.
iv. It is used for comparison of two objects.

192. How do you copy properties from one object to other

You can use the Object.assign() method which is used to copy the
values and properties from one or more source objects to a target
object. It returns the target object which has properties and values
copied from the target object. The syntax would be as below,

Object.assign(target, ...sources)

Let's take example with one source and one target object,

const target = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const source = { b: 3, c: 4 };

const returnedTarget = Object.assign(target, source);

console.log(target); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }

console.log(returnedTarget); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }

As observed in the above code, there is a common property( b ) from

source to target so it's value has been overwritten.

193. What are the applications of assign method

Below are the some of main applications of Object.assign() method,

i. It is used for cloning an object.

ii. It is used to merge objects with the same properties.

194. What is a proxy object

The Proxy object is used to define custom behavior for fundamental
operations such as property lookup, assignment, enumeration,
function invocation, etc. The syntax would be as follows,

var p = new Proxy(target, handler);

Let's take an example of proxy object,

var handler = {
get: function(obj, prop) {
return prop in obj ?
obj[prop] :
100;
}
};

var p = new Proxy({}, handler);

p.a = 10;
p.b = null;

console.log(p.a, p.b); // 10, null

console.log('c' in p, p.c); // false, 100

In the above code, it uses get handler which define the behavior of
the proxy when an operation is performed on it

195. What is the purpose of seal method

The Object.seal() method is used to seal an object, by preventing new
properties from being added to it and marking all existing properties
as non-configurable. But values of present properties can still be
changed as long as they are writable. Let's see the below example to
understand more about seal() method

const object = {
property: 'Welcome JS world'
};
Object.seal(object);
object.property = 'Welcome to object world';
console.log(Object.isSealed(object)); // true
delete object.property; // You cannot delete when sealed
console.log(object.property); //Welcome to object world

196. What are the applications of seal method

Below are the main applications of Object.seal() method,

i. It is used for sealing objects and arrays.

ii. It is used to make an object immutable.

197. What
are the differences between freeze and seal
methods
If an object is frozen using the Object.freeze() method then its
properties become immutable and no changes can be made in them
whereas if an object is sealed using the Object.seal() method then the
changes can be made in the existing properties of the object.

198. How do you determine if an object is sealed or not

The Object.isSealed() method is used to determine if an object is
sealed or not. An object is sealed if all of the below conditions hold
true

i. If it is not extensible.
ii. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
iii. If it is not removable (but not necessarily non-writable). Let's see
it in the action

const object = {
property: 'Hello, Good morning'
};

Object.seal(object); // Using seal() method to seal the object

console.log(Object.isSealed(object)); // checking whether t

199. How do you get enumerable key and value pairs

The Object.entries() method is used to return an array of a given
object's own enumerable string-keyed property [key, value] pairs, in
the same order as that provided by a for...in loop. Let's see the
functionality of object.entries() method in an example,

const object = {
a: 'Good morning',
b: 100
};

for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(object)) {

console.log(`${key}: ${value}`); // a: 'Good morning'
// b: 100
}

Note: The order is not guaranteed as object defined.

200. What
is the main difference between Object.values
and Object.entries method
The Object.values() method's behavior is similar to Object.entries()
method but it returns an array of values instead [key,value] pairs.

const object = {
a: 'Good morning',
b: 100
};

for (let value of Object.values(object)) {

console.log(`${value}`); // 'Good morning'
100
}

201. How can you get the list of keys of any object
You can use the Object.keys() method which is used to return an
array of a given object's own property names, in the same order as we
get with a normal loop. For example, you can get the keys of a user
object,

const user = {
name: 'John',
gender: 'male',
age: 40
};

console.log(Object.keys(user)); //['name', 'gender', 'age']

202. How do you create an object with prototype

The Object.create() method is used to create a new object with the
specified prototype object and properties. i.e, It uses an existing
object as the prototype of the newly created object. It returns a new
object with the specified prototype object and properties.

const user = {
name: 'John',
printInfo: function () {
console.log(`My name is ${this.name}.`);
}
};

const admin = Object.create(user);

admin.name = "Nick"; // Remember that "name" is a property set

admin.printInfo(); // My name is Nick

203. What is a WeakSet

WeakSet is used to store a collection of weakly(weak references) held
objects. The syntax would be as follows,

new WeakSet([iterable]);

Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,

var ws = new WeakSet();

var user = {};
ws.add(user);
ws.has(user); // true
ws.delete(user); // removes user from the set
ws.has(user); // false, user has been removed

Back to Top
204. What are the differences between WeakSet and Set
The main difference is that references to objects in Set are strong
while references to objects in WeakSet are weak. i.e, An object in
WeakSet can be garbage collected if there is no other reference to it.
Other differences are,

i. Sets can store any value Whereas WeakSets can store only
collections of objects
ii. WeakSet does not have size property unlike Set
iii. WeakSet does not have methods such as clear, keys, values,
entries, forEach.
iv. WeakSet is not iterable.

205. List
down the collection of methods available on
WeakSet
Below are the list of methods available on WeakSet,

i. add(value): A new object is appended with the given value to the

weakset
ii. delete(value): Deletes the value from the WeakSet collection.
iii. has(value): It returns true if the value is present in the WeakSet
Collection, otherwise it returns false.
iv. length(): It returns the length of weakSetObject Let's see the
functionality of all the above methods in an example,

var weakSetObject = new WeakSet();

var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// add(value)
weakSetObject.add(firstObject);
weakSetObject.add(secondObject);
console.log(weakSetObject.has(firstObject)); //true
console.log(weakSetObject.length()); //2
weakSetObject.delete(secondObject);
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206. What is a WeakMap

The WeakMap object is a collection of key/value pairs in which the
keys are weakly referenced. In this case, keys must be objects and the
values can be arbitrary values. The syntax is looking like as below,

new WeakMap([iterable])

Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,

var ws = new WeakMap();

var user = {};
ws.set(user);
ws.has(user); // true
ws.delete(user); // removes user from the map
ws.has(user); // false, user has been removed

207. What are the differences between WeakMap and Map

The main difference is that references to key objects in Map are
strong while references to key objects in WeakMap are weak. i.e, A
key object in WeakMap can be garbage collected if there is no other
reference to it. Other differences are,

i. Maps can store any key type Whereas WeakMaps can store only
collections of key objects
ii. WeakMap does not have size property unlike Map
iii. WeakMap does not have methods such as clear, keys, values,
entries, forEach.
iv. WeakMap is not iterable.
Back to Top

208. List
down the collection of methods available on
WeakMap
Below are the list of methods available on WeakMap,

i. set(key, value): Sets the value for the key in the WeakMap object.
Returns the WeakMap object.
ii. delete(key): Removes any value associated to the key.
iii. has(key): Returns a Boolean asserting whether a value has been
associated to the key in the WeakMap object or not.
iv. get(key): Returns the value associated to the key, or undefined if
there is none. Let's see the functionality of all the above methods
in an example,

var weakMapObject = new WeakMap();

var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// set(key, value)
weakMapObject.set(firstObject, 'John');
weakMapObject.set(secondObject, 100);
console.log(weakMapObject.has(firstObject)); //true
console.log(weakMapObject.get(firstObject)); // John
weakMapObject.delete(secondObject);

209. What is the purpose of uneval

The uneval() is an inbuilt function which is used to create a string
representation of the source code of an Object. It is a top-level
function and is not associated with any object. Let's see the below
example to know more about it's functionality,

var a = 1;
uneval(a); // returns a String containing 1
uneval(function user() {}); // returns "(function user(){})"
Back to Top

210. How do you encode an URL

The encodeURI() function is used to encode complete URI which has
special characters except (, / ? : @ & = + $ #) characters.

var uri = 'https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы';

var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encoded); // https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%

211. How do you decode an URL

The decodeURI() function is used to decode a Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI) previously created by encodeURI().

var uri = 'https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы';

var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encoded); // https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0
try {
console.log(decodeURI(encoded)); // "https://mozilla.org/?x=ше
} catch(e) { // catches a malformed URI
console.error(e);
}

212. How do you print the contents of web page

The window object provided a print() method which is used to print
the contents of the current window. It opens a Print dialog box which
lets you choose between various printing options. Let's see the usage
of print method in an example,
<input type="button" value="Print" onclick="window.print()" /

Note: In most browsers, it will block while the print dialog is open.

213. What is the difference between uneval and eval

The uneval function returns the source of a given object; whereas
the eval function does the opposite, by evaluating that source code
in a different memory area. Let's see an example to clarify the
difference,

var msg = uneval(function greeting() { return 'Hello, Good morni

var greeting = eval(msg);
greeting(); // returns "Hello, Good morning"

214. What is an anonymous function

An anonymous function is a function without a name! Anonymous
functions are commonly assigned to a variable name or used as a
callback function. The syntax would be as below,

function (optionalParameters) {
//do something
}

const myFunction = function(){ //Anonymous function assigned to

//do something
};

[1, 2, 3].map(function(element){ //Anonymous function used as a

//do something
});
Let's see the above anonymous function in an example,

var x = function (a, b) {return a * b};

var z = x(5, 10);
console.log(z); // 50

215. Whatis the precedence order between local and

global variables
A local variable takes precedence over a global variable with the same
name. Let's see this behavior in an example.

var msg = "Good morning";

function greeting() {
msg = "Good Evening";
console.log(msg);
}
greeting();

216. What are javascript accessors

ECMAScript 5 introduced javascript object accessors or computed
properties through getters and setters. Getters uses the get keyword
whereas Setters uses the set keyword.

217. How do you define property on Object constructor

The Object.defineProperty() static method is used to define a new
property directly on an object, or modify an existing property on an
object, and returns the object. Let's see an example to know how to
define property,

const newObject = {};

Object.defineProperty(newObject, 'newProperty', {
value: 100,
writable: false
});

console.log(newObject.newProperty); // 100

newObject.newProperty = 200; // It throws an error in strict mod

218. Whatis the difference between get and

defineProperty
Both have similar results until unless you use classes. If you use get
the property will be defined on the prototype of the object whereas
using Object.defineProperty() the property will be defined on the
instance it is applied to.

i. They provide simpler syntax

ii. They are used for defining computed properties, or accessors in
JS.
iii. Useful to provide equivalence relation between properties and
methods
iv. They can provide better data quality
v. Useful for doing things behind the scenes with the encapsulated
logic.

220. Can
I add getters and setters using defineProperty
method
Yes, You can use the Object.defineProperty() method to add
Getters and Setters. For example, the below counter object uses
increment, decrement, add and subtract properties,

var obj = {counter : 0};

// Define getters
Object.defineProperty(obj, "increment", {
get : function () {this.counter++;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "decrement", {
get : function () {this.counter--;}
});

// Define setters
Object.defineProperty(obj, "add", {
set : function (value) {this.counter += value;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "subtract", {
set : function (value) {this.counter -= value;}
});
obj.add = 10;
obj.subtract = 5;
console.log(obj.increment); //6
console.log(obj.decrement); //5

221. What is the purpose of switch-case

The switch case statement in JavaScript is used for decision making
purposes. In a few cases, using the switch case statement is going to
be more convenient than if-else statements. The syntax would be as
below,

switch (expression)
{
case value1:
statement1;
break;
case value2:
statement2;
break;
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
statementDefault;
}

The above multi-way branch statement provides an easy way to

dispatch execution to different parts of code based on the value of
the expression.

222. What are the conventions to be followed for the

usage of switch case
Below are the list of conventions should be taken care,

i. The expression can be of type either number or string.

ii. Duplicate values are not allowed for the expression.
iii. The default statement is optional. If the expression passed to
switch does not match with any case value then the statement
within default case will be executed.
iv. The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a
statement sequence.
v. The break statement is optional. But if it is omitted, the execution
will continue on into the next case.

223. What are primitive data types

A primitive data type is data that has a primitive value (which has no
properties or methods). There are 5 types of primitive data types.

i. string
ii. number
iii. boolean
iv. null
v. undefined

224. What
are the different ways to access object
properties
There are 3 possible ways for accessing the property of an object.

i. Dot notation: It uses dot for accessing the properties

objectName.property
i. Square brackets notation: It uses square brackets for property
access

objectName["property"]

i. Expression notation: It uses expression in the square brackets

objectName[expression]

225. What are the function parameter rules

JavaScript functions follow below rules for parameters,

i. The function definitions do not specify data types for parameters.

ii. Do not perform type checking on the passed arguments.
iii. Do not check the number of arguments received. i.e, The below
function follows the above rules,

function functionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {

console.log(parameter1); // 1
}
functionName(1);

226. What is an error object

An error object is a built in error object that provides error
information when an error occurs. It has two properties: name and
message. For example, the below function logs error details,

try {
greeting("Welcome");
}
catch(err) {
console.log(err.name + "<br>" + err.message);
}

227. When you get a syntax error

A SyntaxError is thrown if you try to evaluate code with a syntax error.
For example, the below missing quote for the function parameter
throws a syntax error

try {
eval("greeting('welcome)"); // Missing ' will produce an err
}
catch(err) {
console.log(err.name);
}

228. What are the different error names from error object
There are 6 different types of error names returned from error object,

Error Name Description

EvalError An error has occurred in the eval() function

An error has occurred with a number "out of

RangeError
range"

ReferenceError An error due to an illegal reference

SyntaxError An error due to a syntax error

TypeError An error due to a type error

URIError An error due to encodeURI()

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229. What are the various statements in error handling
Below are the list of statements used in an error handling,

i. try: This statement is used to test a block of code for errors

ii. catch: This statement is used to handle the error
iii. throw: This statement is used to create custom errors.
iv. finally: This statement is used to execute code after try and catch
regardless of the result.

230. What are the two types of loops in javascript

i. Entry Controlled loops: In this kind of loop type, the test
condition is tested before entering the loop body. For example,
For Loop and While Loop comes under this category.
ii. Exit Controlled Loops: In this kind of loop type, the test
condition is tested or evaluated at the end of the loop body. i.e,
the loop body will execute at least once irrespective of test
condition true or false. For example, do-while loop comes under
this category.

231. What is nodejs

Node.js is a server-side platform built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime
for easily building fast and scalable network applications. It is an
event-based, non-blocking, asynchronous I/O runtime that uses
Google's V8 JavaScript engine and libuv library.

232. What is an Intl object

The Intl object is the namespace for the ECMAScript
Internationalization API, which provides language sensitive string
comparison, number formatting, and date and time formatting. It
provides access to several constructors and language sensitive
functions.

233. How
do you perform language specific date and time
formatting
You can use the Intl.DateTimeFormat object which is a constructor
for objects that enable language-sensitive date and time formatting.
Let's see this behavior with an example,

var date = new Date(Date.UTC(2019, 07, 07, 3, 0, 0));

console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-GB').format(date)); // 0
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-AU').format(date)); // 0

234. What is an Iterator

An iterator is an object which defines a sequence and a return value
upon its termination. It implements the Iterator protocol with a
next() method which returns an object with two properties: value
(the next value in the sequence) and done (which is true if the last
value in the sequence has been consumed).

235. How does synchronous iteration works

Synchronous iteration was introduced in ES6 and it works with below
set of components,

Iterable: It is an object which can be iterated over via a method

whose key is Symbol.iterator. Iterator: It is an object returned by
invoking [Symbol.iterator]() on an iterable. This iterator object
wraps each iterated element in an object and returns it via next()
method one by one. IteratorResult: It is an object returned by
next() method. The object contains two properties; the value
property contains an iterated element and the done property
determines whether the element is the last element or not.

Let's demonstrate synchronous iteration with an array as below,

const iterable = ['one', 'two', 'three'];

const iterator = iterable[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'one', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'two', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'three', done: false
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'undefined, done: tru

236. What is an event loop

The Event Loop is a queue of callback functions. When an async
function executes, the callback function is pushed into the queue. The
JavaScript engine doesn't start processing the event loop until the
async function has finished executing the code. Note: It allows
Node.js to perform non-blocking I/O operations even though
JavaScript is single-threaded.

237. What is call stack

Call Stack is a data structure for javascript interpreters to keep track
of function calls in the program. It has two major actions,

i. Whenever you call a function for its execution, you are pushing it
to the stack.
ii. Whenever the execution is completed, the function is popped
out of the stack.

Let's take an example and it's state representation in a diagram

format

function hungry() {
eatFruits();
}
function eatFruits() {
return "I'm eating fruits";
}

// Invoke the `hungry` function

hungry();

The above code processed in a call stack as below,

i. Add the hungry() function to the call stack list and execute the
code.
ii. Add the eatFruits() function to the call stack list and execute
the code.
iii. Delete the eatFruits() function from our call stack list.
iv. Delete the hungry() function from the call stack list since there
are no items anymore.

238. What is an event queue

239. What is a decorator

A decorator is an expression that evaluates to a function and that
takes the target, name, and decorator descriptor as arguments. Also,
it optionally returns a decorator descriptor to install on the target
object. Let's define admin decorator for user class at design time,

function admin(isAdmin) {
return function(target) {
target.isAdmin = isAdmin;
}
}

@admin(true)
class User() {
}
console.log(User.isAdmin); //true

@admin(false)
class User() {
}
console.log(User.isAdmin); //false

240. What are the properties of Intl object

Below are the list of properties available on Intl object,

i. Collator: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive

string comparison.
ii. DateTimeFormat: These are the objects that enable language-
sensitive date and time formatting.
iii. ListFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive
list formatting.
iv. NumberFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive number
formatting.
v. PluralRules: Objects that enable plural-sensitive formatting and
language-specific rules for plurals.
vi. RelativeTimeFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive
relative time formatting.

241. What is an Unary operator

The unary(+) operator is used to convert a variable to a number.If the
variable cannot be converted, it will still become a number but with
the value NaN. Let's see this behavior in an action.

var x = "100";
var y = + x;
console.log(typeof x, typeof y); // string, number

var a = "Hello";
var b = + a;
console.log(typeof a, typeof b, b); // string, number, NaN

242. How do you sort elements in an array

The sort() method is used to sort the elements of an array in place
and returns the sorted array. The example usage would be as below,

var months = ["Aug", "Sep", "Jan", "June"];

months.sort();
console.log(months); // ["Aug", "Jan", "June", "Sep"]

243. Whatis the purpose of compareFunction while sorting

arrays
The compareFunction is used to define the sort order. If omitted, the
array elements are converted to strings, then sorted according to
each character's Unicode code point value. Let's take an example to
see the usage of compareFunction,

let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];

numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
console.log(numbers); // [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

244. How do you reversing an array

You can use the reverse() method to reverse the elements in an array.
This method is useful to sort an array in descending order. Let's see
the usage of reverse() method in an example,

let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];

numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
numbers.reverse();
console.log(numbers); // [1, 2, 3, 4 ,5]

245. How do you find min and max value in an array

You can use Math.min and Math.max methods on array variables to
find the minimum and maximum elements within an array. Let's
create two functions to find the min and max value with in an array,

var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];

function findMin(arr) {
return Math.min.apply(null, arr);
}
function findMax(arr) {
return Math.max.apply(null, arr);
}
console.log(findMin(marks));
console.log(findMax(marks));

246. Howdo you find min and max values without Math
functions
You can write functions which loop through an array comparing each
value with the lowest value or highest value to find the min and max
values. Let's create those functions to find min and max values,

var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];

function findMin(arr) {
var length = arr.length
var min = Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] < min) {
min = arr[len];
}
}
return min;
}

function findMax(arr) {
var length = arr.length
var max = -Infinity;
while (len--) {
if (arr[length] > max) {
max = arr[length];
}
}
return max;
}

console.log(findMin(marks));
console.log(findMax(marks));

Back to Top
247. What is an empty statement and purpose of it
The empty statement is a semicolon (;) indicating that no statement
will be executed, even if JavaScript syntax requires one. Since there is
no action with an empty statement you might think that it's usage is
quite less, but the empty statement is occasionally useful when you
want to create a loop that has an empty body. For example, you can
initialize an array with zero values as below,

// Initialize an array a
for(int i=0; i < a.length; a[i++] = 0) ;

248. How do you get metadata of a module

You can use the import.meta object which is a meta-property
exposing context-specific meta data to a JavaScript module. It
contains information about the current module, such as the module's
URL. In browsers, you might get different meta data than NodeJS.

<script type="module" src="welcome-module.js"></script>

console.log(import.meta); // { url: "file:///home/user/welcome-m

249. What is a comma operator

The comma operator is used to evaluate each of its operands from
left to right and returns the value of the last operand. This is totally
different from comma usage within arrays, objects, and function
arguments and parameters. For example, the usage for numeric
expressions would be as below,

var x = 1;
x = (x++, x);

console.log(x); // 2

250. What is the advantage of a comma operator

It is normally used to include multiple expressions in a location that
requires a single expression. One of the common usages of this
comma operator is to supply multiple parameters in a for loop. For
example, the below for loop uses multiple expressions in a single
location using comma operator,

for (var a = 0, b =10; a <= 10; a++, b--)

You can also use the comma operator in a return statement where it
processes before returning.

function myFunction() {
var a = 1;
return (a += 10, a); // 11
}

251. What is typescript

TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that
adds optional types, classes, async/await, and many other features,
and compiles to plain JavaScript. Angular built entirely in TypeScript
and used as a primary language. You can install it globally as

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeting(name: string): string {
return "Hello, " + name;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

console.log(greeting(user));

The greeting method allows only string type as argument.

252. Whatare the differences between javascript and

typescript
Below are the list of differences between javascript and typescript,

feature typescript javascript

Object oriented
Language
programming Scripting language
paradigm
language

Typing Supports static

It has dynamic typing
support typing

Modules Supported Not supported

It has interfaces Doesn't support

Interface
concept interfaces

Optional Functions support No support of optional

parameters optional parameters parameters for functions

253. What are the advantages of typescript over javascript

Below are some of the advantages of typescript over javascript,
i. TypeScript is able to find compile time errors at the development
time only and it makes sures less runtime errors. Whereas
javascript is an interpreted language.
ii. TypeScript is strongly-typed or supports static typing which
allows for checking type correctness at compile time. This is not
available in javascript.
iii. TypeScript compiler can compile the .ts files into ES3,ES4 and ES5
unlike ES6 features of javascript which may not be supported in
some browsers.

254. What is an object initializer

An object initializer is an expression that describes the initialization of
an Object. The syntax for this expression is represented as a comma-
delimited list of zero or more pairs of property names and associated
values of an object, enclosed in curly braces ({}). This is also known as
literal notation. It is one of the ways to create an object.

var initObject = {a: 'John', b: 50, c: {}};

console.log(initObject.a); // John

255. What is a constructor method

The constructor method is a special method for creating and
initializing an object created within a class. If you do not specify a
constructor method, a default constructor is used. The example usage
of constructor would be as below,

class Employee {
constructor() {
this.name = "John";
}
}

var employeeObject = new Employee();

console.log(employeeObject.name); // John

256. Whathappens if you write constructor more than

once in a class
The "constructor" in a class is a special method and it should be
defined only once in a class. i.e, If you write a constructor method
more than once in a class it will throw a SyntaxError error.

class Employee {
constructor() {
this.name = "John";
}
constructor() { // Uncaught SyntaxError: A class may only
this.age = 30;
}
}

var employeeObject = new Employee();

console.log(employeeObject.name);

257. How do you call the constructor of a parent class

You can use the super keyword to call the constructor of a parent
class. Remember that super() must be called before using 'this'
reference. Otherwise it will cause a reference error. Let's the usage of
it,
class Square extends Rectangle {
constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
this.name = 'Square';
}

get area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}

set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}

258. How do you get the prototype of an object

You can use the Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) method to return the
prototype of the specified object. i.e. The value of the internal
prototype property. If there are no inherited properties then null
value is returned.

const newPrototype = {};

const newObject = Object.create(newPrototype);

console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(newObject) === newPrototype);

259. What
happens If I pass string type for getPrototype
method
In ES5, it will throw a TypeError exception if the obj parameter isn't an
object. Whereas in ES2015, the parameter will be coerced to an
Object .
// ES5
Object.getPrototypeOf('James'); // TypeError: "James" is not an
// ES2015
Object.getPrototypeOf('James'); // String.prototype

260. How do you set prototype of one object to another

You can use the Object.setPrototypeOf() method that sets the
prototype (i.e., the internal Prototype property) of a specified object
to another object or null. For example, if you want to set prototype of
a square object to rectangle object would be as follows,

Object.setPrototypeOf(Square.prototype, Rectangle.prototype);
Object.setPrototypeOf({}, null);

261. Howdo you check whether an object can be

extendable or not
The Object.isExtensible() method is used to determine if an object
is extendable or not. i.e, Whether it can have new properties added to
it or not.

const newObject = {};

console.log(Object.isExtensible(newObject)); //true

Note: By default, all the objects are extendable. i.e, The new
properties can be added or modified.

262. How do you prevent an object to extend

The Object.preventExtensions() method is used to prevent new
properties from ever being added to an object. In other words, it
prevents future extensions to the object. Let's see the usage of this
property,

const newObject = {};

Object.preventExtensions(newObject); // NOT extendable

try {
Object.defineProperty(newObject, 'newProperty', { // Adding ne
value: 100
});
} catch (e) {
console.log(e); // TypeError: Cannot define property newProper
}

263. What
are the different ways to make an object non-
extensible
You can mark an object non-extensible in 3 ways,

i. Object.preventExtensions
ii. Object.seal
iii. Object.freeze

var newObject = {};

Object.preventExtensions(newObject); // Prevent objects are non-

Object.isExtensible(newObject); // false

var sealedObject = Object.seal({}); // Sealed objects are non-ex

Object.isExtensible(sealedObject); // false

var frozenObject = Object.freeze({}); // Frozen objects are non-

Object.isExtensible(frozenObject); // false
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264. How do you define multiple properties on an object

The Object.defineProperties() method is used to define new or
modify existing properties directly on an object and returning the
object. Let's define multiple properties on an empty object,

const newObject = {};

Object.defineProperties(newObject, {
newProperty1: {
value: 'John',
writable: true
},
newProperty2: {}
});

265. What is MEAN in javascript

The MEAN (MongoDB, Express, AngularJS, and Node.js) stack is the
most popular open-source JavaScript software tech stack available for
building dynamic web apps where you can write both the server-side
and client-side halves of the web project entirely in JavaScript.

266. What Is Obfuscation in javascript

Obfuscation is the deliberate act of creating obfuscated javascript
code(i.e, source or machine code) that is difficult for humans to
understand. It is something similar to encryption, but a machine can
understand the code and execute it. Let's see the below function
before Obfuscation,

function greeting() {
console.log('Hello, welcome to JS world');
}

And after the code Obfuscation, it would be appeared as below,

eval(function(p,a,c,k,e,d){e=function(c){return c};if(!''.replac

267. Why do you need Obfuscation

Below are the few reasons for Obfuscation,

i. The Code size will be reduced. So data transfers between server

and client will be fast.
ii. It hides the business logic from outside world and protects the
code from others
iii. Reverse engineering is highly difficult
iv. The download time will be reduced

268. What is Minification

Minification is the process of removing all unnecessary
characters(empty spaces are removed) and variables will be renamed
without changing it's functionality. It is also a type of obfuscation .

269. What are the advantages of minification

Normally it is recommended to use minification for heavy traffic and
intensive requirements of resources. It reduces file sizes with below
benefits,
i. Decreases loading times of a web page
ii. Saves bandwidth usages

270. What
are the differences between Obfuscation and
Encryption
Below are the main differences between Obfuscation and Encryption,

Feature Obfuscation Encryption

Changing the Changing the form of

Definition form of any data information to an unreadable
in any other form format by using a key

A key to It can be decoded

It is required
decode without any key

Target It will be
Converted into an
data converted to a
unreadable format
format complex form

271. What are the common tools used for minification

There are many online/offline tools to minify the javascript files,

i. Google's Closure Compiler

ii. UglifyJS2
iii. jsmin
iv. javascript-minifier.com/
v. prettydiff.com

272. How do you perform form validation using javascript

JavaScript can be used to perform HTML form validation. For
example, if the form field is empty, the function needs to notify, and
return false, to prevent the form being submitted. Lets' perform user
login in an html form,

<form name="myForm" onsubmit="return validateForm()" method="pos

User name: <input type="text" name="uname">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

And the validation on user login is below,

function validateForm() {
var x = document.forms["myForm"]["uname"].value;
if (x == "") {
alert("The username shouldn't be empty");
return false;
}
}

273. Howdo you perform form validation without

javascript
You can perform HTML form validation automatically without using
javascript. The validation enabled by applying the required attribute
to prevent form submission when the input is empty.

Note: Automatic form validation does not work in Internet Explorer 9

or earlier.
Back to Top

274. Whatare the DOM methods available for constraint

validation
The below DOM methods are available for constraint validation on an
invalid input,

i. checkValidity(): It returns true if an input element contains valid

data.
ii. setCustomValidity(): It is used to set the validationMessage
property of an input element. Let's take an user login form with
DOM validations

function myFunction() {
var userName = document.getElementById("uname");
if (!userName.checkValidity()) {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = userName.vali
} else {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = "Entered a va
}
}

275. What
are the available constraint validation DOM
properties
Below are the list of some of the constraint validation DOM
properties available,

i. validity: It provides a list of boolean properties related to the

validity of an input element.
ii. validationMessage: It displays the message when the validity is
false.
iii. willValidate: It indicates if an input element will be validated or
not.
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276. What are the list of validity properties

The validity property of an input element provides a set of properties
related to the validity of data.

i. customError: It returns true, if a custom validity message is set.

ii. patternMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value does not
match its pattern attribute.
iii. rangeOverflow: It returns true, if an element's value is greater
than its max attribute.
iv. rangeUnderflow: It returns true, if an element's value is less than
its min attribute.
v. stepMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value is invalid
according to step attribute.
vi. tooLong: It returns true, if an element's value exceeds its
maxLength attribute.
vii. typeMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value is invalid
according to type attribute.
viii. valueMissing: It returns true, if an element with a required
attribute has no value.
ix. valid: It returns true, if an element's value is valid.

277. Give an example usage of rangeOverflow property

If an element's value is greater than its max attribute then
rangeOverflow property returns true. For example, the below form
submission throws an error if the value is more than 100,

<input id="age" type="number" max="100">

<button onclick="myOverflowFunction()">OK</button>
function myOverflowFunction() {
if (document.getElementById("age").validity.rangeOverflow) {
alert("The mentioned age is not allowed");
}
}

278. Is enums feature available in javascript

No, javascript does not natively support enums. But there are
different kinds of solutions to simulate them even though they may
not provide exact equivalents. For example, you can use freeze or seal
on object,

var DaysEnum = Object.freeze({"monday":1, "tuesday":2, "wednesda

279. What is an enum

An enum is a type restricting variables to one value from a predefined
set of constants. JavaScript has no enums but typescript provides
built-in enum support.

enum Color {
RED, GREEN, BLUE
}

280. How do you list all properties of an object

You can use the Object.getOwnPropertyNames() method which
returns an array of all properties found directly in a given object. Let's
the usage of it in an example,

const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3
};

console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(newObject)); ["a", "b",

281. How do you get property descriptors of an object

You can use the Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors() method which
returns all own property descriptors of a given object. The example
usage of this method is below,

const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3
};
const descriptorsObject = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(newOb
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.writable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.configurable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.enumerable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.value); // 1

282. Whatare the attributes provided by a property

descriptor
A property descriptor is a record which has the following attributes

i. value: The value associated with the property

ii. writable: Determines whether the value associated with the
property can be changed or not
iii. configurable: Returns true if the type of this property descriptor
can be changed and if the property can be deleted from the
corresponding object.
iv. enumerable: Determines whether the property appears during
enumeration of the properties on the corresponding object or
not.
v. set: A function which serves as a setter for the property
vi. get: A function which serves as a getter for the property

283. How do you extend classes

The extends keyword is used in class declarations/expressions to
create a class which is a child of another class. It can be used to
subclass custom classes as well as built-in objects. The syntax would
be as below,

class ChildClass extends ParentClass { ... }

Let's take an example of Square subclass from Polygon parent class,

class Square extends Rectangle {

constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
this.name = 'Square';
}

get area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}

set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}
Back to Top

284. How do I modify the url without reloading the page

The window.location.url property will be helpful to modify the url
but it reloads the page. HTML5 introduced the history.pushState()
and history.replaceState() methods, which allow you to add and
modify history entries, respectively. For example, you can use
pushState as below,

window.history.pushState('page2', 'Title', '/page2.html');

285. Howdo you check whether an array includes a

particular value or not
The Array#includes() method is used to determine whether an array
includes a particular value among its entries by returning either true
or false. Let's see an example to find an element(numeric and string)
within an array.

var numericArray = [1, 2, 3, 4];

console.log(numericArray.includes(3)); // true

var stringArray = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue'];

console.log(stringArray.includes('blue')); //true

286. How do you compare scalar arrays

You can use length and every method of arrays to compare two
scalar(compared directly using ===) arrays. The combination of these
expressions can give the expected result,
const arrayFirst = [1,2,3,4,5];
const arraySecond = [1,2,3,4,5];
console.log(arrayFirst.length === arraySecond.length && arrayFir

If you would like to compare arrays irrespective of order then you

should sort them before,

const arrayFirst = [2,3,1,4,5];

const arraySecond = [1,2,3,4,5];
console.log(arrayFirst.length === arraySecond.length && arrayFir

287. How to get the value from get parameters

The new URL() object accepts the url string and searchParams
property of this object can be used to access the get parameters.
Remember that you may need to use polyfill or window.location to
access the URL in older browsers(including IE).

let urlString = "http://www.some-domain.com/about.html?x=1&y=2&z

let url = new URL(urlString);
let parameterZ = url.searchParams.get("z");
console.log(parameterZ); // 3

288. Howdo you print numbers with commas as thousand

separators
You can use the Number.prototype.toLocaleString() method which
returns a string with a language-sensitive representation such as
thousand separator,currency etc of this number.
function convertToThousandFormat(x){
return x.toLocaleString(); // 12,345.679
}

console.log(convertToThousandFormat(12345.6789));

289. What is the difference between java and javascript

Both are totally unrelated programming languages and no relation
between them. Java is statically typed, compiled, runs on its own VM.
Whereas Javascript is dynamically typed, interpreted, and runs in a
browser and nodejs environments. Let's see the major differences in a
tabular format,

Feature Java JavaScript

It's a strongly
Typed It's a dynamic typed language
typed language

Object oriented Prototype based

Paradigm
programming programming

Scoping Block scoped Function-scoped

Concurrency Thread based event based

Uses more Uses less memory. Hence it

Memory
memory will be used for web pages

290. Is javascript supports namespace

JavaScript doesn’t support namespace by default. So if you create any
element(function, method, object, variable) then it becomes global
and pollutes the global namespace. Let's take an example of defining
two functions without any namespace,
function func1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");

}
function func1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
func1(); // This is a second definition

It always calls the second function definition. In this case, namespace

will solve the name collision problem.

291. How do you declare namespace

Even though JavaScript lacks namespaces, we can use Objects , IIFE to
create namespaces.

i. Using Object Literal Notation: Let's wrap variables and functions

inside an Object literal which acts as a namespace. After that you
can access them using object notation

i. Using IIFE (Immediately invoked function expression): The outer

pair of parentheses of IIFE creates a local scope for all the code
inside of it and makes the anonymous function a function
expression. Due to that, you can create the same function in two
different function expressions to act as a namespace.

(function() {
function fun1(){
console.log("This is a first definition");
} fun1();
}());

(function() {
function fun1(){
console.log("This is a second definition");
} fun1();
}());

i. Using a block and a let/const declaration: In ECMAScript 6, you

can simply use a block and a let declaration to restrict the scope
of a variable to a block.

{
let myFunction= function fun1(){
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.

{
let myFunction= function fun1(){
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.

292. Howdo you invoke javascript code in an iframe from

parent page
Initially iFrame needs to be accessed using either
document.getElementBy or window.frames . After that contentWindow
property of iFrame gives the access for targetFunction

document.getElementById('targetFrame').contentWindow.targetFunct
window.frames[0].frameElement.contentWindow.targetFunction(); //

293. How do get the timezone offset from date

You can use the getTimezoneOffset method of the date object. This
method returns the time zone difference, in minutes, from current
locale (host system settings) to UTC

var offset = new Date().getTimezoneOffset();

console.log(offset); // -480

294. How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically

You can create both link and script elements in the DOM and append
them as child to head tag. Let's create a function to add script and
style resources as below,

function loadAssets(filename, filetype) {

if (filetype == "css") { // External CSS file
var fileReference = document.createElement("link")
fileReference.setAttribute("rel", "stylesheet");
fileReference.setAttribute("type", "text/css");
fileReference.setAttribute("href", filename);
} else if (filetype == "js") { // External JavaScript file
var fileReference = document.createElement('script');
fileReference.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript");
fileReference.setAttribute("src", filename);
}
if (typeof fileReference != "undefined")
document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(file
}

295. What
are the different methods to find HTML
elements in DOM
If you want to access any element in an HTML page, you need to start
with accessing the document object. Later you can use any of the
below methods to find the HTML element,

i. document.getElementById(id): It finds an element by Id

ii. document.getElementsByTagName(name): It finds an element by
tag name
iii. document.getElementsByClassName(name): It finds an element
by class name

296. What is jQuery

jQuery is a popular cross-browser JavaScript library that provides
Document Object Model (DOM) traversal, event handling, animations
and AJAX interactions by minimizing the discrepancies across
browsers. It is widely famous with its philosophy of “Write less, do
more”. For example, you can display welcome message on the page
load using jQuery as below,

$(document).ready(function(){ // It selects the document and app

alert('Welcome to jQuery world');
});

Note: You can download it from jquery's official site or install it from
CDNs, like google.
Back to Top

297. What is V8 JavaScript engine

V8 is an open source high-performance JavaScript engine used by the
Google Chrome browser, written in C++. It is also being used in the
node.js project. It implements ECMAScript and WebAssembly, and
runs on Windows 7 or later, macOS 10.12+, and Linux systems that
use x64, IA-32, ARM, or MIPS processors. Note: It can run standalone,
or can be embedded into any C++ application.

298. Why do we call javascript as dynamic language

JavaScript is a loosely typed or a dynamic language because variables
in JavaScript are not directly associated with any particular value type,
and any variable can be assigned/reassigned with values of all types.

let age = 50; // age is a number now

age = 'old'; // age is a string now
age = true; // age is a boolean

299. What is a void operator

The void operator evaluates the given expression and then returns
undefined(i.e, without returning value). The syntax would be as below,

void (expression)
void expression

Let's display a message without any redirections or reloads

<a href="javascript:void(alert('Welcome to JS world'))">Click he

Note: This operator is often used to obtain the undefined primitive
value, using "void(0)".

300. How to set the cursor to wait

The cursor can be set to wait in JavaScript by using the property
"cursor". Let's perform this behavior on page load using the below
function.

function myFunction() {
window.document.body.style.cursor = "wait";
}

and this function invoked on page load

301. How do you create an infinite loop

You can create infinite loops using for and while loops without using
any expressions. The for loop construct or syntax is better approach in
terms of ESLint and code optimizer tools,

for (;;) {}
while(true) {
}

302. Why do you need to avoid with statement

JavaScript's with statement was intended to provide a shorthand for
writing recurring accesses to objects. So it can help reduce file size by
reducing the need to repeat a lengthy object reference without
performance penalty. Let's take an example where it is used to avoid
redundancy when accessing an object several times.

a.b.c.greeting = 'welcome';
a.b.c.age = 32;

Using with it turns this into:

with(a.b.c) {
greeting = "welcome";
age = 32;
}

But this with statement creates performance problems since one

cannot predict whether an argument will refer to a real variable or to
a property inside the with argument.

303. What is the output of below for loops

for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) { // global scope

setTimeout(() => console.log(i));
}

for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) { // block scope

setTimeout(() => console.log(i));
}

The output of the above for loops is 4 4 4 4 and 0 1 2 3 Explanation:

Due to the event queue/loop of javascript, the setTimeout callback
function is called after the loop has been executed. Since the variable
i is declared with the var keyword it became a global variable and
the value was equal to 4 using iteration when the time setTimeout
function is invoked. Hence, the output of the first loop is 4 4 4 4 .
Whereas in the second loop, the variable i is declared as the let
keyword it becomes a block scoped variable and it holds a new
value(0, 1 ,2 3) for each iteration. Hence, the output of the first loop is
0 1 2 3.

304. List down some of the features of ES6

Below are the list of some new features of ES6,

i. Support for constants or immutable variables

ii. Block-scope support for variables, constants and functions
iii. Arrow functions
iv. Default parameters
v. Rest and Spread Parameters
vi. Template Literals
vii. Multi-line Strings
viii. Destructuring Assignment
ix. Enhanced Object Literals
x. Promises
xi. Classes
xii. Modules

305. What is ES6

ES6 is the sixth edition of the javascript language and it was released
in June 2015. It was initially known as ECMAScript 6 (ES6) and later
renamed to ECMAScript 2015. Almost all the modern browsers
support ES6 but for the old browsers there are many transpilers, like
Babel.js etc.

Back to Top
306. Can I redeclare let and const variables
No, you cannot redeclare let and const variables. If you do, it throws
below error

Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'someVariable' has already been

Explanation: The variable declaration with var keyword refers to a

function scope and the variable is treated as if it were declared at the
top of the enclosing scope due to hoisting feature. So all the multiple
declarations contributing to the same hoisted variable without any
error. Let's take an example of re-declaring variables in the same
scope for both var and let/const variables.

var name = 'John';

function myFunc() {
var name = 'Nick';
var name = 'Abraham'; // Re-assigned in the same function bl
alert(name); // Abraham
}
myFunc();
alert(name); // John

The block-scoped multi-declaration throws syntax error,

let name = 'John';

function myFunc() {
let name = 'Nick';
let name = 'Abraham'; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'n
alert(name);
}

myFunc();
alert(name);
Back to Top

307. Is const variable makes the value immutable

No, the const variable doesn't make the value immutable. But it
disallows subsequent assignments(i.e, You can declare with
assignment but can't assign another value later)

const userList = [];

userList.push('John'); // Can mutate even though it can't re-ass
console.log(userList); // ['John']

308. What are default parameters

In E5, we need to depend on logical OR operators to handle default
values of function parameters. Whereas in ES6, Default function
parameters feature allows parameters to be initialized with default
values if no value or undefined is passed. Let's compare the behavior
with an examples,

//ES5
var calculateArea = function(height, width) {
height = height || 50;
width = width || 60;

return width * height;

}
console.log(calculateArea()); //300

The default parameters makes the initialization more simpler,

//ES6
var calculateArea = function(height = 50, width = 60) {
return width * height;
}
console.log(calculateArea()); //300

309. What are template literals

Template literals or template strings are string literals allowing
embedded expressions. These are enclosed by the back-tick (`)
character instead of double or single quotes. In E6, this feature
enables using dynamic expressions as below,

var greeting = `Welcome to JS World, Mr. ${firstName} ${lastName

In ES5, you need break string like below,

var greeting = 'Welcome to JS World, Mr. ' + firstName + ' ' + l

Note: You can use multi-line strings and string interpolation features
with template literals.

310. How do you write multi-line strings in template

literals
In ES5, you would have to use newline escape characters('\n') and
concatenation symbols(+) in order to get multi-line strings.

console.log('This is string sentence 1\n' +

'This is string sentence 2');

Whereas in ES6, You don't need to mention any newline sequence

character,
console.log(`This is string sentence
'This is string sentence 2`);

311. What are nesting templates

The nesting template is a feature supported within template literals
syntax to allow inner backticks inside a placeholder ${ } within the
template. For example, the below nesting template is used to display
the icons based on user permissions whereas outer template checks
for platform type,

const iconStyles = `icon ${ isMobilePlatform() ? '' :

`icon-${user.isAuthorized ? 'submit' : 'disabled'}` }`;

You can write the above use case without nesting template features
as well. However, the nesting template feature is more compact and
readable.

//Without nesting templates

const iconStyles = `icon ${ isMobilePlatform() ? '' :
(user.isAuthorized ? 'icon-submit' : 'icon-disabled'}`;

312. What are tagged templates

Tagged templates are the advanced form of templates in which tags
allow you to parse template literals with a function. The tag function
accepts the first parameter as an array of strings and remaining
parameters as expressions. This function can also return manipulated
strings based on parameters. Let's see the usage of this tagged
template behavior of an IT professional skill set in an organization,
var user1 = 'John';
var skill1 = 'JavaScript';
var experience1 = 15;

var user2 = 'Kane';

var skill2 = 'JavaScript';
var experience2 = 5;

function myInfoTag(strings, userExp, experienceExp, skillExp) {

var str0 = strings[0]; // "Mr/Ms. "
var str1 = strings[1]; // " is a/an "
var str2 = strings[2]; // "in"

var expertiseStr;
if (experienceExp > 10){
expertiseStr = 'expert developer';
} else if(skillExp > 5 && skillExp <= 10) {
expertiseStr = 'senior developer';
} else {
expertiseStr = 'junior developer';
}

return ${str0}${userExp}${str1}${expertiseStr}${str2}${skillEx
}

var output1 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${ user1 } is a/an ${ experience1

var output2 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${ user2 } is a/an ${ experience2

console.log(output1);// Mr/Ms. John is a/an expert developer in

console.log(output2);// Mr/Ms. Kane is a/an junior developer in

313. What are raw strings

ES6 provides a raw strings feature using the String.raw() method
which is used to get the raw string form of template strings. This
feature allows you to access the raw strings as they were entered,
without processing escape sequences. For example, the usage would
be as below,
var calculationString = String.raw `The sum of numbers is \n${1+
console.log(calculationString); // The sum of numbers is 10

If you don't use raw strings, the newline character sequence will be
processed by displaying the output in multiple lines

var calculationString = `The sum of numbers is \n${1+2+3+4}!`;

console.log(calculationString);
// The sum of numbers is
// 10

Also, the raw property is available on the first argument to the tag
function

function tag(strings) {
console.log(strings.raw[0]);
}

314. What is destructuring assignment

The destructuring assignment is a JavaScript expression that makes it
possible to unpack values from arrays or properties from objects into
distinct variables. Let's get the month values from an array using
destructuring assignment

var [one, two, three] = ['JAN', 'FEB', 'MARCH'];

console.log(one); // "JAN"
console.log(two); // "FEB"
console.log(three); // "MARCH"

and you can get user properties of an object using destructuring

assignment,
var {name, age} = {name: 'John', age: 32};

console.log(name); // John
console.log(age); // 32

315. What are default values in destructuring assignment

A variable can be assigned a default value when the value unpacked
from the array or object is undefined during destructuring
assignment. It helps to avoid setting default values separately for
each assignment. Let's take an example for both arrays and object use
cases,

Arrays destructuring:

var x, y, z;

[x=2, y=4, z=6] = [10];

console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 4
console.log(z); // 6

Objects destructuring:

var {x=2, y=4, z=6} = {x: 10};

console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 4
console.log(z); // 6

316. Howdo you swap variables in destructuring

assignment
If you don't use destructuring assignment, swapping two values
requires a temporary variable. Whereas using a destructuring feature,
two variable values can be swapped in one destructuring expression.
Let's swap two number variables in array destructuring assignment,

var x = 10, y = 20;

[x, y] = [y, x];

console.log(x); // 20
console.log(y); // 10

317. What are enhanced object literals

Object literals make it easy to quickly create objects with properties
inside the curly braces. For example, it provides shorter syntax for
common object property definition as below.

//ES6
var x = 10, y = 20
obj = { x, y }
console.log(obj); // {x: 10, y:20}
//ES5
var x = 10, y = 20
obj = { x : x, y : y}
console.log(obj); // {x: 10, y:20}

318. What are dynamic imports

The dynamic imports using import() function syntax allows us to
load modules on demand by using promises or the async/await
syntax. Currently this feature is in stage4 proposal. The main
advantage of dynamic imports is reduction of our bundle's sizes, the
size/payload response of our requests and overall improvements in
the user experience. The syntax of dynamic imports would be as
below,

import('./Module').then(Module => Module.method());

319. What are the use cases for dynamic imports

Below are some of the use cases of using dynamic imports over static
imports,

i. Import a module on-demand or conditionally. For example, if you

want to load a polyfill on legacy browser

if (isLegacyBrowser()) {
import(···)
.then(···);
}

i. Compute the module specifier at runtime. For example, you can

use it for internationalization.

import(`messages_${getLocale()}.js`).then(···);

i. Import a module from within a regular script instead a module.

320. What are typed arrays

Typed arrays are array-like objects from ECMAScript 6 API for
handling binary data. JavaScript provides 8 Typed array types,

i. Int8Array: An array of 8-bit signed integers

ii. Int16Array: An array of 16-bit signed integers
iii. Int32Array: An array of 32-bit signed integers
iv. Uint8Array: An array of 8-bit unsigned integers
v. Uint16Array: An array of 16-bit unsigned integers
vi. Uint32Array: An array of 32-bit unsigned integers
vii. Float32Array: An array of 32-bit floating point numbers
viii. Float64Array: An array of 64-bit floating point numbers

For example, you can create an array of 8-bit signed integers as below

const a = new Int8Array();

// You can pre-allocate n bytes
const bytes = 1024
const a = new Int8Array(bytes)

321. What are the advantages of module loaders

The module loaders provides the below features,

i. Dynamic loading
ii. State isolation
iii. Global namespace isolation
iv. Compilation hooks
v. Nested virtualization

322. What is collation

Collation is used for sorting a set of strings and searching within a set
of strings. It is parameterized by locale and aware of Unicode. Let's
take comparison and sorting features,

i. Comparison:

var list = [ "ä", "a", "z" ]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a"
var l10nDE = new Intl.Collator("de");
var l10nSV = new Intl.Collator("sv");
console.log(l10nDE.compare("ä", "z") === -1); // true
console.log(l10nSV.compare("ä", "z") === +1); // true

i. Sorting:

var list = [ "ä", "a", "z" ]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a"
var l10nDE = new Intl.Collator("de");
var l10nSV = new Intl.Collator("sv");
console.log(list.sort(l10nDE.compare)) // [ "a", "ä", "z" ]
console.log(list.sort(l10nSV.compare)) // [ "a", "z", "ä" ]

323. What is for...of statement

The for...of statement creates a loop iterating over iterable objects or
elements such as built-in String, Array, Array-like objects (like
arguments or NodeList), TypedArray, Map, Set, and user-defined
iterables. The basic usage of for...of statement on arrays would be as
below,

let arrayIterable = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];

for (let value of arrayIterable) {

value ++;
console.log(value); // 11 21 31 41 51
}

324. What is the output of below spread operator array

[...'John Resig']

The output of the array is ['J', 'o', 'h', 'n', '', 'R', 'e', 's', 'i', 'g']
Explanation: The string is an iterable type and the spread operator
within an array maps every character of an iterable to one element.
Hence, each character of a string becomes an element within an
Array.

325. Is PostMessage secure

Yes, postMessages can be considered very secure as long as the
programmer/developer is careful about checking the origin and
source of an arriving message. But if you try to send/receive a
message without verifying its source will create cross-site scripting
attacks.

326. What are the problems with postmessage target

origin as wildcard
The second argument of postMessage method specifies which origin
is allowed to receive the message. If you use the wildcard “*” as an
argument then any origin is allowed to receive the message. In this
case, there is no way for the sender window to know if the target
window is at the target origin when sending the message. If the
target window has been navigated to another origin, the other origin
would receive the data. Hence, this may lead to XSS vulnerabilities.

targetWindow.postMessage(message, '*');

327. How do you avoid receiving postMessages from

attackers
Since the listener listens for any message, an attacker can trick the
application by sending a message from the attacker’s origin, which
gives an impression that the receiver received the message from the
actual sender’s window. You can avoid this issue by validating the
origin of the message on the receiver's end using the
“message.origin” attribute. For examples, let's check the sender's
origin http://www.some-sender.com on receiver side www.some-
receiver.com,

//Listener on http://www.some-receiver.com/
window.addEventListener("message", function(message){
if(/^http://www\.some-sender\.com$/.test(message.origin)){
console.log('You received the data from valid sender',
}
});

328. Can I avoid using postMessages completely

You cannot avoid using postMessages completely(or 100%). Even
though your application doesn’t use postMessage considering the
risks, a lot of third party scripts use postMessage to communicate
with the third party service. So your application might be using
postMessage without your knowledge.

329. Is postMessages synchronous

The postMessages are synchronous in IE8 browser but they are
asynchronous in IE9 and all other modern browsers (i.e, IE9+, Firefox,
Chrome, Safari).Due to this asynchronous behaviour, we use a
callback mechanism when the postMessage is returned.

330. What paradigm is Javascript

JavaScript is a multi-paradigm language, supporting
imperative/procedural programming, Object-Oriented Programming
and functional programming. JavaScript supports Object-Oriented
Programming with prototypical inheritance.

331. What is the difference between internal and external

javascript
Internal JavaScript: It is the source code within the script tag. External
JavaScript: The source code is stored in an external file(stored with .js
extension) and referred with in the tag.

332. Is JavaScript faster than server side script

Yes, JavaScript is faster than server side script. Because JavaScript is a
client-side script it does not require any web server’s help for its
computation or calculation. So JavaScript is always faster than any
server-side script like ASP, PHP, etc.

333. How do you get the status of a checkbox

You can apply the checked property on the selected checkbox in the
DOM. If the value is True means the checkbox is checked otherwise
it is unchecked. For example, the below HTML checkbox element can
be access using javascript as below,

<input type="checkbox" name="checkboxname" value="Agree"> Agre

console.log(document.getElementById(‘checkboxname’).checked); //
Back to Top

334. What is the purpose of double tilde operator

The double tilde operator(~~) is known as double NOT bitwise
operator. This operator is going to be a quicker substitute for
Math.floor().

335. How do you convert character to ASCII code

You can use the String.prototype.charCodeAt() method to convert
string characters to ASCII numbers. For example, let's find ASCII code
for the first letter of 'ABC' string,

"ABC".charCodeAt(0) // returns 65

Whereas String.fromCharCode() method converts numbers to equal

ASCII characters.

String.fromCharCode(65,66,67); // returns 'ABC'

336. What is ArrayBuffer

An ArrayBuffer object is used to represent a generic, fixed-length raw
binary data buffer. You can create it as below,

let buffer = new ArrayBuffer(16); // create a buffer of length 1

alert(buffer.byteLength); // 16

To manipulate an ArrayBuffer, we need to use a “view” object.

//Create a DataView referring to the buffer
let view = new DataView(buffer);

337. What is the output of below string expression

console.log("Welcome to JS world"[0])

The output of the above expression is "W". Explanation: The bracket

notation with specific index on a string returns the character at a
specific location. Hence, it returns the character "W" of the string.
Since this is not supported in IE7 and below versions, you may need
to use the .charAt() method to get the desired result.

338. What is the purpose of Error object

The Error constructor creates an error object and the instances of
error objects are thrown when runtime errors occur. The Error object
can also be used as a base object for user-defined exceptions. The
syntax of error object would be as below,

new Error([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])

You can throw user defined exceptions or errors using Error object in
try...catch block as below,

try {
if(withdraw > balance)
throw new Error("Oops! You don't have enough balance");
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.name + ': ' + e.message);
}
Back to Top

339. What is the purpose of EvalError object

The EvalError object indicates an error regarding the global eval()
function. Even though this exception is not thrown by JavaScript
anymore, the EvalError object remains for compatibility. The syntax of
this expression would be as below,

new EvalError([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])

You can throw EvalError with in try...catch block as below,

try {
throw new EvalError('Eval function error', 'someFile.js', 100)
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.message, e.name, e.fileName); // "E

340. What
are the list of cases error thrown from non-strict
mode to strict mode
When you apply 'use strict'; syntax, some of the below cases will
throw a SyntaxError before executing the script

i. When you use Octal syntax

var n = 022;

i. Using with statement

ii. When you use delete operator on a variable name
iii. Using eval or arguments as variable or function argument name
iv. When you use newly reserved keywords
v. When you declare a function in a block
if (someCondition) { function f() {} }

Hence, the errors from above cases are helpful to avoid errors in
development/production environments.

341. Is all objects have prototypes

No. All objects have prototypes except for the base object which is
created by the user, or an object that is created using the new
keyword.

342. Whatis the difference between a parameter and an

argument
Parameter is the variable name of a function definition whereas an
argument represents the value given to a function when it is invoked.
Let's explain this with a simple function

function myFunction(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {

console.log(arguments[0]) // "argument1"
console.log(arguments[1]) // "argument2"
console.log(arguments[2]) // "argument3"
}
myFunction("argument1", "argument2", "argument3")

343. What is the purpose of some method in arrays

The some() method is used to test whether at least one element in
the array passes the test implemented by the provided function. The
method returns a boolean value. Let's take an example to test for any
odd elements,
var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,7, 8, 9, 10];

var odd = element ==> element % 2 !== 0;

console.log(array.some(odd)); // true (the odd element exists)

344. How do you combine two or more arrays

The concat() method is used to join two or more arrays by returning a
new array containing all the elements. The syntax would be as below,

array1.concat(array2, array3, ..., arrayX)

Let's take an example of array's concatenation with veggies and fruits

arrays,

var veggies = ["Tomato", "Carrot", "Cabbage"];

var fruits = ["Apple", "Orange", "Pears"];
var veggiesAndFruits = veggies.concat(fruits);
console.log(veggiesAndFruits); // Tomato, Carrot, Cabbage, App

345. What is the difference between Shallow and Deep

copy
There are two ways to copy an object,

Shallow Copy: Shallow copy is a bitwise copy of an object. A new

object is created that has an exact copy of the values in the original
object. If any of the fields of the object are references to other
objects, just the reference addresses are copied i.e., only the memory
address is copied.
Example

var empDetails = {
name: "John", age: 25, expertise: "Software Developer"
}

to create a duplicate

var empDetailsShallowCopy = empDetails //Shallow copying!

if we change some property value in the duplicate one like this:

empDetailsShallowCopy.name = "Johnson"

The above statement will also change the name of empDetails , since
we have a shallow copy. That means we're losing the original data as
well.

Deep copy: A deep copy copies all fields, and makes copies of
dynamically allocated memory pointed to by the fields. A deep copy
occurs when an object is copied along with the objects to which it
refers.

Example

var empDetails = {
name: "John", age: 25, expertise: "Software Developer"
}

Create a deep copy by using the properties from the original object
into new variable

var empDetailsDeepCopy = {
name: empDetails.name,
age: empDetails.age,
expertise: empDetails.expertise
}

Now if you change empDetailsDeepCopy.name , it will only affect

empDetailsDeepCopy & not empDetails

346. How do you create specific number of copies of a

string
The repeat() method is used to construct and return a new string
which contains the specified number of copies of the string on which
it was called, concatenated together. Remember that this method has
been added to the ECMAScript 2015 specification. Let's take an
example of Hello string to repeat it 4 times,

'Hello'.repeat(4); // 'HelloHelloHelloHello'

347. Howdo you return all matching strings against a

regular expression
The matchAll() method can be used to return an iterator of all
results matching a string against a regular expression. For example,
the below example returns an array of matching string results against
a regular expression,

let regexp = /Hello(\d?))/g;

let greeting = 'Hello1Hello2Hello3';

let greetingList = [...greeting.matchAll(regexp)];

console.log(greetingList[0]); //Hello1
console.log(greetingList[1]); //Hello2
console.log(greetingList[2]); //Hello3

Back to Top
348. How do you trim a string at the beginning or ending
The trim method of string prototype is used to trim on both sides of
a string. But if you want to trim especially at the beginning or ending
of the string then you can use trimStart/trimLeft and
trimEnd/trimRight methods. Let's see an example of these methods
on a greeting message,

var greeting = ' Hello, Goodmorning! ';

console.log(greeting); // " Hello, Goodmorning! "

console.log(greeting.trimStart()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "
console.log(greeting.trimLeft()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "

console.log(greeting.trimEnd()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"

console.log(greeting.trimRight()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"

349. What
is the output of below console statement with
unary operator
Let's take console statement with unary operator as given below,

console.log(+ 'Hello');

The output of the above console log statement returns NaN. Because
the element is prefixed by the unary operator and the JavaScript
interpreter will try to convert that element into a number type. Since
the conversion fails, the value of the statement results in NaN value.

350. Does javascript uses mixins

Back to Top
351. What is a thunk function
A thunk is just a function which delays the evaluation of the value. It
doesn’t take any arguments but gives the value whenever you invoke
the thunk. i.e, It is used not to execute now but it will be sometime in
the future. Let's take a synchronous example,

const add = (x,y) => x + y;

const thunk = () => add(2,3);

thunk() // 5

352. What are asynchronous thunks

The asynchronous thunks are useful to make network requests. Let's
see an example of network requests,

function fetchData(fn){
fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1')
.then(response => response.json())
.then(json => fn(json))
}

const asyncThunk = function (){

return fetchData(function getData(data){
console.log(data)
})
}

asyncThunk()

The getData function won't be called immediately but it will be

invoked only when the data is available from API endpoint. The
setTimeout function is also used to make our code asynchronous. The
best real time example is redux state management library which uses
the asynchronous thunks to delay the actions to dispatch.

353. What is the output of below function calls

Code snippet:

const circle = {
radius: 20,
diameter() {
return this.radius * 2;
},
perimeter: () => 2 * Math.PI * this.radius
};

console.log(circle.diameter()); console.log(circle.perimeter());

Output:

The output is 40 and NaN. Remember that diameter is a regular

function, whereas the value of perimeter is an arrow function. The
this keyword of a regular function(i.e, diameter) refers to the
surrounding scope which is a class(i.e, Shape object). Whereas this
keyword of perimeter function refers to the surrounding scope which
is a window object. Since there is no radius property on window
objects it returns an undefined value and the multiple of number
value returns NaN value.

354. How to remove all line breaks from a string

The easiest approach is using regular expressions to detect and
replace newlines in the string. In this case, we use replace function
along with string to replace with, which in our case is an empty string.

function remove_linebreaks( var message ) {

return message.replace( /[\r\n]+/gm, "" );
}

In the above expression, g and m are for global and multiline flags.

355. What is the difference between reflow and repaint

A repaint occurs when changes are made which affect the visibility of
an element, but not its layout. Examples of this include outline,
visibility, or background color. A reflow involves changes that affect
the layout of a portion of the page (or the whole page). Resizing the
browser window, changing the font, content changing (such as user
typing text), using JavaScript methods involving computed styles,
adding or removing elements from the DOM, and changing an
element's classes are a few of the things that can trigger reflow.
Reflow of an element causes the subsequent reflow of all child and
ancestor elements as well as any elements following it in the DOM.

356. What happens with negating an array

Negating an array with ! character will coerce the array into a
boolean. Since Arrays are considered to be truthy So negating it will
return false .

console.log(![]); // false

357. What happens if we add two arrays

If you add two arrays together, it will convert them both to strings
and concatenate them. For example, the result of adding arrays would
be as below,
console.log(['a'] + ['b']); // "ab"
console.log([] + []); // ""
console.log(![] + []); // "false", because ![] returns false.

358. What is the output of prepend additive operator on

falsy values
If you prepend the additive(+) operator on falsy values(null,
undefined, NaN, false, ""), the falsy value converts to a number value
zero. Let's display them on browser console as below,

console.log(+null); // 0
console.log(+undefined);// NaN
console.log(+false); // 0
console.log(+NaN); // NaN
console.log(+""); // 0

359. How do you create self string using special characters

The self string can be formed with the combination of []()!+
characters. You need to remember the below conventions to achieve
this pattern.

i. Since Arrays are truthful values, negating the arrays will produce
false: ![] === false
ii. As per JavaScript coercion rules, the addition of arrays together
will toString them: [] + [] === ""
iii. Prepend an array with + operator will convert an array to false,
the negation will make it true and finally converting the result will
produce value '1': +(!(+[])) === 1

By applying the above rules, we can derive below conditions

![] + [] === "false"
+!+[] === 1

Now the character pattern would be created as below,

s e l f
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

(![] + [])[3] + (![] + [])[4] + (![] + [])[2] + (![] + [])[0]

^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+[]]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[]

360. How do you remove falsy values from an array

You can apply the filter method on the array by passing Boolean as a
parameter. This way it removes all falsy values(0, undefined, null, false
and "") from the array.

const myArray = [false, null, 1,5, undefined]

myArray.filter(Boolean); // [1, 5] // is same as myArray.filter(

361. How do you get unique values of an array

You can get unique values of an array with the combination of Set
and rest expression/spread(...) syntax.
console.log([...new Set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3])]); // [1, 2, 4, 3]

362. What is destructuring aliases

Sometimes you would like to have a destructured variable with a
different name than the property name. In that case, you'll use a :
newName to specify a name for the variable. This process is called
destructuring aliases.

const obj = { x: 1 };
// Grabs obj.x as as { otherName }
const { x: otherName } = obj;

363. How
do you map the array values without using map
method
You can map the array values without using the map method by just
using the from method of Array. Let's map city names from
Countries array,

const countries = [
{ name: 'India', capital: 'Delhi' },
{ name: 'US', capital: 'Washington' },
{ name: 'Russia', capital: 'Moscow' },
{ name: 'Singapore', capital: 'Singapore' },
{ name: 'China', capital: 'Beijing' },
{ name: 'France', capital: 'Paris' },
];

const cityNames = Array.from(countries, ({ capital}) => capital)

console.log(cityNames); // ['Delhi, 'Washington', 'Moscow', 'Sin

let cities = ['Singapore', 'Delhi', 'London'];

cities.length = 0; // cities becomes []

365. How do you rounding numbers to certain decimals

You can round numbers to a certain number of decimals using
toFixed method from native javascript.

let pie = 3.141592653;

pie = pie.toFixed(3); // 3.142

366. Whatis the easiest way to convert an array to an

object
You can convert an array to an object with the same data using
spread(...) operator.

var fruits = ["banana", "apple", "orange", "watermelon"];

var fruitsObject = {...fruits};
console.log(fruitsObject); // {0: "banana", 1: "apple", 2: "oran

367. How do you create an array with some data

You can create an array with some data or an array with the same
values using fill method.
var newArray = new Array(5).fill("0");
console.log(newArray); // ["0", "0", "0", "0", "0"]

368. What are the placeholders from console object

Below are the list of placeholders available from console object,

i. %o — It takes an object,
ii. %s — It takes a string,
iii. %d — It is used for a decimal or integer These placeholders can
be represented in the console.log as below

const user = { "name":"John", "id": 1, "city": "Delhi"};

console.log("Hello %s, your details %o are available in the obje

369. Is it possible to add CSS to console messages

Yes, you can apply CSS styles to console messages similar to html text
on the web page.

console.log('%c The text has blue color, with large font and red

The text will be displayed as below,

Note: All CSS styles can be applied to console messages.

Back to Top
370. What is the purpose of dir method of console object
The console.dir() is used to display an interactive list of the
properties of the specified JavaScript object as JSON.

const user = { "name":"John", "id": 1, "city": "Delhi"};

console.dir(user);

The user object displayed in JSON representation

371. Is it possible to debug HTML elements in console

Yes, it is possible to get and debug HTML elements in the console just
like inspecting elements.

const element = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];

console.log(element);

It prints the HTML element in the console,

Back to Top
372. How
do you display data in a tabular format using
console object
The console.table() is used to display data in the console in a
tabular format to visualize complex arrays or objects.

const users = [{ "name":"John", "id": 1, "city": "Delhi"}, { "na

console.table(users);

The data visualized in a table format,

Not: Remember that console.table() is not supported in IE.

373. How do you verify that an argument is a Number or

not
The combination of IsNaN and isFinite methods are used to confirm
whether an argument is a number or not.

function isNumber(n){
return !isNaN(parseFloat(n)) && isFinite(n);
}

374. How do you create copy to clipboard button

You need to select the content(using .select() method) of the input
element and execute the copy command with execCommand (i.e,
execCommand('copy')). You can also execute other system commands
like cut and paste.

document.querySelector("#copy-button").onclick = function() {
// Select the content
document.querySelector("#copy-input").select();
// Copy to the clipboard
document.execCommand('copy');
};

375. What is the shortcut to get timestamp

You can use new Date().getTime() to get the current timestamp.
There is an alternative shortcut to get the value.

console.log(+new Date());
console.log(Date.now());

376. How do you flattening multi dimensional arrays

Flattening bi-dimensional arrays is trivial with Spread operator.

const biDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, 55], [66, 77], 88,
const flattenArr = [].concat(...biDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 3

But you can make it work with multi-dimensional arrays by recursive

calls,

function flattenMultiArray(arr) {
const flattened = [].concat(...arr);
return flattened.some(item => Array.isArray(item)) ? flatten
}
const multiDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, [55, 66, [77, [8
const flatArr = flattenMultiArray(multiDimensionalArr); // [11,

377. What is the easiest multi condition checking

You can use indexOf to compare input with multiple values instead
of checking each value as one condition.

// Verbose approach
if (input === 'first' || input === 1 || input === 'second' || in
someFunction();
}
// Shortcut
if (['first', 1, 'second', 2].indexOf(input) !== -1) {
someFunction();
}

378. How do you capture browser back button

The window.onbeforeunload method is used to capture browser back
button events. This is helpful to warn users about losing the current
data.

window.onbeforeunload = function() {
alert("You work will be lost");
};

379. How do you disable right click in the web page

The right click on the page can be disabled by returning false from
the oncontextmenu attribute on the body element.

<body oncontextmenu="return false;">

380. What are wrapper objects

Primitive Values like string,number and boolean don't have properties
and methods but they are temporarily converted or coerced to an
object(Wrapper object) when you try to perform actions on them. For
example, if you apply toUpperCase() method on a primitive string
value, it does not throw an error but returns uppercase of the string.

let name = "john";

console.log(name.toUpperCase()); // Behind the scenes treated a

i.e, Every primitive except null and undefined have Wrapper Objects
and the list of wrapper objects are String,Number,Boolean,Symbol
and BigInt.

381. What is AJAX

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and it is a group of
related technologies(HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XMLHttpRequest API etc)
used to display data asynchronously. i.e. We can send data to the
server and get data from the server without reloading the web page.

382. What are the different ways to deal with

Asynchronous Code
Below are the list of different ways to deal with Asynchronous code.

i. Callbacks
ii. Promises
iii. Async/await
iv. Third-party libraries such as async.js,bluebird etc

383. How to cancel a fetch request

Until a few days back, One shortcoming of native promises is no
direct way to cancel a fetch request. But the new AbortController
from js specification allows you to use a signal to abort one or
multiple fetch calls. The basic flow of cancelling a fetch request would
be as below,

i. Create an AbortController instance

ii. Get the signal property of an instance and pass the signal as a
fetch option for signal
iii. Call the AbortController's abort property to cancel all fetches that
use that signal For example, let's pass the same signal to multiple
fetch calls will cancel all requests with that signal,

const controller = new AbortController();

const { signal } = controller;

fetch("http://localhost:8000", { signal }).then(response => {

console.log(`Request 1 is complete!`);
}).catch(e => {
if(e.name === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});

fetch("http://localhost:8000", { signal }).then(response => {

console.log(`Request 2 is complete!`);
}).catch(e => {
if(e.name === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});

// Wait 2 seconds to abort both requests

setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 2000);

384. What is web speech API

Web speech API is used to enable modern browsers recognize and
synthesize speech(i.e, voice data into web apps). This API has been
introduced by W3C Community in the year 2012. It has two main
parts,

i. SpeechRecognition (Asynchronous Speech Recognition or

Speech-to-Text): It provides the ability to recognize voice context
from an audio input and respond accordingly. This is accessed by
the SpeechRecognition interface. The below example shows on
how to use this API to get text from speech,

window.SpeechRecognition = window.webkitSpeechRecognition || win

const recognition = new window.SpeechRecognition();
recognition.onresult = (event) => { // SpeechRecognitionEvent ty
const speechToText = event.results[0][0].transcript;
console.log(speechToText);
}
recognition.start();

In this API, browser is going to ask you for permission to use your
microphone

i. SpeechSynthesis (Text-to-Speech): It provides the ability to

recognize voice context from an audio input and respond. This is
accessed by the SpeechSynthesis interface. For example, the
below code is used to get voice/speech from text,
if('speechSynthesis' in window){
var speech = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance('Hello World!');
speech.lang = 'en-US';
window.speechSynthesis.speak(speech);
}

The above examples can be tested on chrome(33+) browser's

developer console. Note: This API is still a working draft and only
available in Chrome and Firefox browsers(ofcourse Chrome only
implemented the specification) Back to Top

385. What is minimum timeout throttling

Both browser and NodeJS javascript environments throttles with a
minimum delay that is greater than 0ms. That means even though
setting a delay of 0ms will not happen instantaneously. Browsers:
They have a minimum delay of 4ms. This throttle occurs when
successive calls are triggered due to callback nesting(certain depth) or
after a certain number of successive intervals. Note: The older
browsers have a minimum delay of 10ms. Nodejs: They have a
minimum delay of 1ms. This throttle happens when the delay is larger
than 2147483647 or less than 1. The best example to explain this
timeout throttling behavior is the order of below code snippet.

function runMeFirst() {
console.log('My script is initialized');
}
setTimeout(runMeFirst, 0);
console.log('Script loaded');

and the output would be in

Script loaded
My script is initialized

If you don't use setTimeout , the order of logs will be sequential.

function runMeFirst() {
console.log('My script is initialized');
}
runMeFirst();
console.log('Script loaded');

and the output is,

My script is initialized
Script loaded

386. How
do you implement zero timeout in modern
browsers
You can't use setTimeout(fn, 0) to execute the code immediately due
to minimum delay of greater than 0ms. But you can use
window.postMessage() to achieve this behavior.

387. What are tasks in event loop

A task is any javascript code/program which is scheduled to be run by
the standard mechanisms such as initially starting to run a program,
run an event callback, or an interval or timeout being fired. All these
tasks are scheduled on a task queue. Below are the list of use cases to
add tasks to the task queue,

i. When a new javascript program is executed directly from console

or running by the <script> element, the task will be added to
the task queue.
ii. When an event fires, the event callback added to task queue
iii. When a setTimeout or setInterval is reached, the corresponding
callback added to task queue
Back to Top

388. What is microtask

Microtask is the javascript code which needs to be executed
immediately after the currently executing task/microtask is
completed. They are kind of blocking in nature. i.e, The main thread
will be blocked until the microtask queue is empty. The main sources
of microtasks are Promise.resolve, Promise.reject, MutationObservers,
IntersectionObservers etc

Note: All of these microtasks are processed in the same turn of the
event loop. Back to Top

389. What are different event loops

390. What is the purpose of queueMicrotask

391. How do you use javascript libraries in typescript file

It is known that not all JavaScript libraries or frameworks have
TypeScript declaration files. But if you still want to use libraries or
frameworks in our TypeScript files without getting compilation errors,
the only solution is declare keyword along with a variable
declaration. For example, let's imagine you have a library called
customLibrary that doesn’t have a TypeScript declaration and have a
namespace called customLibrary in the global namespace. You can
use this library in typescript code as below,

declare var customLibrary;

In the runtime, typescript will provide the type to the customLibrary

variable as any type. The another alternative without using declare
keyword is below

var customLibrary: any;

392. What
are the differences between promises and
observables
Some of the major difference in a tabular form

Promises Observables

Emits multiple values over a period

Emits only a single value at
of time(stream of values ranging
a time
from 0 to multiple)

Eager in nature; they are

Lazy in nature; they require
going to be called
subscription to be invoked
immediately

Promise is always
Observable can be either
asynchronous even though
synchronous or asynchronous
it resolved immediately

Provides operators such as map,

Doesn't provide any
forEach, filter, reduce, retry, and
operators
retryWhen etc

Canceled by using unsubscribe()

Cannot be canceled
method

393. What is heap

Heap(Or memory heap) is the memory location where objects are
stored when we define variables. i.e, This is the place where all the
memory allocations and de-allocation take place. Both heap and call-
stack are two containers of JS runtime. Whenever runtime comes
across variables and function declarations in the code it stores them
in the Heap.

394. What is an event table

Event Table is a data structure that stores and keeps track of all the
events which will be executed asynchronously like after some time
interval or after the resolution of some API requests. i.e Whenever you
call a setTimeout function or invoke async operation, it is added to
the Event Table. It doesn't not execute functions on it’s own. The main
purpose of the event table is to keep track of events and send them
to the Event Queue as shown in the below diagram.
Back to Top

395. What is a microTask queue

Microtask Queue is the new queue where all the tasks initiated by
promise objects get processed before the callback queue. The
microtasks queue are processed before the next rendering and
painting jobs. But if these microtasks are running for a long time then
it leads to visual degradation.

396. What is the difference between shim and polyfill

A shim is a library that brings a new API to an older environment,
using only the means of that environment. It isn't necessarily
restricted to a web application. For example, es5-shim.js is used to
emulate ES5 features on older browsers (mainly pre IE9). Whereas
polyfill is a piece of code (or plugin) that provides the technology that
you, the developer, expect the browser to provide natively. In a simple
sentence, A polyfill is a shim for a browser API.

397. How do you detect primitive or non primitive value

type
In JavaScript, primitive types include boolean, string, number, BigInt,
null, Symbol and undefined. Whereas non-primitive types include the
Objects. But you can easily identify them with the below function,

var myPrimitive = 30;

var myNonPrimitive = {};
function isPrimitive(val) {
return Object(val) !== val;
}

isPrimitive(myPrimitive);
isPrimitive(myNonPrimitive);

If the value is a primitive data type, the Object constructor creates a

new wrapper object for the value. But If the value is a non-primitive
data type (an object), the Object constructor will give the same object.

398. What is babel

Babel is a JavaScript transpiler to convert ECMAScript 2015+ code
into a backwards compatible version of JavaScript in current and
older browsers or environments. Some of the main features are listed
below,

i. Transform syntax
ii. Polyfill features that are missing in your target environment
(using @babel/polyfill)
iii. Source code transformations (or codemods)

399. Is Node.js completely single threaded

Node is a single thread, but some of the functions included in the
Node.js standard library(e.g, fs module functions) are not single
threaded. i.e, Their logic runs outside of the Node.js single thread to
improve the speed and performance of a program.

400. What are the common use cases of observables

Some of the most common use cases of observables are web sockets
with push notifications, user input changes, repeating intervals, etc

401. What is RxJS

RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for implementing
reactive programming using observables that makes it easier to
compose asynchronous or callback-based code. It also provides utility
functions for creating and working with observables.

402. Whatis the difference between Function constructor

and function declaration
The functions which are created with Function constructor do not
create closures to their creation contexts but they are always created
in the global scope. i.e, the function can access its own local variables
and global scope variables only. Whereas function declarations can
access outer function variables(closures) too.

Let's see this difference with an example,

Function Constructor:

var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return new Function('return a;');
}
console.log(createFunction()()); // 100
Function declaration:

var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return function func() {
return a;
}
}
console.log(createFunction()()); // 200

403. What is a Short circuit condition

Short circuit conditions are meant for condensed way of writing
simple if statements. Let's demonstrate the scenario using an
example. If you would like to login to a portal with an authentication
condition, the expression would be as below,

if (authenticate) {
loginToPorta();
}

Since the javascript logical operators evaluated from left to right, the
above expression can be simplified using && logical operator

authenticate && loginToPorta();

404. What is the easiest way to resize an array

The length property of an array is useful to resize or empty an array
quickly. Let's apply length property on number array to resize the
number of elements from 5 to 2,
var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(array.length); // 5

array.length = 2;
console.log(array.length); // 2
console.log(array); // [1,2]

and the array can be emptied too

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

array.length = 0;
console.log(array.length); // 0
console.log(array); // []

405. What is an observable

An Observable is basically a function that can return a stream of
values either synchronously or asynchronously to an observer over
time. The consumer can get the value by calling subscribe()
method. Let's look at a simple example of an Observable

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

const observable = new Observable(observer => {

setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Message from a Observable!');
}, 3000);
});

observable.subscribe(value => console.log(value));

Note: Observables are not part of the JavaScript language yet but
they are being proposed to be added to the language

406. Whatis the difference between function and class

declarations
The main difference between function declarations and class
declarations is hoisting . The function declarations are hoisted but
not class declarations.

Classes:

const user = new User(); // ReferenceError

class User {}

Constructor Function:

const user = new User(); // No error

function User() {
}
Back to Top

407. What is an async function

An async function is a function declared with the async keyword
which enables asynchronous, promise-based behavior to be written in
a cleaner style by avoiding promise chains. These functions can
contain zero or more await expressions.

Let's take a below async function example,

async function logger() {

let data = await fetch('http://someapi.com/users'); // pause u

console.log(data)
}
logger();

It is basically syntax sugar over ES2015 promises and generators.

408. How do you prevent promises swallowing errors

While using asynchronous code, JavaScript’s ES6 promises can make
your life a lot easier without having callback pyramids and error
handling on every second line. But Promises have some pitfalls and
the biggest one is swallowing errors by default.

Let's say you expect to print an error to the console for all the below
cases,

Promise.resolve('promised value').then(function() {
throw new Error('error');
});

Promise.reject('error value').catch(function() {
throw new Error('error');
});

new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {

throw new Error('error');
});

But there are many modern JavaScript environments that won't print
any errors. You can fix this problem in different ways,

i. Add catch block at the end of each chain: You can add catch
block to the end of each of your promise chains

Promise.resolve('promised value').then(function() {
throw new Error('error');
}).catch(function(error) {
console.error(error.stack);
});

But it is quite difficult to type for each promise chain and verbose
too.

ii. Add done method: You can replace first solution's then and
catch blocks with done method

Promise.resolve('promised value').done(function() {
throw new Error('error');
});

Let's say you want to fetch data using HTTP and later perform
processing on the resulting data asynchronously. You can write
done block as below,

getDataFromHttp()
.then(function(result) {
return processDataAsync(result);
})
.done(function(processed) {
displayData(processed);
});

In future, if the processing library API changed to synchronous

then you can remove done block as below,

getDataFromHttp()
.then(function(result) {
return displayData(processDataAsync(result));
})

and then you forgot to add done block to then block leads to
silent errors.

iii. Extend ES6 Promises by Bluebird: Bluebird extends the ES6

Promises API to avoid the issue in the second solution. This
library has a “default” onRejection handler which will print all
errors from rejected Promises to stderr. After installation, you can
process unhandled rejections

Promise.onPossiblyUnhandledRejection(function(error){
throw error;
});

and discard a rejection, just handle it with an empty catch

Promise.reject('error value').catch(function() {});

409. What is deno

Deno is a simple, modern and secure runtime for JavaScript and
TypeScript that uses V8 JavaScript engine and the Rust programming
language.

Back to Top
410. How do you make an object iterable in javascript
By default, plain objects are not iterable. But you can make the object
iterable by defining a Symbol.iterator property on it.

Let's demonstrate this with an example,

const iterator = collection[Symbol.iterator]();

console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 1, done: false}

console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 2, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 3, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: undefined, done: t

The above process can be simplified using a generator function,

411. What is a Proper Tail Call

First, we should know about tail call before talking about "Proper Tail
Call". A tail call is a subroutine or function call performed as the final
action of a calling function. Whereas Proper tail call(PTC) is a
technique where the program or code will not create additional stack
frames for a recursion when the function call is a tail call.

For example, the below classic or head recursion of factorial function

relies on stack for each step. Each step need to be processed upto n
* factorial(n - 1)

function factorial(n) {
if (n === 0) {
return 1
}
return n * factorial(n - 1)
}
console.log(factorial(5)); //120

But if you use Tail recursion functions, they keep passing all the
necessary data it needs down the recursion without relying on the
stack.

function factorial(n, acc = 1) {

if (n === 0) {
return acc
}
return factorial(n - 1, n * acc)
}
console.log(factorial(5)); //120

The above pattern returns the same output as the first one. But the
accumulator keeps track of total as an argument without using stack
memory on recursive calls.

412. How do you check an object is a promise or not

If you don't know if a value is a promise or not, wrapping the value as
Promise.resolve(value) which returns a promise

function isPromise(object){
if(Promise && Promise.resolve){
return Promise.resolve(object) == object;
}else{
throw "Promise not supported in your environment"
}
}

var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function(resolve,reject){
resolve()
});

console.log(isPromise(i)); // false
console.log(isPromise(p)); // true

Another way is to check for .then() handler type

function isPromise(value) {
return Boolean(value && typeof value.then === 'function');
}
var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function(resolve,reject){
resolve()
});

console.log(isPromise(i)) // false
console.log(isPromise(promise)); // true

413. How to detect if a function is called as constructor

You can use new.target pseudo-property to detect whether a
function was called as a constructor(using the new operator) or as a
regular function call.

i. If a constructor or function invoked using the new operator,

new.target returns a reference to the constructor or function.
ii. For function calls, new.target is undefined.

function Myfunc() {
if (new.target) {
console.log('called with new');
} else {
console.log('not called with new');
}
}

new Myfunc(); // called with new

Myfunc(); // not called with new
Myfunc.call({}); not called with new

414. Whatare the differences between arguments object

and rest parameter
There are three main differences between arguments object and rest
parameters

i. The arguments object is an array-like but not an array. Whereas

the rest parameters are array instances.
ii. The arguments object does not support methods such as sort,
map, forEach, or pop. Whereas these methods can be used in
rest parameters.
iii. The rest parameters are only the ones that haven’t been given a
separate name, while the arguments object contains all
arguments passed to the function

415. Whatare the differences between spread operator

and rest parameter
Rest parameter collects all remaining elements into an array. Whereas
Spread operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be
expanded into single arguments/elements. i.e, Rest parameter is
opposite to the spread operator.

416. What are the different kinds of generators

There are five kinds of generators,

i. Generator function declaration:

function* myGenFunc() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
const genObj = myGenFunc();

ii. Generator function expressions:

const myGenFunc = function* () {

yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
};
const genObj = myGenFunc();

iii. Generator method definitions in object literals:

const myObj = {
* myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
};
const genObj = myObj.myGeneratorMethod();

iv. Generator method definitions in class:

class MyClass {
* myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
}
const myObject = new MyClass();
const genObj = myObject.myGeneratorMethod();

v. Generator as a computed property:

const SomeObj = {
*[Symbol.iterator] () {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
}

console.log(Array.from(SomeObj)); // [ 1, 2, 3 ]

i. Arrays and TypedArrays

ii. Strings: Iterate over each character or Unicode code-points
iii. Maps: iterate over its key-value pairs
iv. Sets: iterates over their elements
v. arguments: An array-like special variable in functions
vi. DOM collection such as NodeList

418. Whatare the differences between for...of and for...in

statements
Both for...in and for...of statements iterate over js data structures. The
only difference is over what they iterate:

i. for..in iterates over all enumerable property keys of an object

ii. for..of iterates over the values of an iterable object.

Let's explain this difference with an example,

let arr = ['a', 'b', 'c'];

arr.newProp = 'newVlue';

// key are the property keys

for (let key in arr) {
console.log(key);
}

// value are the property values

for (let value of arr) {
console.log(value);
}
Since for..in loop iterates over the keys of the object, the first loop
logs 0, 1, 2 and newProp while iterating over the array object. The
for..of loop iterates over the values of a arr data structure and logs a,
b, c in the console.

419. How
do you define instance and non-instance
properties
The Instance properties must be defined inside of class methods. For
example, name and age properties defined insider constructor as
below,

class Person {
constructor(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
}

But Static(class) and prototype data properties must be defined

outside of the ClassBody declaration. Let's assign the age value for
Person class as below,

Person.staticAge = 30;
Person.prototype.prototypeAge = 40;

420. What
is the difference between isNaN and
Number.isNaN?
i. isNaN: The global function isNaN converts the argument to a
Number and returns true if the resulting value is NaN.
ii. Number.isNaN: This method does not convert the argument. But
it returns true when the type is a Number and value is NaN.
Let's see the difference with an example,

isNaN(‘hello’); // true
Number.isNaN('hello'); // false

Coding Exercise

1. What is the output of below code

var car = new Vehicle("Honda", "white", "2010", "UK");

console.log(car);

function Vehicle(model, color, year, country) {

this.model = model;
this.color = color;
this.year = year;
this.country = country;
}

1: Undefined
2: ReferenceError
3: null
4: {model: "Honda", color: "white", year: "2010", country: "UK"}

Answer

2. What is the output of below code

function foo() {
let x = y = 0;
x++;
y++;
return x;
}

console.log(foo(), typeof x, typeof y);

1: 1, undefined and undefined
2: ReferenceError: X is not defined
3: 1, undefined and number
4: 1, number and number

Answer

3. What is the output of below code

function main(){
console.log('A');
setTimeout(
function print(){ console.log('B'); }
,0);
console.log('C');
}
main();

1: A, B and C
2: B, A and C
3: A and C
4: A, C and B

Answer

4. What is the output of below equality check

console.log(0.1 + 0.2 === 0.3);

1: false
2: true

Answer
5. What is the output of below code

var y = 1;
if (function f(){}) {
y += typeof f;
}
console.log(y);

1: 1function
2: 1object
3: ReferenceError
4: 1undefined

Answer

6. What is the output of below code

function foo() {
return
{
message: "Hello World"
};
}
console.log(foo());

1: Hello World
2: Object {message: "Hello World"}
3: Undefined
4: SyntaxError

Answer

7. What is the output of below code

var myChars = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
delete myChars[0];
console.log(myChars);
console.log(myChars[0]);
console.log(myChars.length);

1: [empty, 'b', 'c', 'd'], empty, 3

2: [null, 'b', 'c', 'd'], empty, 3
3: [empty, 'b', 'c', 'd'], undefined, 4
4: [null, 'b', 'c', 'd'], undefined, 4

Answer

8. What is the output of below code in latest Chrome

var array1 = new Array(3);

console.log(array1);

var array2 = [];

array2[2] = 100;
console.log(array2);

var array3 = [,,,];

console.log(array3);

1: [undefined × 3], [undefined × 2, 100], [undefined × 3]

2: [empty × 3], [empty × 2, 100], [empty × 3]
3: [null × 3], [null × 2, 100], [null × 3]
4: [], [100], []

Answer

9. What is the output of below code

const obj = {
prop1: function() { return 0 },
prop2() { return 1 },
['prop' + 3]() { return 2 }
}

console.log(obj.prop1());
console.log(obj.prop2());
console.log(obj.prop3());

1: 0, 1, 2
2: 0, { return 1 }, 2
3: 0, { return 1 }, { return 2 }
4: 0, 1, undefined

Answer

10. What is the output of below code

console.log(1 < 2 < 3);

console.log(3 > 2 > 1);

1: true, true
2: true, false
3: SyntaxError, SyntaxError,
4: false, false

Answer

11. What is the output of below code in non-strict mode

function printNumbers(first, second, first) {

console.log(first, second, first);
}
printNumbers(1, 2, 3);
1: 1, 2, 3
2: 3, 2, 3
3: SyntaxError: Duplicate parameter name not allowed in this context
4: 1, 2, 1

Answer

12. What is the output of below code

const printNumbersArrow = (first, second, first) => {

console.log(first, second, first);
}
printNumbersArrow(1, 2, 3);

1: 1, 2, 3
2: 3, 2, 3
3: SyntaxError: Duplicate parameter name not allowed in this context
4: 1, 2, 1

Answer

13. What is the output of below code

const arrowFunc = () => arguments.length;

console.log(arrowFunc(1, 2, 3));

1: ReferenceError: arguments is not defined

2: 3
3: undefined
4: null

Answer
14. What is the output of below code

console.log( String.prototype.trimLeft.name === 'trimLeft' );

console.log( String.prototype.trimLeft.name === 'trimStart' );

1: True, False
2: False, True

Answer

15. What is the output of below code

console.log(Math.max());

1: undefined
2: Infinity
3: 0
4: -Infinity

Answer

16. What is the output of below code

console.log(10 == [10]);
console.log(10 == [[[[[[[10]]]]]]]);

1: True, True
2: True, False
3: False, False
4: False, True
Answer

17. What is the output of below code

console.log(10 + '10');
console.log(10 - '10');

1: 20, 0
2: 1010, 0
3: 1010, 10-10
4: NaN, NaN

Answer

18. What is the output of below code

console.log([0] == false);
if([0]) {
console.log("I'm True");
} else {
console.log("I'm False");
}

1: True, I'm True

2: True, I'm False
3: False, I'm True
4: False, I'm False

Answer

19. What is the output of below code

console.log([1, 2] + [3, 4]);

1: [1,2,3,4]
2: [1,2][3,4]
3: SyntaxError
4: 1,23,4

Answer

20. What is the output of below code

const numbers = new Set([1, 1, 2, 3, 4]);

console.log(numbers);

const browser = new Set('Firefox);

console.log(browser);

1: {1, 2, 3, 4}, {"F", "i", "r", "e", "f", "o", "x"}

2: {1, 2, 3, 4}, {"F", "i", "r", "e", "o", "x"}
3: [1, 2, 3, 4], ["F", "i", "r", "e", "o", "x"]
4: {1, 1, 2, 3, 4}, {"F", "i", "r", "e", "f", "o", "x"}

Answer

21. What is the output of below code

console.log(NaN === NaN);

1: True
2: False

Answer

22. What is the output of below code

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, NaN];
console.log(numbers.indexOf(NaN));

1: 4
2: NaN
3: SyntaxError
4: -1

Answer

23. What is the output of below code

let [a, ...b,] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

console.log(a, b);

1: 1, [2, 3, 4, 5]
2: 1, {2, 3, 4, 5}
3: SyntaxError
4: 1, [2, 3, 4]

Answer

25. What is the output of below code

async function func() {

return 10;
}
console.log(func());

1: Promise {: 10}
2: 10
3: SyntaxError
4: Promise {: 10}

Answer

26. What is the output of below code

async function func() {

await 10;
}
console.log(func());

1: Promise {: 10}
2: 10
3: SyntaxError
4: Promise {: undefined}

Answer

27. What is the output of below code

function delay() {
return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}

async function delayedLog(item) {

await delay();
console.log(item);
}

async function processArray(array) {

array.forEach(item => {
await delayedLog(item);
})
}

processArray([1, 2, 3, 4]);
1: SyntaxError
2: 1, 2, 3, 4
3: 4, 4, 4, 4
4: 4, 3, 2, 1

Answer

28. What is the output of below code

function delay() {
return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}

async function delayedLog(item) {

await delay();
console.log(item);
}

async function process(array) {

array.forEach(async (item) => {
await delayedLog(i);
});
console.log('Process completed!');
}
process([1, 2, 3, 5]);

1: 1 2 3 5 and Process completed!

2: 5 5 5 5 and Process completed!
3: Process completed! and 5 5 5 5
4: Process completed! and 1 2 3 5

Answer

29. What is the output of below code

var set = new Set();

set.add("+0").add("-0").add(NaN).add(undefined).add(NaN);;
console.log(set);

1: Set(4) {"+0", "-0", NaN, undefined}

2: Set(3) {"+0", NaN, undefined}
3: Set(5) {"+0", "-0", NaN, undefined, NaN}
4: Set(4) {"+0", NaN, undefined, NaN}

Answer

30. What is the output of below code

const sym1 = Symbol('one');

const sym2 = Symbol('one');

const sym3 = Symbol.for('two');

const sym4 = Symbol.for('two');

cnsooe.log(sym1 === sym2, sym3 === sym4);

1: true, true
2: true, false
3: false, true
4: false, false

Answer

31. What is the output of below code

const sym1 = new Symbol('one');

console.log(sym1);

1: SyntaxError
2: one
3: Symbol('one')
4: Symbol

Answer

32. What is the output of below code

let myNumber = 100;

let myString = '100';

if (!typeof myNumber === "string") {

console.log("It is not a string!");
} else {
console.log("It is a string!");
}

if (!typeof myString === "number"){

console.log("It is not a number!")
} else {
console.log("It is a number!");
}

1: SyntaxError
2: It is not a string!, It is not a number!
3: It is not a string!, It is a number!
4: It is a string!, It is a number!

Answer

33. What is the output of below code

console.log(JSON.stringify({ myArray: ['one', undefined, function(){

console.log(JSON.stringify({ [Symbol.for('one')]: 'one' }, [Symbol.fo

1: {"myArray":['one', undefined, {}, Symbol]}, {}

2: {"myArray":['one', null,null,null]}, {}
3: {"myArray":['one', null,null,null]}, "{ [Symbol.for('one')]: 'one' },
[Symbol.for('one')]"
4: {"myArray":['one', undefined, function(){}, Symbol('')]}, {}

Answer

34. What is the output of below code

class A {
constructor() {
console.log(new.target.name)
}
}

class B extends A { constructor() { super() } }

new A();
new B();

1: A, A
2: A, B

Answer

35. What is the output of below code

const [x, ...y,] = [1, 2, 3, 4];

console.log(x, y);

1: 1, [2, 3, 4]
2: 1, [2, 3]
3: 1, [2]
4: SyntaxError
Answer

36. What is the output of below code

const {a: x = 10, b: y = 20} = {a: 30};

console.log(x);
console.log(y);

1: 30, 20
2: 10, 20
3: 10, undefined
4: 30, undefined

Answer

37. What is the output of below code

function area({length = 10, width = 20}) {

console.log(length*width);
}

area();

1: 200
2: Error
3: undefined
4: 0

Answer

38. What is the output of below code

const props = [
{ id: 1, name: 'John'},
{ id: 2, name: 'Jack'},
{ id: 3, name: 'Tom'}
];

const [,, { name }] = props;

console.log(name);

1: Tom
2: Error
3: undefined
4: John

Answer

39. What is the output of below code

function checkType(num = 1) {
console.log(typeof num);
}

checkType();
checkType(undefined);
checkType('');
checkType(null);

1: number, undefined, string, object

2: undefined, undefined, string, object
3: number, number, string, object
4: number, number, number, number

Answer

40. What is the output of below code

function add(item, items = []) {
items.push(item);
return items;
}

console.log(add('Orange'));
console.log(add('Apple'));

1: ['Orange'], ['Orange', 'Apple']

2: ['Orange'], ['Apple']

Answer

41. What is the output of below code

function greet(greeting, name, message = greeting + ' ' + name) {

console.log([name, greeting, message]);
}

greet('Hello', 'John');
greet('Hello', 'John', 'Good morning!');

1: SyntaxError
2: ['Hello', 'John', 'Hello John'], ['Hello', 'John', 'Good morning!']

Answer

42. What is the output of below code

function outer(f = inner()) {

function inner() { return 'Inner' }
}
outer();

1: ReferenceError
2: Inner

Answer

43. What is the output of below code

function myFun(x, y, ...manyMoreArgs) {

console.log(manyMoreArgs)
}

myFun(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
myFun(1, 2);

1: [3, 4, 5], undefined

2: SyntaxError
3: [3, 4, 5], []
4: [3, 4, 5], [undefined]

Answer

44. What is the output of below code

const obj = {'key': 'value'};

const array = [...obj];
console.log(array);

1: ['key', 'value']
2: TypeError
3: []
4: ['key']

Answer
45. What is the output of below code

function* myGenFunc() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
var myGenObj = new myGenFunc;
console.log(myGenObj.next().value);

1: 1
2: undefined
3: SyntaxError
4: TypeError

Answer

46. What is the output of below code

function* yieldAndReturn() {
yield 1;
return 2;
yield 3;
}

var myGenObj = yieldAndReturn()

console.log(myGenObj.next());
console.log(myGenObj.next());
console.log(myGenObj.next());

1: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: true }, { value: undefined,

done: true }
2: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: false }, { value: undefined,
done: true }
3: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: true }, { value: 3, done: true }
4: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: false }, { value: 3, done: true
}

Answer

47. What is the output of below code

const myGenerator = (function *(){

yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
})();
for (const value of myGenerator) {
console.log(value);
break;
}

for (const value of myGenerator) {

console.log(value);
}

1: 1,2,3 and 1,2,3

2: 1,2,3 and 4,5,6
3: 1 and 1
4: 1

Answer

48. What is the output of below code

const num = 0o38;

console.log(num);

1: SyntaxError
2: 38

Answer
49. What is the output of below code

const squareObj = new Square(10);

console.log(squareObj.area);

class Square {
constructor(length) {
this.length = length;
}

get area() {
return this.length * this.length;
}

set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}

1: 100
2: ReferenceError

Answer

50. What is the output of below code

function Person() { }

Person.prototype.walk = function() {
return this;
}

Person.run = function() {
return this;
}

let user = new Person();

let walk = user.walk;
console.log(walk());

let run = Person.run;

console.log(run());

1: undefined, undefined
2: Person, Person
3: SyntaxError
4: Window, Window

Answer

51. What is the output of below code

class Vehicle {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}

start() {
console.log(`${this.name} vehicle started`);
}
}

class Car extends Vehicle {

start() {
console.log(`${this.name} car started`);
super.start();
}
}

const car = new Car('BMW');

console.log(car.start());

1: SyntaxError
2: BMW vehicle started, BMW car started
3: BMW car started, BMW vehicle started
4: BMW car started, BMW car started
Answer

52. What is the output of below code

const USER = {'age': 30};

USER.age = 25;
console.log(USER.age);

1: 30
2: 25
3: Uncaught TypeError
4: SyntaxError

Answer

53. What is the output of below code

console.log(' ' === ' ');

1: false
2: true

Answer

54. What is the output of below code?

console.log(typeof typeof typeof true);

1: string
2: boolean
3: NaN
4: number

Answer

55. What is the output of below code?

let zero = new Number(0);

if (zero) {
console.log("If");
} else {
console.log("Else");
}

1: If
2: Else
3: NaN
4: SyntaxError

Answer

55. What is the output of below code in non strict mode?

let msg = "Good morning!!";

msg.name = "John";
console.log(msg.name);

1: ""
2: Error
3: John
4: Undefined

Answer

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