GitHmnnnnnlquestions - List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Uploaded by
narayanamoorthy knmGitHmnnnnnlquestions - List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Uploaded by
narayanamoorthy knm24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
sudheerj / javascript-interview-questions
List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
3.5k stars 1.2k forks
Star Notifications
Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Wiki Security Insights
master Go to file
sudheerj … 19 days ago
View code
JavaScript Interview Questions & Answers
Click ⭐if you like the project. Pull Requests are highly appreciated. Follow me
@SudheerJonna for technical updates.
Go to Coding Exercise for coding specific questions
Downloading PDF/Epub formats
You can download the PDF and Epub version of this repository from the latest run on the
actions tab.
1. Take this JavaScript Projects course to go from a JavaScript beginner to confidently
building your own projects
2. Take this coding interview bootcamp if you’re serious about getting hired and don’t
have a CS degree
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 1/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
3. Take this Advanced JavaScript Course to learn advanced JS concepts and become a top
JS developer
Table of Contents
No. Questions
1 What are the possible ways to create objects in JavaScript
2 What is prototype chain
3 What is the difference between Call, Apply and Bind
4 What is JSON and its common operations
5 What is the purpose of the array slice method
6 What is the purpose of the array splice method
7 What is the difference between slice and splice
8 How do you compare Object and Map
9 What is the difference between == and === operators
10 What are lambda or arrow functions
11 What is a first class function
12 What is a first order function
13 What is a higher order function
14 What is a unary function
15 What is the currying function
16 What is a pure function
17 What is the purpose of the let keyword
18 What is the difference between let and var
19 What is the reason to choose the name let as a keyword
20 How do you redeclare variables in switch block without an error
21 What is the Temporal Dead Zone
22 What is IIFE(Immediately Invoked Function Expression)
23 What is the benefit of using modules
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 2/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
24 What is memoization
25 What is Hoisting
26 What are classes in ES6
27 What are closures
28 What are modules
29 Why do you need modules
30 What is scope in javascript
31 What is a service worker
32 How do you manipulate DOM using a service worker
33 How do you reuse information across service worker restarts
34 What is IndexedDB
35 What is web storage
36 What is a post message
37 What is a cookie
38 Why do you need a Cookie
39 What are the options in a cookie
40 How do you delete a cookie
41 What are the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage
42 What is the main difference between localStorage and sessionStorage
43 How do you access web storage
44 What are the methods available on session storage
45 What is a storage event and its event handler
46 Why do you need web storage
47 How do you check web storage browser support
48 How do you check web workers browser support
49 Give an example of web worker
50 What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 3/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
51 What is a promise
52 Why do you need a promise
53 What are the three states of promise
54 What is a callback function
55 Why do we need callbacks
56 What is a callback hell
57 What is server-sent events
58 How do you receive server-sent event notifications
59 How do you check browser support for server-sent events
60 What are the events available for server sent events
61 What are the main rules of promise
62 What is callback in callback
63 What is promise chaining
64 What is promise.all
65 What is the purpose of race method in promise
66 What is a strict mode in javascript
67 Why do you need strict mode
68 How do you declare strict mode
69 What is the purpose of double exclamation
70 What is the purpose of delete operator
71 What is typeof operator
72 What is undefined property
73 What is null value
74 What is the difference between null and undefined
75 What is eval
76 What is the difference between window and document
77 How do you access history in javascript
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 4/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
78 How do you detect caps lock key turned on or not
79 What is isNaN
80 What are the differences between undeclared and undefined variables
81 What are global variables
82 What are the problems with global variables
83 What is NaN property
84 What is the purpose of isFinite function
85 What is an event flow
86 What is event bubbling
87 What is event capturing
88 How do you submit a form using JavaScript
89 How do you find operating system details
90 What is the difference between document load and DOMContentLoaded events
91 What is the difference between native, host and user objects
92 What are the tools or techniques used for debugging JavaScript code
93 What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks
94 What is the difference between an attribute and a property
95 What is same-origin policy
96 What is the purpose of void 0
97 Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language
98 Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language
99 Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript
100 What are events
101 Who created javascript
102 What is the use of preventDefault method
103 What is the use of stopPropagation method
104 What are the steps involved in return false
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 5/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
105 What is BOM
106 What is the use of setTimeout
107 What is the use of setInterval
108 Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded
109 What is an event delegation
110 What is ECMAScript
111 What is JSON
112 What are the syntax rules of JSON
113 What is the purpose JSON stringify
114 How do you parse JSON string
115 Why do you need JSON
116 What are PWAs
117 What is the purpose of clearTimeout method
118 What is the purpose of clearInterval method
119 How do you redirect new page in javascript
120 How do you check whether a string contains a substring
121 How do you validate an email in javascript
122 How do you get the current url with javascript
123 What are the various url properties of location object
124 How do get query string values in javascript
125 How do you check if a key exists in an object
126 How do you loop through or enumerate javascript object
127 How do you test for an empty object
128 What is an arguments object
129 How do you make first letter of the string in an uppercase
130 What are the pros and cons of for loop
131 How do you display the current date in javascript
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 6/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
132 How do you compare two date objects
133 How do you check if a string starts with another string
134 How do you trim a string in javascript
135 How do you add a key value pair in javascript
136 Is the '!--' notation represents a special operator
137 How do you assign default values to variables
138 How do you define multiline strings
139 What is an app shell model
140 Can we define properties for functions
141 What is the way to find the number of parameters expected by a function
142 What is a polyfill
143 What are break and continue statements
144 What are js labels
145 What are the benefits of keeping declarations at the top
146 What are the benefits of initializing variables
147 What are the recommendations to create new object
148 How do you define JSON arrays
149 How do you generate random integers
150 Can you write a random integers function to print integers with in a range
151 What is tree shaking
152 What is the need of tree shaking
153 Is it recommended to use eval
154 What is a Regular Expression
155 What are the string methods available in Regular expression
156 What are modifiers in regular expression
157 What are regular expression patterns
158 What is a RegExp object
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 7/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
159 How do you search a string for a pattern
160 What is the purpose of exec method
161 How do you change style of a HTML element
162 What would be the result of 1+2+'3'
163 What is a debugger statement
164 What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging
165 Can I use reserved words as identifiers
166 How do you detect a mobile browser
167 How do you detect a mobile browser without regexp
168 How do you get the image width and height using JS
169 How do you make synchronous HTTP request
170 How do you make asynchronous HTTP request
171 How do you convert date to another timezone in javascript
172 What are the properties used to get size of window
173 What is a conditional operator in javascript
174 Can you apply chaining on conditional operator
175 What are the ways to execute javascript after page load
176 What is the difference between proto and prototype
177 Give an example where do you really need semicolon
178 What is a freeze method
179 What is the purpose of freeze method
180 Why do I need to use freeze method
181 How do you detect a browser language preference
182 How to convert string to title case with javascript
183 How do you detect javascript disabled in the page
184 What are various operators supported by javascript
185 What is a rest parameter
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 8/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
186 What happens if you do not use rest parameter as a last argument
187 What are the bitwise operators available in javascript
188 What is a spread operator
189 How do you determine whether object is frozen or not
190 How do you determine two values same or not using object
191 What is the purpose of using object is method
192 How do you copy properties from one object to other
193 What are the applications of assign method
194 What is a proxy object
195 What is the purpose of seal method
196 What are the applications of seal method
197 What are the differences between freeze and seal methods
198 How do you determine if an object is sealed or not
199 How do you get enumerable key and value pairs
200 What is the main difference between Object.values and Object.entries method
201 How can you get the list of keys of any object
202 How do you create an object with prototype
203 What is a WeakSet
204 What are the differences between WeakSet and Set
205 List down the collection of methods available on WeakSet
206 What is a WeakMap
207 What are the differences between WeakMap and Map
208 List down the collection of methods available on WeakMap
209 What is the purpose of uneval
210 How do you encode an URL
211 How do you decode an URL
212 How do you print the contents of web page
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 9/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
213 What is the difference between uneval and eval
214 What is an anonymous function
215 What is the precedence order between local and global variables
216 What are javascript accessors
217 How do you define property on Object constructor
218 What is the difference between get and defineProperty
219 What are the advantages of Getters and Setters
220 Can I add getters and setters using defineProperty method
221 What is the purpose of switch-case
222 What are the conventions to be followed for the usage of swtich case
223 What are primitive data types
224 What are the different ways to access object properties
225 What are the function parameter rules
226 What is an error object
227 When you get a syntax error
228 What are the different error names from error object
229 What are the various statements in error handling
230 What are the two types of loops in javascript
231 What is nodejs
232 What is an Intl object
233 How do you perform language specific date and time formatting
234 What is an Iterator
235 How does synchronous iteration works
236 What is an event loop
237 What is call stack
238 What is an event queue
239 What is a decorator
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 10/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
240 What are the properties of Intl object
241 What is an Unary operator
242 How do you sort elements in an array
243 What is the purpose of compareFunction while sorting arrays
244 How do you reversing an array
245 How do you find min and max value in an array
246 How do you find min and max values without Math functions
247 What is an empty statement and purpose of it
248 How do you get meta data of a module
249 What is a comma operator
250 What is the advantage of a comma operator
251 What is typescript
252 What are the differences between javascript and typescript
253 What are the advantages of typescript over javascript
254 What is an object initializer
255 What is a constructor method
256 What happens if you write constructor more than once in a class
257 How do you call the constructor of a parent class
258 How do you get the prototype of an object
259 What happens If I pass string type for getPrototype method
260 How do you set prototype of one object to another
261 How do you check whether an object can be extendable or not
262 How do you prevent an object to extend
263 What are the different ways to make an object non-extensible
264 How do you define multiple properties on an object
265 What is MEAN in javascript
266 What Is Obfuscation in javascript
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 11/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
267 Why do you need Obfuscation
268 What is Minification
269 What are the advantages of minification
270 What are the differences between Obfuscation and Encryption
271 What are the common tools used for minification
272 How do you perform form validation using javascript
273 How do you perform form validation without javascript
274 What are the DOM methods available for constraint validation
275 What are the available constraint validation DOM properties
276 What are the list of validity properties
277 Give an example usage of rangeOverflow property
278 Is enums feature available in javascript
279 What is an enum
280 How do you list all properties of an object
281 How do you get property descriptors of an object
282 What are the attributes provided by a property descriptor
283 How do you extend classes
284 How do I modify the url without reloading the page
285 How do you check whether an array includes a particular value or not
286 How do you compare scalar arrays
287 How to get the value from get parameters
288 How do you print numbers with commas as thousand separators
289 What is the difference between java and javascript
290 Is javascript supports namespace
291 How do you declare namespace
292 How do you invoke javascript code in an iframe from parent page
293 How do get the timezone offset from date
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 12/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
294 How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically
295 What are the different methods to find HTML elements in DOM
296 What is jQuery
297 What is V8 JavaScript engine
298 Why do we call javascript as dynamic language
299 What is a void operator
300 How to set the cursor to wait
301 How do you create an infinite loop
302 Why do you need to avoid with statement
303 What is the output of below for loops
304 List down some of the features of ES6
305 What is ES6
306 Can I redeclare let and const variables
307 Is const variable makes the value immutable
308 What are default parameters
309 What are template literals
310 How do you write multi-line strings in template literals
311 What are nesting templates
312 What are tagged templates
313 What are raw strings
314 What is destructuring assignment
315 What are default values in destructuring assignment
316 How do you swap variables in destructuring assignment
317 What are enhanced object literals
318 What are dynamic imports
319 What are the use cases for dynamic imports
320 What are typed arrays
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 13/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
321 What are the advantages of module loaders
322 What is collation
323 What is for...of statement
324 What is the output of below spread operator array
325 Is PostMessage secure
326 What are the problems with postmessage target origin as wildcard
327 How do you avoid receiving postMessages from attackers
328 Can I avoid using postMessages completely
329 Is postMessages synchronous
330 What paradigm is Javascript
331 What is the difference between internal and external javascript
332 Is JavaScript faster than server side script
333 How do you get the status of a checkbox
334 What is the purpose of double tilde operator
335 How do you convert character to ASCII code
336 What is ArrayBuffer
337 What is the output of below string expression
338 What is the purpose of Error object
339 What is the purpose of EvalError object
340 What are the list of cases error thrown from non-strict mode to strict mode
341 Is all objects have prototypes
342 What is the difference between a parameter and an argument
343 What is the purpose of some method in arrays
344 How do you combine two or more arrays
345 What is the difference between Shallow and Deep copy
346 How do you create specific number of copies of a string
347 How do you return all matching strings against a regular expression
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 14/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
348 How do you trim a string at the beginning or ending
349 What is the output of below console statement with unary operator
350 Does javascript uses mixins
351 What is a thunk function
352 What are asynchronous thunks
353 What is the output of below function calls
354 How to remove all line breaks from a string
355 What is the difference between reflow and repaint
356 What happens with negating an array
357 What happens if we add two arrays
358 What is the output of prepend additive operator on falsy values
359 How do you create self string using special characters
360 How do you remove falsy values from an array
361 How do you get unique values of an array
362 What is destructuring aliases
363 How do you map the array values without using map method
364 How do you empty an array
365 How do you rounding numbers to certain decimals
366 What is the easiest way to convert an array to an object
367 How do you create an array with some data
368 What are the placeholders from console object
369 Is it possible to add CSS to console messages
370 What is the purpose of dir method of console object
371 Is it possible to debug HTML elements in console
372 How do you display data in a tabular format using console object
373 How do you verify that an argument is a Number or not
374 How do you create copy to clipboard button
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 15/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
375 What is the shortcut to get timestamp
376 How do you flattening multi dimensional arrays
377 What is the easiest multi condition checking
378 How do you capture browser back button
379 How do you disable right click in the web page
380 What are wrapper objects
381 What is AJAX
382 What are the different ways to deal with Asynchronous Code
383 How to cancel a fetch request
384 What is web speech API
385 What is minimum timeout throttling
386 How do you implement zero timeout in modern browsers
387 What are tasks in event loop
388 What are microtasks
389 What are different event loops
390 What is the purpose of queueMicrotask
391 How do you use javascript libraries in typescript file
392 What are the differences between promises and observables
393 What is heap
394 What is an event table
395 What is a microTask queue
396 What is the difference between shim and polyfill
397 How do you detect primitive or non primitive value type
398 What is babel
399 Is Node.js completely single threaded
400 What are the common use cases of observables
401 What is RxJS
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 16/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No. Questions
402 What is the difference between Function constructor and function declaration
403 What is a Short circuit condition
404 What is the easiest way to resize an array
405 What is an observable
406 What is the difference between function and class declarations
407 What is an async function
408 How do you prevent promises swallowing errors
409 What is deno
410 How do you make an object iterable in javascript
411 What is a Proper Tail Call
412 How do you check an object is a promise or not
413 How to detect if a function is called as constructor
414 What are the differences between arguments object and rest parameter
415 What are the differences between spread operator and rest parameter
416 What are the different kinds of generators
417 What are the built-in iterables
418 What are the differences between for...of and for...in statements
419 How do you define instance and non-instance properties
420 What is the difference between isNaN and Number.isNaN?
421 How to invoke an IIFE without any extra brackets?
422 Is that possible to use expressions in switch cases?
423 What is the easiest way to ignore promise errors?
424 How do style the console output using CSS?
1. What are the possible ways to create objects in JavaScript
There are many ways to create objects in javascript as below
i. Object constructor:
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 17/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The simplest way to create an empty object is using the Object constructor.
Currently this approach is not recommended.
var object = new Object();
ii. Object's create method:
The create method of Object creates a new object by passing the prototype object
as a parameter
var object = Object.create(null);
iii. Object literal syntax:
The object literal syntax is equivalent to create method when it passes null as
parameter
var object = {};
iv. Function constructor:
Create any function and apply the new operator to create object instances,
function Person(name){
var object = {};
object.name=name;
object.age=21;
return object;
}
var object = new Person("Sudheer");
v. Function constructor with prototype:
This is similar to function constructor but it uses prototype for their properties and
methods,
function Person(){}
Person.prototype.name = "Sudheer";
var object = new Person();
This is equivalent to an instance created with an object create method with a
function prototype and then call that function with an instance and parameters as
arguments.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 18/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
function func {};
new func(x, y, z);
(OR)
// Create a new instance using function prototype.
var newInstance = Object.create(func.prototype)
// Call the function
var result = func.call(newInstance, x, y, z),
// If the result is a non-null object then use it otherwise just use the new
console.log(result && typeof result === 'object' ? result : newInstance);
vi. ES6 Class syntax:
ES6 introduces class feature to create the objects
class Person {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
var object = new Person("Sudheer");
vii. Singleton pattern:
A Singleton is an object which can only be instantiated one time. Repeated calls to
its constructor return the same instance and this way one can ensure that they
don't accidentally create multiple instances.
var object = new function(){
this.name = "Sudheer";
}
⬆ Back to Top
2. What is a prototype chain
Prototype chaining is used to build new types of objects based on existing ones. It is
similar to inheritance in a class based language.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 19/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The prototype on object instance is available through Object.getPrototypeOf(object)
or proto property whereas prototype on constructors function is available through
Object.prototype.
⬆ Back to Top
3. What is the difference between Call, Apply and Bind
The difference between Call, Apply and Bind can be explained with below examples,
Call: The call() method invokes a function with a given this value and arguments
provided one by one
var employee1 = {firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Rodson'};
var employee2 = {firstName: 'Jimmy', lastName: 'Baily'};
function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {
console.log(greeting1 + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName+ ', '+ gre
}
invite.call(employee1, 'Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello John Rodson, How are yo
invite.call(employee2, 'Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are yo
Apply: Invokes the function with a given this value and allows you to pass in
arguments as an array
var employee1 = {firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Rodson'};
var employee2 = {firstName: 'Jimmy', lastName: 'Baily'};
function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {
console.log(greeting1 + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName+ ', '+ gre
}
invite.apply(employee1, ['Hello', 'How are you?']); // Hello John Rodson, How are
invite.apply(employee2, ['Hello', 'How are you?']); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are
bind: returns a new function, allowing you to pass any number of arguments
var employee1 = {firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Rodson'};
var employee2 = {firstName: 'Jimmy', lastName: 'Baily'};
function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 20/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
console.log(greeting1 + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName+ ', '+ gre
}
var inviteEmployee1 = invite.bind(employee1);
var inviteEmployee2 = invite.bind(employee2);
inviteEmployee1('Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
inviteEmployee2('Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?
Call and apply are pretty interchangeable. Both execute the current function
immediately. You need to decide whether it’s easier to send in an array or a comma
separated list of arguments. You can remember by treating Call is for comma
(separated list) and Apply is for Array.
Whereas Bind creates a new function that will have this set to the first parameter
passed to bind().
⬆ Back to Top
4. What is JSON and its common operations
JSON is a text-based data format following JavaScript object syntax, which was
popularized by Douglas Crockford . It is useful when you want to transmit data across a
network and it is basically just a text file with an extension of .json, and a MIME type of
application/json
Parsing: Converting a string to a native object
JSON.parse(text)
Stringification: converting a native object to a string so it can be transmitted across the
network
JSON.stringify(object)
⬆ Back to Top
5. What is the purpose of the array slice method
The slice() method returns the selected elements in an array as a new array object. It
selects the elements starting at the given start argument, and ends at the given
optional end argument without including the last element. If you omit the second
argument then it selects till the end.
Some of the examples of this method are,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 21/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
let arrayIntegers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegers.slice(0,2); // returns [1,2]
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegers.slice(2,3); // returns [3]
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegers.slice(4); //returns [5]
Note: Slice method won't mutate the original array but it returns the subset as a new
array.
⬆ Back to Top
6. What is the purpose of the array splice method
The splice() method is used either adds/removes items to/from an array, and then
returns the removed item. The first argument specifies the array position for insertion
or deletion whereas the optional second argument indicates the number of elements to
be deleted. Each additional argument is added to the array.
Some of the examples of this method are,
let arrayIntegersOriginal1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegersOriginal1.splice(0,2); // returns [1, 2]; origi
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegersOriginal2.splice(3); // returns [4, 5]; origina
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegersOriginal3.splice(3, 1, "a", "b", "c"); //return
Note: Splice method modifies the original array and returns the deleted array.
⬆ Back to Top
7. What is the difference between slice and splice
Some of the major difference in a tabular form
Slice Splice
Doesn't modify the original
Modifies the original array(mutable)
array(immutable)
Returns the subset of original array Returns the deleted elements as array
Used to insert or delete elements
Used to pick the elements from array
to/from array
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 22/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
8. How do you compare Object and Map
Objects are similar to Maps in that both let you set keys to values, retrieve those values,
delete keys, and detect whether something is stored at a key. Due to this reason,
Objects have been used as Maps historically. But there are important differences that
make using a Map preferable in certain cases.
i. The keys of an Object are Strings and Symbols, whereas they can be any value for a
Map, including functions, objects, and any primitive.
ii. The keys in Map are ordered while keys added to Object are not. Thus, when
iterating over it, a Map object returns keys in order of insertion.
iii. You can get the size of a Map easily with the size property, while the number of
properties in an Object must be determined manually.
iv. A Map is an iterable and can thus be directly iterated, whereas iterating over an
Object requires obtaining its keys in some fashion and iterating over them.
v. An Object has a prototype, so there are default keys in the map that could collide
with your keys if you're not careful. As of ES5 this can be bypassed by using map =
Object.create(null), but this is seldom done.
vi. A Map may perform better in scenarios involving frequent addition and removal of
key pairs.
⬆ Back to Top
9. What is the difference between == and === operators
JavaScript provides both strict(===, !==) and type-converting(==, !=) equality
comparison. The strict operators take type of variable in consideration, while non-strict
operators make type correction/conversion based upon values of variables. The strict
operators follow the below conditions for different types,
i. Two strings are strictly equal when they have the same sequence of characters,
same length, and same characters in corresponding positions.
ii. Two numbers are strictly equal when they are numerically equal. i.e, Having the
same number value. There are two special cases in this,
a. NaN is not equal to anything, including NaN.
b. Positive and negative zeros are equal to one another.
iii. Two Boolean operands are strictly equal if both are true or both are false.
iv. Two objects are strictly equal if they refer to the same Object.
v. Null and Undefined types are not equal with ===, but equal with ==. i.e,
null===undefined --> false but null==undefined --> true
Some of the example which covers the above cases,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 23/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
0 == false // true
0 === false // false
1 == "1" // true
1 === "1" // false
null == undefined // true
null === undefined // false
'0' == false // true
'0' === false // false
[]==[] or []===[] //false, refer different objects in memory
{}=={} or {}==={} //false, refer different objects in memory
⬆ Back to Top
10. What are lambda or arrow functions
An arrow function is a shorter syntax for a function expression and does not have its
own this, arguments, super, or new.target. These functions are best suited for non-
method functions, and they cannot be used as constructors.
⬆ Back to Top
11. What is a first class function
In Javascript, functions are first class objects. First-class functions means when functions
in that language are treated like any other variable.
For example, in such a language, a function can be passed as an argument to other
functions, can be returned by another function and can be assigned as a value to a
variable. For example, in the below example, handler functions assigned to a listener
const handler = () => console.log ('This is a click handler function');
document.addEventListener ('click', handler);
⬆ Back to Top
12. What is a first order function
First-order function is a function that doesn’t accept another function as an argument
and doesn’t return a function as its return value.
const firstOrder = () => console.log ('I am a first order function!');
⬆ Back to Top
13. What is a higher order function
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 24/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Higher-order function is a function that accepts another function as an argument or
returns a function as a return value or both.
const firstOrderFunc = () => console.log ('Hello, I am a First order function');
const higherOrder = ReturnFirstOrderFunc => ReturnFirstOrderFunc();
higherOrder(firstOrderFunc);
⬆ Back to Top
14. What is a unary function
Unary function (i.e. monadic) is a function that accepts exactly one argument. It stands
for a single argument accepted by a function.
Let us take an example of unary function,
const unaryFunction = a => console.log (a + 10); // Add 10 to the given argument
⬆ Back to Top
15. What is the currying function
Currying is the process of taking a function with multiple arguments and turning it into
a sequence of functions each with only a single argument. Currying is named after a
mathematician Haskell Curry. By applying currying, a n-ary function turns it into a
unary function.
Let's take an example of n-ary function and how it turns into a currying function,
const multiArgFunction = (a, b, c) => a + b + c;
console.log(multiArgFunction(1,2,3));// 6
const curryUnaryFunction = a => b => c => a + b + c;
curryUnaryFunction (1); // returns a function: b => c => 1 + b + c
curryUnaryFunction (1) (2); // returns a function: c => 3 + c
curryUnaryFunction (1) (2) (3); // returns the number 6
Curried functions are great to improve code reusability and functional composition.
⬆ Back to Top
16. What is a pure function
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 25/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
A Pure function is a function where the return value is only determined by its
arguments without any side effects. i.e, If you call a function with the same arguments
'n' number of times and 'n' number of places in the application then it will always return
the same value.
Let's take an example to see the difference between pure and impure functions,
//Impure
let numberArray = [];
const impureAddNumber = number => numberArray.push(number);
//Pure
const pureAddNumber = number => argNumberArray =>
argNumberArray.concat([number]);
//Display the results
console.log (impureAddNumber(6)); // returns 1
console.log (numberArray); // returns [6]
console.log (pureAddNumber(7) (numberArray)); // returns [6, 7]
console.log (numberArray); // returns [6]
As per above code snippets, Push function is impure itself by altering the array and
returning an push number index which is independent of parameter value. Whereas
Concat on the other hand takes the array and concatenates it with the other array
producing a whole new array without side effects. Also, the return value is a
concatenation of the previous array.
Remember that Pure functions are important as they simplify unit testing without any
side effects and no need for dependency injection. They also avoid tight coupling and
make it harder to break your application by not having any side effects. These principles
are coming together with Immutability concept of ES6 by giving preference to const
over let usage.
⬆ Back to Top
17. What is the purpose of the let keyword
The let statement declares a block scope local variable. Hence the variables defined
with let keyword are limited in scope to the block, statement, or expression on which it
is used. Whereas variables declared with the var keyword used to define a variable
globally, or locally to an entire function regardless of block scope.
Let's take an example to demonstrate the usage,
let counter = 30;
if (counter === 30) {
let counter = 31;
console.log(counter); // 31
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 26/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
}
console.log(counter); // 30 (because the variable in if block won't exist here)
⬆ Back to Top
18. What is the difference between let and var
You can list out the differences in a tabular format
var let
It is been available from the beginning of JavaScript Introduced as part of ES6
It has function scope It has block scope
Variables will be hoisted Hoisted but not initialized
Let's take an example to see the difference,
function userDetails(username) {
if(username) {
console.log(salary); // undefined due to hoisting
console.log(age); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'age' before initializati
let age = 30;
var salary = 10000;
}
console.log(salary); //10000 (accessible to due function scope)
console.log(age); //error: age is not defined(due to block scope)
}
userDetails('John');
⬆ Back to Top
19. What is the reason to choose the name let as a keyword
let is a mathematical statement that was adopted by early programming languages
like Scheme and Basic. It has been borrowed from dozens of other languages that use
let already as a traditional keyword as close to var as possible.
⬆ Back to Top
20. How do you redeclare variables in switch block without an error
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 27/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
If you try to redeclare variables in a switch block then it will cause errors because
there is only one block. For example, the below code block throws a syntax error as
below,
let counter = 1;
switch(x) {
case 0:
let name;
break;
case 1:
let name; // SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}
To avoid this error, you can create a nested block inside a case clause and create a new
block scoped lexical environment.
let counter = 1;
switch(x) {
case 0: {
let name;
break;
}
case 1: {
let name; // No SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top
21. What is the Temporal Dead Zone
The Temporal Dead Zone is a behavior in JavaScript that occurs when declaring a
variable with the let and const keywords, but not with var. In ECMAScript 6, accessing a
let or const variable before its declaration (within its scope) causes a ReferenceError.
The time span when that happens, between the creation of a variable’s binding and its
declaration, is called the temporal dead zone.
Let's see this behavior with an example,
function somemethod() {
console.log(counter1); // undefined
console.log(counter2); // ReferenceError
var counter1 = 1;
let counter2 = 2;
}
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 28/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
22. What is IIFE(Immediately Invoked Function Expression)
IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) is a JavaScript function that runs as
soon as it is defined. The signature of it would be as below,
(function ()
{
// logic here
}
)
();
The primary reason to use an IIFE is to obtain data privacy because any variables
declared within the IIFE cannot be accessed by the outside world. i.e, If you try to access
variables with IIFE then it throws an error as below,
(function ()
{
var message = "IIFE";
console.log(message);
}
)
();
console.log(message); //Error: message is not defined
⬆ Back to Top
23. What is the benefit of using modules
There are a lot of benefits to using modules in favour of a sprawling. Some of the
benefits are,
i. Maintainability
ii. Reusability
iii. Namespacing
⬆ Back to Top
24. What is memoization
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 29/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Memoization is a programming technique which attempts to increase a function’s
performance by caching its previously computed results. Each time a memoized
function is called, its parameters are used to index the cache. If the data is present, then
it can be returned, without executing the entire function. Otherwise the function is
executed and then the result is added to the cache. Let's take an example of adding
function with memoization,
const memoizAddition = () => {
let cache = {};
return (value) => {
if (value in cache) {
console.log('Fetching from cache');
return cache[value]; // Here, cache.value cannot be used as property name star
}
else {
console.log('Calculating result');
let result = value + 20;
cache[value] = result;
return result;
}
}
}
// returned function from memoizAddition
const addition = memoizAddition();
console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 calculated
console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 cached
⬆ Back to Top
25. What is Hoisting
Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables and function declarations are
moved to the top of their scope before code execution. Remember that JavaScript only
hoists declarations, not initialisation. Let's take a simple example of variable hoisting,
console.log(message); //output : undefined
var message = 'The variable Has been hoisted';
The above code looks like as below to the interpreter,
var message;
console.log(message);
message = 'The variable Has been hoisted';
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 30/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
26. What are classes in ES6
In ES6, Javascript classes are primarily syntactic sugar over JavaScript’s existing
prototype-based inheritance. For example, the prototype based inheritance written in
function expression as below,
function Bike(model,color) {
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}
Bike.prototype.getDetails = function() {
return this.model + ' bike has' + this.color + ' color';
};
Whereas ES6 classes can be defined as an alternative
class Bike{
constructor(color, model) {
this.color= color;
this.model= model;
}
getDetails() {
return this.model + ' bike has' + this.color + ' color';
}
}
⬆ Back to Top
27. What are closures
A closure is the combination of a function and the lexical environment within which that
function was declared. i.e, It is an inner function that has access to the outer or
enclosing function’s variables. The closure has three scope chains
i. Own scope where variables defined between its curly brackets
ii. Outer function’s variables
iii. Global variables
Let's take an example of closure concept,
function Welcome(name){
var greetingInfo = function(message){
console.log(message+' '+name);
}
return greetingInfo;
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 31/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
}
var myFunction = Welcome('John');
myFunction('Welcome '); //Output: Welcome John
myFunction('Hello Mr.'); //output: Hello Mr.John
As per the above code, the inner function(i.e, greetingInfo) has access to the variables
in the outer function scope(i.e, Welcome) even after the outer function has returned.
⬆ Back to Top
28. What are modules
Modules refer to small units of independent, reusable code and also act as the
foundation of many JavaScript design patterns. Most of the JavaScript modules export
an object literal, a function, or a constructor
⬆ Back to Top
29. Why do you need modules
Below are the list of benefits using modules in javascript ecosystem
i. Maintainability
ii. Reusability
iii. Namespacing
⬆ Back to Top
30. What is scope in javascript
Scope is the accessibility of variables, functions, and objects in some particular part of
your code during runtime. In other words, scope determines the visibility of variables
and other resources in areas of your code.
⬆ Back to Top
31. What is a service worker
A Service worker is basically a script (JavaScript file) that runs in the background,
separate from a web page and provides features that don't need a web page or user
interaction. Some of the major features of service workers are Rich offline
experiences(offline first web application development), periodic background syncs,
push notifications, intercept and handle network requests and programmatically
managing a cache of responses.
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 32/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
32. How do you manipulate DOM using a service worker
Service worker can't access the DOM directly. But it can communicate with the pages it
controls by responding to messages sent via the postMessage interface, and those
pages can manipulate the DOM.
⬆ Back to Top
33. How do you reuse information across service worker restarts
The problem with service worker is that it gets terminated when not in use, and
restarted when it's next needed, so you cannot rely on global state within a service
worker's onfetch and onmessage handlers. In this case, service workers will have
access to IndexedDB API in order to persist and reuse across restarts.
⬆ Back to Top
34. What is IndexedDB
IndexedDB is a low-level API for client-side storage of larger amounts of structured
data, including files/blobs. This API uses indexes to enable high-performance searches
of this data.
⬆ Back to Top
35. What is web storage
Web storage is an API that provides a mechanism by which browsers can store
key/value pairs locally within the user's browser, in a much more intuitive fashion than
using cookies. The web storage provides two mechanisms for storing data on the client.
i. Local storage: It stores data for current origin with no expiration date.
ii. Session storage: It stores data for one session and the data is lost when the
browser tab is closed.
⬆ Back to Top
36. What is a post message
Post message is a method that enables cross-origin communication between Window
objects.(i.e, between a page and a pop-up that it spawned, or between a page and an
iframe embedded within it). Generally, scripts on different pages are allowed to access
each other if and only if the pages follow same-origin policy(i.e, pages share the same
protocol, port number, and host).
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 33/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
37. What is a Cookie
A cookie is a piece of data that is stored on your computer to be accessed by your
browser. Cookies are saved as key/value pairs. For example, you can create a cookie
named username as below,
document.cookie = "username=John";
⬆ Back to Top
38. Why do you need a Cookie
Cookies are used to remember information about the user profile(such as username). It
basically involves two steps,
i. When a user visits a web page, the user profile can be stored in a cookie.
ii. Next time the user visits the page, the cookie remembers the user profile.
⬆ Back to Top
39. What are the options in a cookie
There are few below options available for a cookie,
i. By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed but you can change
this behavior by setting expiry date (in UTC time).
document.cookie = "username=John; expires=Sat, 8 Jun 2019 12:00:00 UTC";
i. By default, the cookie belongs to a current page. But you can tell the browser what
path the cookie belongs to using a path parameter.
document.cookie = "username=John; path=/services";
⬆ Back to Top
40. How do you delete a cookie
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 34/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
You can delete a cookie by setting the expiry date as a passed date. You don't need to
specify a cookie value in this case. For example, you can delete a username cookie in
the current page as below.
document.cookie = "username=; expires=Fri, 07 Jun 2019 00:00:00 UTC; path=/;";
Note: You should define the cookie path option to ensure that you delete the right
cookie. Some browsers doesn't allow to delete a cookie unless you specify a path
parameter.
⬆ Back to Top
41. What are the differences between cookie, local storage and session
storage
Below are some of the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage,
Local Session
Feature Cookie
storage storage
Accessed on client or Both server-side & client-side client-side
server side client-side only only
As configured using until until tab is
Lifetime
Expires option deleted closed
Not Not
SSL support Supported
supported supported
Maximum data size 4KB 5 MB 5MB
⬆ Back to Top
42. What is the main difference between localStorage and
sessionStorage
LocalStorage is the same as SessionStorage but it persists the data even when the
browser is closed and reopened(i.e it has no expiration time) whereas in sessionStorage
data gets cleared when the page session ends.
⬆ Back to Top
43. How do you access web storage
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 35/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The Window object implements the WindowLocalStorage and WindowSessionStorage
objects which has localStorage (window.localStorage) and
sessionStorage (window.sessionStorage) properties respectively. These properties
create an instance of the Storage object, through which data items can be set, retrieved
and removed for a specific domain and storage type (session or local). For example, you
can read and write on local storage objects as below
localStorage.setItem('logo', document.getElementById('logo').value);
localStorage.getItem('logo');
⬆ Back to Top
44. What are the methods available on session storage
The session storage provided methods for reading, writing and clearing the session
data
// Save data to sessionStorage
sessionStorage.setItem('key', 'value');
// Get saved data from sessionStorage
let data = sessionStorage.getItem('key');
// Remove saved data from sessionStorage
sessionStorage.removeItem('key');
// Remove all saved data from sessionStorage
sessionStorage.clear();
⬆ Back to Top
45. What is a storage event and its event handler
The StorageEvent is an event that fires when a storage area has been changed in the
context of another document. Whereas onstorage property is an EventHandler for
processing storage events. The syntax would be as below
window.onstorage = functionRef;
Let's take the example usage of onstorage event handler which logs the storage key
and it's values
window.onstorage = function(e) {
console.log('The ' + e.key +
' key has been changed from ' + e.oldValue +
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 36/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
' to ' + e.newValue + '.');
};
⬆ Back to Top
46. Why do you need web storage
Web storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can be stored locally, without
affecting website performance. Also, the information is never transferred to the server.
Hence this is a more recommended approach than Cookies.
⬆ Back to Top
47. How do you check web storage browser support
You need to check browser support for localStorage and sessionStorage before using
web storage,
if (typeof(Storage) !== "undefined") {
// Code for localStorage/sessionStorage.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Storage support..
}
⬆ Back to Top
48. How do you check web workers browser support
You need to check browser support for web workers before using it
if (typeof(Worker) !== "undefined") {
// code for Web worker support.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Worker support..
}
⬆ Back to Top
49. Give an example of a web worker
You need to follow below steps to start using web workers for counting example
i. Create a Web Worker File: You need to write a script to increment the count value.
Let's name it as counter.js
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 37/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
let i = 0;
function timedCount() {
i = i + 1;
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()",500);
}
timedCount();
Here postMessage() method is used to post a message back to the HTML page
i. Create a Web Worker Object: You can create a web worker object by checking for
browser support. Let's name this file as web_worker_example.js
if (typeof(w) == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("counter.js");
}
and we can receive messages from web worker
w.onmessage = function(event){
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = event.data;
};
i. Terminate a Web Worker: Web workers will continue to listen for messages (even
after the external script is finished) until it is terminated. You can use the
terminate() method to terminate listening to the messages.
w.terminate();
i. Reuse the Web Worker: If you set the worker variable to undefined you can reuse
the code
w = undefined;
⬆ Back to Top
50. What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM
WebWorkers don't have access to below javascript objects since they are defined in an
external files
i. Window object
ii. Document object
iii. Parent object
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 38/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
51. What is a promise
A promise is an object that may produce a single value some time in the future with
either a resolved value or a reason that it’s not resolved(for example, network error). It
will be in one of the 3 possible states: fulfilled, rejected, or pending.
The syntax of Promise creation looks like below,
const promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
// promise description
})
The usage of a promise would be as below,
const promise = new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("I'm a Promise!");
}, 5000);
}, reject => {
});
promise.then(value => console.log(value));
The action flow of a promise will be as below,
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 39/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
52. Why do you need a promise
Promises are used to handle asynchronous operations. They provide an alternative
approach for callbacks by reducing the callback hell and writing the cleaner code.
⬆ Back to Top
53. What are the three states of promise
Promises have three states:
i. Pending: This is an initial state of the Promise before an operation begins
ii. Fulfilled: This state indicates that the specified operation was completed.
iii. Rejected: This state indicates that the operation did not complete. In this case an
error value will be thrown.
⬆ Back to Top
54. What is a callback function
A callback function is a function passed into another function as an argument. This
function is invoked inside the outer function to complete an action. Let's take a simple
example of how to use callback function
function callbackFunction(name) {
console.log('Hello ' + name);
}
function outerFunction(callback) {
let name = prompt('Please enter your name.');
callback(name);
}
outerFunction(callbackFunction);
⬆ Back to Top
55. Why do we need callbacks
The callbacks are needed because javascript is an event driven language. That means
instead of waiting for a response javascript will keep executing while listening for other
events. Let's take an example with the first function invoking an API call(simulated by
setTimeout) and the next function which logs the message.
function firstFunction(){
// Simulate a code delay
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 40/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
setTimeout( function(){
console.log('First function called');
}, 1000 );
}
function secondFunction(){
console.log('Second function called');
}
firstFunction();
secondFunction();
Output
// Second function called
// First function called
As observed from the output, javascript didn't wait for the response of the first function
and the remaining code block got executed. So callbacks are used in a way to make
sure that certain code doesn’t execute until the other code finishes execution.
⬆ Back to Top
56. What is a callback hell
Callback Hell is an anti-pattern with multiple nested callbacks which makes code hard
to read and debug when dealing with asynchronous logic. The callback hell looks like
below,
async1(function(){
async2(function(){
async3(function(){
async4(function(){
....
});
});
});
});
⬆ Back to Top
57. What are server-sent events
Server-sent events (SSE) is a server push technology enabling a browser to receive
automatic updates from a server via HTTP connection without resorting to polling.
These are a one way communications channel - events flow from server to client only.
This has been used in Facebook/Twitter updates, stock price updates, news feeds etc.
⬆ Back to Top
58. How do you receive server-sent event notifications
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 41/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications. For example,
you can receive messages from server as below,
if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {
var source = new EventSource("sse_generator.js");
source.onmessage = function(event) {
document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += event.data + "<br>";
};
}
⬆ Back to Top
59. How do you check browser support for server-sent events
You can perform browser support for server-sent events before using it as below,
if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {
// Server-sent events supported. Let's have some code here!
} else {
// No server-sent events supported
}
⬆ Back to Top
60. What are the events available for server sent events
Below are the list of events available for server sent events
Event Description
onopen It is used when a connection to the server is opened
onmessage This event is used when a message is received
onerror It happens when an error occurs
⬆ Back to Top
61. What are the main rules of promise
A promise must follow a specific set of rules,
i. A promise is an object that supplies a standard-compliant .then() method
ii. A pending promise may transition into either fulfilled or rejected state
iii. A fulfilled or rejected promise is settled and it must not transition into any other
state.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 42/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
iv. Once a promise is settled, the value must not change.
⬆ Back to Top
62. What is callback in callback
You can nest one callback inside in another callback to execute the actions sequentially
one by one. This is known as callbacks in callbacks.
loadScript('/script1.js', function(script) {
console.log('first script is loaded');
loadScript('/script2.js', function(script) {
console.log('second script is loaded');
loadScript('/script3.js', function(script) {
console.log('third script is loaded');
// after all scripts are loaded
});
})
});
⬆ Back to Top
63. What is promise chaining
The process of executing a sequence of asynchronous tasks one after another using
promises is known as Promise chaining. Let's take an example of promise chaining for
calculating the final result,
new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000);
}).then(function(result) {
console.log(result); // 1
return result * 2;
}).then(function(result) {
console.log(result); // 2
return result * 3;
}).then(function(result) {
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 43/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
console.log(result); // 6
return result * 4;
});
In the above handlers, the result is passed to the chain of .then() handlers with the
below work flow,
i. The initial promise resolves in 1 second,
ii. After that .then handler is called by logging the result(1) and then return a
promise with the value of result * 2.
iii. After that the value passed to the next .then handler by logging the result(2) and
return a promise with result * 3.
iv. Finally the value passed to the last .then handler by logging the result(6) and
return a promise with result * 4.
⬆ Back to Top
64. What is promise.all
Promise.all is a promise that takes an array of promises as an input (an iterable), and it
gets resolved when all the promises get resolved or any one of them gets rejected. For
example, the syntax of promise.all method is below,
Promise.all([Promise1, Promise2, Promise3]) .then(result) => { console.log(resu
Note: Remember that the order of the promises(output the result) is maintained as per
input order.
⬆ Back to Top
65. What is the purpose of the race method in promise
Promise.race() method will return the promise instance which is firstly resolved or
rejected. Let's take an example of race() method where promise2 is resolved first
var promise1 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 500, 'one');
});
var promise2 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 100, 'two');
});
Promise.race([promise1, promise2]).then(function(value) {
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 44/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
console.log(value); // "two" // Both promises will resolve, but promise2 is fas
});
⬆ Back to Top
66. What is a strict mode in javascript
Strict Mode is a new feature in ECMAScript 5 that allows you to place a program, or a
function, in a “strict” operating context. This way it prevents certain actions from being
taken and throws more exceptions. The literal expression "use strict"; instructs the
browser to use the javascript code in the Strict mode.
⬆ Back to Top
67. Why do you need strict mode
Strict mode is useful to write "secure" JavaScript by notifying "bad syntax" into real
errors. For example, it eliminates accidentally creating a global variable by throwing an
error and also throws an error for assignment to a non-writable property, a getter-only
property, a non-existing property, a non-existing variable, or a non-existing object.
⬆ Back to Top
68. How do you declare strict mode
The strict mode is declared by adding "use strict"; to the beginning of a script or a
function. If declared at the beginning of a script, it has global scope.
"use strict";
x = 3.14; // This will cause an error because x is not declared
and if you declare inside a function, it has local scope
x = 3.14; // This will not cause an error.
myFunction();
function myFunction() {
"use strict";
y = 3.14; // This will cause an error
}
⬆ Back to Top
69. What is the purpose of double exclamation
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 45/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The double exclamation or negation(!!) ensures the resulting type is a boolean. If it was
falsey (e.g. 0, null, undefined, etc.), it will be false, otherwise, true. For example, you can
test IE version using this expression as below,
let isIE8 = false;
isIE8 = !! navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/);
console.log(isIE8); // returns true or false
If you don't use this expression then it returns the original value.
console.log(navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/)); // returns either an Array o
Note: The expression !! is not an operator, but it is just twice of ! operator.
⬆ Back to Top
70. What is the purpose of the delete operator
The delete keyword is used to delete the property as well as its value.
var user= {name: "John", age:20};
delete user.age;
console.log(user); // {name: "John"}
⬆ Back to Top
71. What is the typeof operator
You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a JavaScript variable. It
returns the type of a variable or an expression.
typeof "John Abraham" // Returns "string"
typeof (1 + 2) // Returns "number"
⬆ Back to Top
72. What is undefined property
The undefined property indicates that a variable has not been assigned a value, or not
declared at all. The type of undefined value is undefined too.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 46/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
var user; // Value is undefined, type is undefined
console.log(typeof(user)) //undefined
Any variable can be emptied by setting the value to undefined.
user = undefined
⬆ Back to Top
73. What is null value
The value null represents the intentional absence of any object value. It is one of
JavaScript's primitive values. The type of null value is object. You can empty the variable
by setting the value to null.
var user = null;
console.log(typeof(user)) //object
⬆ Back to Top
74. What is the difference between null and undefined
Below are the main differences between null and undefined,
Null Undefined
It is an assignment value which It is not an assignment value where a
indicates that variable points to no variable has been declared but has not yet
object. been assigned a value.
Type of null is object Type of undefined is undefined
The null value is a primitive value The undefined value is a primitive value
that represents the null, empty, or used when a variable has not been
non-existent reference. assigned a value.
Indicates the absence of a value for a
Indicates absence of variable itself
variable
Converted to zero (0) while Converted to NaN while performing
performing primitive operations primitive operations
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 47/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
75. What is eval
The eval() function evaluates JavaScript code represented as a string. The string can be
a JavaScript expression, variable, statement, or sequence of statements.
console.log(eval('1 + 2')); // 3
⬆ Back to Top
76. What is the difference between window and document
Below are the main differences between window and document,
Window Document
It is the direct child of the window object.
It is the root level element in any
This is also known as Document Object
web page
Model(DOM)
By default window object is You can access it via window.document or
available implicitly in the page document.
It has methods like alert(),
It provides methods like getElementById,
confirm() and properties like
getElementByTagName, createElement etc
document, location
⬆ Back to Top
77. How do you access history in javascript
The window.history object contains the browser's history. You can load previous and
next URLs in the history using back() and next() methods.
function goBack() {
window.history.back()
}
function goForward() {
window.history.forward()
}
Note: You can also access history without window prefix.
⬆ Back to Top
78. How do you detect caps lock key turned on or not
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 48/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The mouseEvent getModifierState() is used to return a boolean value that indicates
whether the specified modifier key is activated or not. The modifiers such as CapsLock,
ScrollLock and NumLock are activated when they are clicked, and deactivated when
they are clicked again.
Let's take an input element to detect the CapsLock on/off behavior with an example,
<input type="password" onmousedown="enterInput(event)">
<p id="feedback"></p>
<script>
function enterInput(e) {
var flag = e.getModifierState("CapsLock");
if(flag) {
document.getElementById("feedback").innerHTML = "CapsLock activated";
} else {
document.getElementById("feedback").innerHTML = "CapsLock not activated
}
}
</script>
⬆ Back to Top
79. What is isNaN
The isNaN() function is used to determine whether a value is an illegal number (Not-a-
Number) or not. i.e, This function returns true if the value equates to NaN. Otherwise it
returns false.
isNaN('Hello') //true
isNaN('100') //false
⬆ Back to Top
80. What are the differences between undeclared and undefined
variables
Below are the major differences between undeclared and undefined variables,
undeclared undefined
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 49/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
undeclared undefined
These variables declared in the
These variables do not exist in a program
program but have not assigned any
and are not declared
value
If you try to read the value of an If you try to read the value of an
undeclared variable, then a runtime error undefined variable, an undefined
is encountered value is returned.
⬆ Back to Top
81. What are global variables
Global variables are those that are available throughout the length of the code without
any scope. The var keyword is used to declare a local variable but if you omit it then it
will become global variable
msg = "Hello" // var is missing, it becomes global variable
⬆ Back to Top
82. What are the problems with global variables
The problem with global variables is the conflict of variable names of local and global
scope. It is also difficult to debug and test the code that relies on global variables.
⬆ Back to Top
83. What is NaN property
The NaN property is a global property that represents "Not-a-Number" value. i.e, It
indicates that a value is not a legal number. It is very rare to use NaN in a program but
it can be used as return value for few cases
Math.sqrt(-1)
parseInt("Hello")
⬆ Back to Top
84. What is the purpose of isFinite function
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 50/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The isFinite() function is used to determine whether a number is a finite, legal number.
It returns false if the value is +infinity, -infinity, or NaN (Not-a-Number), otherwise it
returns true.
isFinite(Infinity); // false
isFinite(NaN); // false
isFinite(-Infinity); // false
isFinite(100); // true
⬆ Back to Top
85. What is an event flow
Event flow is the order in which event is received on the web page. When you click an
element that is nested in various other elements, before your click actually reaches its
destination, or target element, it must trigger the click event for each of its parent
elements first, starting at the top with the global window object. There are two ways of
event flow
i. Top to Bottom(Event Capturing)
ii. Bottom to Top (Event Bubbling)
⬆ Back to Top
86. What is event bubbling
Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event first triggers on the
innermost target element, and then successively triggers on the ancestors (parents) of
the target element in the same nesting hierarchy till it reaches the outermost DOM
element.
⬆ Back to Top
87. What is event capturing
Event capturing is a type of event propagation where the event is first captured by the
outermost element, and then successively triggers on the descendants (children) of the
target element in the same nesting hierarchy till it reaches the innermost DOM element.
⬆ Back to Top
88. How do you submit a form using JavaScript
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 51/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
You can submit a form using JavaScript use document.form[0].submit(). All the form
input's information is submitted using onsubmit event handler
function submit() {
document.form[0].submit();
}
⬆ Back to Top
89. How do you find operating system details
The window.navigator object contains information about the visitor's browser OS
details. Some of the OS properties are available under platform property,
console.log(navigator.platform);
⬆ Back to Top
90. Whatis the difference between document load and
DOMContentLoaded events
The DOMContentLoaded event is fired when the initial HTML document has been
completely loaded and parsed, without waiting for assets(stylesheets, images, and
subframes) to finish loading. Whereas The load event is fired when the whole page has
loaded, including all dependent resources(stylesheets, images).
⬆ Back to Top
91. What is the difference between native, host and user objects
Native objects are objects that are part of the JavaScript language defined by the
ECMAScript specification. For example, String, Math, RegExp, Object, Function etc core
objects defined in the ECMAScript spec. Host objects are objects provided by the
browser or runtime environment (Node). For example, window, XmlHttpRequest, DOM
nodes etc are considered as host objects. User objects are objects defined in the
javascript code. For example, User objects created for profile information.
⬆ Back to Top
92. What are the tools or techniques used for debugging JavaScript
code
You can use below tools or techniques for debugging javascript
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 52/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
i. Chrome Devtools
ii. debugger statement
iii. Good old console.log statement
⬆ Back to Top
93. What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks
Below are the list of pros and cons of promises over callbacks,
Pros:
i. It avoids callback hell which is unreadable
ii. Easy to write sequential asynchronous code with .then()
iii. Easy to write parallel asynchronous code with Promise.all()
iv. Solves some of the common problems of callbacks(call the callback too late, too
early, many times and swallow errors/exceptions)
Cons:
i. It makes little complex code
ii. You need to load a polyfill if ES6 is not supported
⬆ Back to Top
94. What is the difference between an attribute and a property
Attributes are defined on the HTML markup whereas properties are defined on the
DOM. For example, the below HTML element has 2 attributes type and value,
<input type="text" value="Name:">
You can retrieve the attribute value as below,
const input = document.querySelector('input');
console.log(input.getAttribute('value')); // Good morning
console.log(input.value); // Good morning
And after you change the value of the text field to "Good evening", it becomes like
console.log(input.getAttribute('value')); // Good morning
console.log(input.value); // Good evening
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 53/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
95. What is same-origin policy
The same-origin policy is a policy that prevents JavaScript from making requests across
domain boundaries. An origin is defined as a combination of URI scheme, hostname,
and port number. If you enable this policy then it prevents a malicious script on one
page from obtaining access to sensitive data on another web page using Document
Object Model(DOM).
⬆ Back to Top
96. What is the purpose of void 0
Void(0) is used to prevent the page from refreshing. This will be helpful to eliminate the
unwanted side-effect, because it will return the undefined primitive value. It is
commonly used for HTML documents that use href="JavaScript:Void(0);" within an <a>
element. i.e, when you click a link, the browser loads a new page or refreshes the same
page. But this behavior will be prevented using this expression. For example, the below
link notify the message without reloading the page
<a href="JavaScript:void(0);" onclick="alert('Well done!')">Click Me!</a>
⬆ Back to Top
97. Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language
JavaScript is an interpreted language, not a compiled language. An interpreter in the
browser reads over the JavaScript code, interprets each line, and runs it. Nowadays
modern browsers use a technology known as Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, which
compiles JavaScript to executable bytecode just as it is about to run.
⬆ Back to Top
98. Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language
Yes, JavaScript is a case sensitive language. The language keywords, variables, function
& object names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a consistent
capitalization of letters.
⬆ Back to Top
99. Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 54/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No, they are entirely two different programming languages and have nothing to do
with each other. But both of them are Object Oriented Programming languages and
like many other languages, they follow similar syntax for basic features(if, else, for,
switch, break, continue etc).
⬆ Back to Top
100. What are events
Events are "things" that happen to HTML elements. When JavaScript is used in HTML
pages, JavaScript can react on these events. Some of the examples of HTML events
are,
i. Web page has finished loading
ii. Input field was changed
iii. Button was clicked
Let's describe the behavior of click event for button element,
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function greeting() {
alert('Hello! Good morning');
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button type="button" onclick="greeting()">Click me</button>
</body>
</html>
⬆ Back to Top
101. Who created javascript
JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 during his time at Netscape
Communications. Initially it was developed under the name Mocha , but later the
language was officially called LiveScript when it first shipped in beta releases of
Netscape.
⬆ Back to Top
102. What is the use of preventDefault method
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 55/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The preventDefault() method cancels the event if it is cancelable, meaning that the
default action or behaviour that belongs to the event will not occur. For example,
prevent form submission when clicking on submit button and prevent opening the
page URL when clicking on hyperlink are some common use cases.
document.getElementById("link").addEventListener("click", function(event){
event.preventDefault();
});
Note: Remember that not all events are cancelable.
⬆ Back to Top
103. What is the use of stopPropagation method
The stopPropagation method is used to stop the event from bubbling up the event
chain. For example, the below nested divs with stopPropagation method prevents
default event propagation when clicking on nested div(Div1)
<p>Click DIV1 Element</p>
<div onclick="secondFunc()">DIV 2
<div onclick="firstFunc(event)">DIV 1</div>
</div>
<script>
function firstFunc(event) {
alert("DIV 1");
event.stopPropagation();
}
function secondFunc() {
alert("DIV 2");
}
</script>
⬆ Back to Top
104. What are the steps involved in return false usage
The return false statement in event handlers performs the below steps,
i. First it stops the browser's default action or behaviour.
ii. It prevents the event from propagating the DOM
iii. Stops callback execution and returns immediately when called.
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 56/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
105. What is BOM
The Browser Object Model (BOM) allows JavaScript to "talk to" the browser. It consists
of the objects navigator, history, screen, location and document which are children of
the window. The Browser Object Model is not standardized and can change based on
different browsers.
⬆ Back to Top
106. What is the use of setTimeout
The setTimeout() method is used to call a function or evaluate an expression after a
specified number of milliseconds. For example, let's log a message after 2 seconds
using setTimeout method,
setTimeout(function(){ console.log("Good morning"); }, 2000);
⬆ Back to Top
107. What is the use of setInterval
The setInterval() method is used to call a function or evaluate an expression at specified
intervals (in milliseconds). For example, let's log a message after 2 seconds using
setInterval method,
setInterval(function(){ console.log("Good morning"); }, 2000);
⬆ Back to Top
108. Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 57/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
JavaScript is a single-threaded language. Because the language specification does not
allow the programmer to write code so that the interpreter can run parts of it in parallel
in multiple threads or processes. Whereas languages like java, go, C++ can make multi-
threaded and multi-process programs.
⬆ Back to Top
109. What is an event delegation
Event delegation is a technique for listening to events where you delegate a parent
element as the listener for all of the events that happen inside it.
For example, if you wanted to detect field changes in inside a specific form, you can use
event delegation technique,
var form = document.querySelector('#registration-form');
// Listen for changes to fields inside the form
form.addEventListener('input', function (event) {
// Log the field that was changed
console.log(event.target);
}, false);
⬆ Back to Top
110. What is ECMAScript
ECMAScript is the scripting language that forms the basis of JavaScript. ECMAScript
standardized by the ECMA International standards organization in the ECMA-262 and
ECMA-402 specifications. The first edition of ECMAScript was released in 1997.
⬆ Back to Top
111. What is JSON
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight format that is used for data
interchanging. It is based on a subset of JavaScript language in the way objects are built
in JavaScript.
⬆ Back to Top
112. What are the syntax rules of JSON
Below are the list of syntax rules of JSON
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 58/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
i. The data is in name/value pairs
ii. The data is separated by commas
iii. Curly braces hold objects
iv. Square brackets hold arrays
⬆ Back to Top
113. What is the purpose JSON stringify
When sending data to a web server, the data has to be in a string format. You can
achieve this by converting JSON object into a string using stringify() method.
var userJSON = {'name': 'John', age: 31}
var userString = JSON.stringify(user);
console.log(userString); //"{"name":"John","age":31}"
⬆ Back to Top
114. How do you parse JSON string
When receiving the data from a web server, the data is always in a string format. But
you can convert this string value to a javascript object using parse() method.
var userString = '{"name":"John","age":31}';
var userJSON = JSON.parse(userString);
console.log(userJSON);// {name: "John", age: 31}
⬆ Back to Top
115. Why do you need JSON
When exchanging data between a browser and a server, the data can only be text. Since
JSON is text only, it can easily be sent to and from a server, and used as a data format
by any programming language.
⬆ Back to Top
116. What are PWAs
Progressive web applications (PWAs) are a type of mobile app delivered through the
web, built using common web technologies including HTML, CSS and JavaScript. These
PWAs are deployed to servers, accessible through URLs, and indexed by search engines.
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 59/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
117. What is the purpose of clearTimeout method
The clearTimeout() function is used in javascript to clear the timeout which has been set
by setTimeout()function before that. i.e, The return value of setTimeout() function is
stored in a variable and it’s passed into the clearTimeout() function to clear the timer.
For example, the below setTimeout method is used to display the message after 3
seconds. This timeout can be cleared by the clearTimeout() method.
<script>
var msg;
function greeting() {
alert('Good morning');
}
function start() {
msg =setTimeout(greeting, 3000);
function stop() {
clearTimeout(msg);
}
</script>
⬆ Back to Top
118. What is the purpose of clearInterval method
The clearInterval() function is used in javascript to clear the interval which has been set
by setInterval() function. i.e, The return value returned by setInterval() function is stored
in a variable and it’s passed into the clearInterval() function to clear the interval.
For example, the below setInterval method is used to display the message for every 3
seconds. This interval can be cleared by the clearInterval() method.
<script>
var msg;
function greeting() {
alert('Good morning');
}
function start() {
msg = setInterval(greeting, 3000);
function stop() {
clearInterval(msg);
}
</script>
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 60/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
119. How do you redirect new page in javascript
In vanilla javascript, you can redirect to a new page using the location property of
window object. The syntax would be as follows,
function redirect() {
window.location.href = 'newPage.html';
}
⬆ Back to Top
120. How do you check whether a string contains a substring
There are 3 possible ways to check whether a string contains a substring or not,
i. Using includes: ES6 provided String.prototype.includes method to test a string
contains a substring
var mainString = "hello", subString = "hell";
mainString.includes(subString)
i. Using indexOf: In an ES5 or older environment, you can use
String.prototype.indexOf which returns the index of a substring. If the index
value is not equal to -1 then it means the substring exists in the main string.
var mainString = "hello", subString = "hell";
mainString.indexOf(subString) !== -1
i. Using RegEx: The advanced solution is using Regular expression's test
method( RegExp.test ), which allows for testing for against regular expressions
var mainString = "hello", regex = /hell/;
regex.test(mainString)
⬆ Back to Top
121. How do you validate an email in javascript
You can validate an email in javascript using regular expressions. It is recommended to
do validations on the server side instead of the client side. Because the javascript can
be disabled on the client side.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 61/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
function validateEmail(email) {
var re = /^(([^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+(\.[^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+)*)|(".+"))@((\[[
return re.test(String(email).toLowerCase());
}
⬆ Back to Top
The above regular expression accepts unicode characters.
122. How do you get the current url with javascript
You can use window.location.href expression to get the current url path and you can
use the same expression for updating the URL too. You can also use document.URL for
read-only purposes but this solution has issues in FF.
console.log('location.href', window.location.href); // Returns full URL
⬆ Back to Top
123. What are the various url properties of location object
The below Location object properties can be used to access URL components of the
page,
i. href - The entire URL
ii. protocol - The protocol of the URL
iii. host - The hostname and port of the URL
iv. hostname - The hostname of the URL
v. port - The port number in the URL
vi. pathname - The path name of the URL
vii. search - The query portion of the URL
viii. hash - The anchor portion of the URL
⬆ Back to Top
124. How do get query string values in javascript
You can use URLSearchParams to get query string values in javascript. Let's see an
example to get the client code value from URL query string,
const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
const clientCode = urlParams.get('clientCode');
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 62/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
125. How do you check if a key exists in an object
You can check whether a key exists in an object or not using three approaches,
i. Using in operator: You can use the in operator whether a key exists in an object or
not
"key" in obj
and If you want to check if a key doesn't exist, remember to use parenthesis,
!("key" in obj)
i. Using hasOwnProperty method: You can use hasOwnProperty to particularly test
for properties of the object instance (and not inherited properties)
obj.hasOwnProperty("key") // true
i. Using undefined comparison: If you access a non-existing property from an
object, the result is undefined. Let’s compare the properties against undefined to
determine the existence of the property.
const user = {
name: 'John'
};
console.log(user.name !== undefined); // true
console.log(user.nickName !== undefined); // false
⬆ Back to Top
126. How do you loop through or enumerate javascript object
You can use the for-in loop to loop through javascript object. You can also make sure
that the key you get is an actual property of an object, and doesn't come from the
prototype using hasOwnProperty method.
var object = {
"k1": "value1",
"k2": "value2",
"k3": "value3"
};
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 63/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
for (var key in object) {
if (object.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
console.log(key + " -> " + object[key]); // k1 -> value1 ...
}
}
⬆ Back to Top
127. How do you test for an empty object
There are different solutions based on ECMAScript versions
i. Using Object entries(ECMA 7+): You can use object entries length along with
constructor type.
Object.entries(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object // Since date obje
i. Using Object keys(ECMA 5+): You can use object keys length along with
constructor type.
Object.keys(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object // Since date object
i. Using for-in with hasOwnProperty(Pre-ECMA 5): You can use a for-in loop along
with hasOwnProperty.
function isEmpty(obj) {
for(var prop in obj) {
if(obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
return false;
}
}
return JSON.stringify(obj) === JSON.stringify({});
}
⬆ Back to Top
128. What is an arguments object
The arguments object is an Array-like object accessible inside functions that contains
the values of the arguments passed to that function. For example, let's see how to use
arguments object inside sum function,
function sum() {
var total = 0;
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 64/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
for (var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; ++i) {
total += arguments[i];
}
return total;
}
sum(1, 2, 3) // returns 6
Note: You can't apply array methods on arguments object. But you can convert into a
regular array as below.
var argsArray = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
⬆ Back to Top
129. How do you make first letter of the string in an uppercase
You can create a function which uses a chain of string methods such as charAt,
toUpperCase and slice methods to generate a string with the first letter in uppercase.
function capitalizeFirstLetter(string) {
return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
}
⬆ Back to Top
130. What are the pros and cons of for loop
The for-loop is a commonly used iteration syntax in javascript. It has both pros and
cons ####Pros
i. Works on every environment
ii. You can use break and continue flow control statements
####Cons
i. Too verbose
ii. Imperative
iii. You might face one-by-off errors
⬆ Back to Top
131. How do you display the current date in javascript
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 65/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
You can use new Date() to generate a new Date object containing the current date
and time. For example, let's display the current date in mm/dd/yyyy
var today = new Date();
var dd = String(today.getDate()).padStart(2, '0');
var mm = String(today.getMonth() + 1).padStart(2, '0'); //January is 0!
var yyyy = today.getFullYear();
today = mm + '/' + dd + '/' + yyyy;
document.write(today);
⬆ Back to Top
132. How do you compare two date objects
You need to use date.getTime() method to compare date values instead of comparison
operators (==, !=, ===, and !== operators)
var d1 = new Date();
var d2 = new Date(d1);
console.log(d1.getTime() === d2.getTime()); //True
console.log(d1 === d2); // False
⬆ Back to Top
133. How do you check if a string starts with another string
You can use ECMAScript 6's String.prototype.startsWith() method to check if a
string starts with another string or not. But it is not yet supported in all browsers. Let's
see an example to see this usage,
"Good morning".startsWith("Good"); // true
"Good morning".startsWith("morning"); // false
⬆ Back to Top
134. How do you trim a string in javascript
JavaScript provided a trim method on string types to trim any whitespaces present at
the beginning or ending of the string.
" Hello World ".trim(); //Hello World
If your browser(<IE9) doesn't support this method then you can use below polyfill.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 66/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
if (!String.prototype.trim) {
(function() {
// Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
var rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;
String.prototype.trim = function() {
return this.replace(rtrim, '');
};
})();
}
⬆ Back to Top
135. How do you add a key value pair in javascript
There are two possible solutions to add new properties to an object. Let's take a simple
object to explain these solutions.
var object = {
key1: value1,
key2: value2
};
i. Using dot notation: This solution is useful when you know the name of the
property
object.key3 = "value3";
i. Using square bracket notation: This solution is useful when the name of the
property is dynamically determined.
obj["key3"] = "value3";
⬆ Back to Top
136. Is the !-- notation represents a special operator
No,that's not a special operator. But it is a combination of 2 standard operators one
after the other,
i. A logical not (!)
ii. A prefix decrement (--)
At first, the value decremented by one and then tested to see if it is equal to zero or not
for determining the truthy/falsy value.
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 67/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
137. How do you assign default values to variables
You can use the logical or operator || in an assignment expression to provide a
default value. The syntax looks like as below,
var a = b || c;
As per the above expression, variable 'a 'will get the value of 'c' only if 'b' is falsy (if is
null, false, undefined, 0, empty string, or NaN), otherwise 'a' will get the value of 'b'.
⬆ Back to Top
138. How do you define multiline strings
You can define multiline string literals using the '' character followed by line terminator.
var str = "This is a \
very lengthy \
sentence!";
But if you have a space after the '' character, the code will look exactly the same, but it
will raise a SyntaxError.
⬆ Back to Top
139. What is an app shell model
An application shell (or app shell) architecture is one way to build a Progressive Web
App that reliably and instantly loads on your users' screens, similar to what you see in
native applications. It is useful for getting some initial HTML to the screen fast without a
network.
⬆ Back to Top
140. Can we define properties for functions
Yes, We can define properties for functions because functions are also objects.
fn = function(x) {
//Function code goes here
}
fn.name = "John";
fn.profile = function(y) {
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 68/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
//Profile code goes here
}
⬆ Back to Top
141. What is the way to find the number of parameters expected by a
function
You can use function.length syntax to find the number of parameters expected by a
function. Let's take an example of sum function to calculate the sum of numbers,
function sum(num1, num2, num3, num4){
return num1 + num2 + num3 + num4;
}
sum.length // 4 is the number of parameters expected.
⬆ Back to Top
142. What is a polyfill
A polyfill is a piece of JS code used to provide modern functionality on older browsers
that do not natively support it. For example, Silverlight plugin polyfill can be used to
mimic the functionality of an HTML Canvas element on Microsoft Internet Explorer 7.
⬆ Back to Top
143. What are break and continue statements
The break statement is used to "jump out" of a loop. i.e, It breaks the loop and
continues executing the code after the loop.
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i === 5) { break; }
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}
The continue statement is used to "jump over" one iteration in the loop. i.e, It breaks
one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition occurs, and continues with the next
iteration in the loop.
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i === 5) { continue; }
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 69/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
144. What are js labels
The label statement allows us to name loops and blocks in JavaScript. We can then use
these labels to refer back to the code later. For example, the below code with labels
avoids printing the numbers when they are same,
var i, j;
loop1:
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
loop2:
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (i === j) {
continue loop1;
}
console.log('i = ' + i + ', j = ' + j);
}
}
// Output is:
// "i = 1, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 1"
⬆ Back to Top
145. What are the benefits of keeping declarations at the top
It is recommended to keep all declarations at the top of each script or function. The
benefits of doing this are,
i. Gives cleaner code
ii. It provides a single place to look for local variables
iii. Easy to avoid unwanted global variables
iv. It reduces the possibility of unwanted re-declarations
⬆ Back to Top
146. What are the benefits of initializing variables
It is recommended to initialize variables because of the below benefits,
i. It gives cleaner code
ii. It provides a single place to initialize variables
iii. Avoid undefined values in the code
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 70/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
147. What are the recommendations to create new object
It is recommended to avoid creating new objects using new Object() . Instead you can
initialize values based on it's type to create the objects.
i. Assign {} instead of new Object()
ii. Assign "" instead of new String()
iii. Assign 0 instead of new Number()
iv. Assign false instead of new Boolean()
v. Assign [] instead of new Array()
vi. Assign /()/ instead of new RegExp()
vii. Assign function (){} instead of new Function()
You can define them as an example,
var v1 = {};
var v2 = "";
var v3 = 0;
var v4 = false;
var v5 = [];
var v6 = /()/;
var v7 = function(){};
⬆ Back to Top
148. How do you define JSON arrays
JSON arrays are written inside square brackets and arrays contain javascript objects. For
example, the JSON array of users would be as below,
"users":[
{"firstName":"John", "lastName":"Abrahm"},
{"firstName":"Anna", "lastName":"Smith"},
{"firstName":"Shane", "lastName":"Warn"}
]
⬆ Back to Top
149. How do you generate random integers
You can use Math.random() with Math.floor() to return random integers. For example, if
you want generate random integers between 1 to 10, the multiplication factor should
be 10,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 71/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1 to 10
Math.floor(Math.random() * 100) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1 to 10
Note: Math.random() returns a random number between 0 (inclusive), and 1 (exclusive)
⬆ Back to Top
150. Can you write a random integers function to print integers with in a
range
Yes, you can create a proper random function to return a random number between min
and max (both included)
function randomInteger(min, max) {
return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1) ) + min;
}
randomInteger(1, 100); // returns a random integer from 1 to 100
randomInteger(1, 1000); // returns a random integer from 1 to 1000
⬆ Back to Top
151. What is tree shaking
Tree shaking is a form of dead code elimination. It means that unused modules will not
be included in the bundle during the build process and for that it relies on the static
structure of ES2015 module syntax,( i.e. import and export). Initially this has been
popularized by the ES2015 module bundler rollup .
⬆ Back to Top
152. What is the need of tree shaking
Tree Shaking can significantly reduce the code size in any application. i.e, The less code
we send over the wire the more performant the application will be. For example, if we
just want to create a “Hello World” Application using SPA frameworks then it will take
around a few MBs, but by tree shaking it can bring down the size to just a few hundred
KBs. Tree shaking is implemented in Rollup and Webpack bundlers.
⬆ Back to Top
153. Is it recommended to use eval
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 72/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No, it allows arbitrary code to be run which causes a security problem. As we know that
the eval() function is used to run text as code. In most of the cases, it should not be
necessary to use it.
⬆ Back to Top
154. What is a Regular Expression
A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern. You can
use this search pattern for searching data in a text. These can be used to perform all
types of text search and text replace operations. Let's see the syntax format now,
/pattern/modifiers;
For example, the regular expression or search pattern with case-insensitive username
would be,
/John/i
⬆ Back to Top
155. What are the string methods available in Regular expression
Regular Expressions has two string methods: search() and replace(). The search()
method uses an expression to search for a match, and returns the position of the
match.
var msg = "Hello John";
var n = msg.search(/John/i); // 6
The replace() method is used to return a modified string where the pattern is replaced.
var msg = "Hello John";
var n = msg.replace(/John/i, "Buttler"); // Hello Buttler
⬆ Back to Top
156. What are modifiers in regular expression
Modifiers can be used to perform case-insensitive and global searches. Let's list down
some of the modifiers,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 73/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Modifier Description
i Perform case-insensitive matching
g Perform a global match rather than stops at first match
m Perform multiline matching
Let's take an example of global modifier,
var text = "Learn JS one by one";
var pattern = /one/g;
var result = text.match(pattern); // one,one
⬆ Back to Top
157. What are regular expression patterns
Regular Expressions provide a group of patterns in order to match characters. Basically
they are categorized into 3 types,
i. Brackets: These are used to find a range of characters. For example, below are
some use cases,
a. [abc]: Used to find any of the characters between the brackets(a,b,c)
b. [0-9]: Used to find any of the digits between the brackets
c. (a|b): Used to find any of the alternatives separated with |
ii. Metacharacters: These are characters with a special meaning For example, below
are some use cases,
a. \d: Used to find a digit
b. \s: Used to find a whitespace character
c. \b: Used to find a match at the beginning or ending of a word
iii. Quantifiers: These are useful to define quantities For example, below are some use
cases,
a. n+: Used to find matches for any string that contains at least one n
b. n*: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or more occurrences
of n
c. n?: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or one occurrences
of n
⬆ Back to Top
158. What is a RegExp object
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 74/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
RegExp object is a regular expression object with predefined properties and methods.
Let's see the simple usage of RegExp object,
var regexp = new RegExp('\\w+');
console.log(regexp);
// expected output: /\w+/
⬆ Back to Top
159. How do you search a string for a pattern
You can use the test() method of regular expression in order to search a string for a
pattern, and return true or false depending on the result.
var pattern = /you/;
console.log(pattern.test("How are you?")); //true
⬆ Back to Top
160. What is the purpose of exec method
The purpose of exec method is similar to test method but it executes a search for a
match in a specified string and returns a result array, or null instead of returning
true/false.
var pattern = /you/;
console.log(pattern.exec("How are you?")); //["you", index: 8, input: "How are yo
⬆ Back to Top
161. How do you change the style of a HTML element
You can change inline style or classname of a HTML element using javascript
i. Using style property: You can modify inline style using style property
document.getElementById("title").style.fontSize = "30px";
i. Using ClassName property: It is easy to modify element class using className
property
document.getElementById("title").className = "custom-title";
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 75/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
162. What would be the result of 1+2+'3'
The output is going to be 33 . Since 1 and 2 are numeric values, the result of the first
two digits is going to be a numeric value 3 . The next digit is a string type value
because of that the addition of numeric value 3 and string type value 3 is just going
to be a concatenation value 33 .
⬆ Back to Top
163. What is a debugger statement
The debugger statement invokes any available debugging functionality, such as setting
a breakpoint. If no debugging functionality is available, this statement has no effect. For
example, in the below function a debugger statement has been inserted. So execution
is paused at the debugger statement just like a breakpoint in the script source.
function getProfile() {
// code goes here
debugger;
// code goes here
}
⬆ Back to Top
164. What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging
You can set breakpoints in the javascript code once the debugger statement is
executed and the debugger window pops up. At each breakpoint, javascript will stop
executing, and let you examine the JavaScript values. After examining values, you can
resume the execution of code using the play button.
⬆ Back to Top
165. Can I use reserved words as identifiers
No, you cannot use the reserved words as variables, labels, object or function names.
Let's see one simple example,
var else = "hello"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token else
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 76/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
166. How do you detect a mobile browser
You can use regex which returns a true or false value depending on whether or not the
user is browsing with a mobile.
window.mobilecheck = function() {
var mobileCheck = false;
(function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer
return mobileCheck;
};
⬆ Back to Top
167. How do you detect a mobile browser without regexp
You can detect mobile browsers by simply running through a list of devices and
checking if the useragent matches anything. This is an alternative solution for RegExp
usage,
function detectmob() {
if( navigator.userAgent.match(/Android/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/webOS/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/iPhone/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/iPad/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/iPod/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/BlackBerry/i)
|| navigator.userAgent.match(/Windows Phone/i)
){
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top
168. How do you get the image width and height using JS
You can programmatically get the image and check the dimensions(width and height)
using Javascript.
var img = new Image();
img.onload = function() {
console.log(this.width + 'x' + this.height);
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 77/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
}
img.src = 'http://www.google.com/intl/en_ALL/images/logo.gif';
⬆ Back to Top
169. How do you make synchronous HTTP request
Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make synchronous
HTTP requests from JavaScript
function httpGet(theUrl)
{
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlHttpReq.open( "GET", theUrl, false ); // false for synchronous request
xmlHttpReq.send( null );
return xmlHttpReq.responseText;
}
⬆ Back to Top
170. How do you make asynchronous HTTP request
Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make asynchronous
HTTP requests from JavaScript by passing the 3rd parameter as true.
function httpGetAsync(theUrl, callback)
{
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlHttpReq.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (xmlHttpReq.readyState == 4 && xmlHttpReq.status == 200)
callback(xmlHttpReq.responseText);
}
xmlHttp.open("GET", theUrl, true); // true for asynchronous
xmlHttp.send(null);
}
⬆ Back to Top
171. How do you convert date to another timezone in javascript
You can use the toLocaleString() method to convert dates in one timezone to another.
For example, let's convert current date to British English timezone as below,
console.log(event.toLocaleString('en-GB', { timeZone: 'UTC' })); //29/06/2019, 09
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 78/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
172. What are the properties used to get size of window
You can use innerWidth, innerHeight, clientWidth, clientHeight properties of windows,
document element and document body objects to find the size of a window. Let's use
them combination of these properties to calculate the size of a window or document,
var width = window.innerWidth
|| document.documentElement.clientWidth
|| document.body.clientWidth;
var height = window.innerHeight
|| document.documentElement.clientHeight
|| document.body.clientHeight;
⬆ Back to Top
173. What is a conditional operator in javascript
The conditional (ternary) operator is the only JavaScript operator that takes three
operands which acts as a shortcut for if statements.
README.md
var isAuthenticated = false;
console.log(isAuthenticated ? 'Hello, welcome' : 'Sorry, you are not authenticate
⬆ Back to Top
174. Can you apply chaining on conditional operator
Yes, you can apply chaining on conditional operators similar to if … else if … else if …
else chain. The syntax is going to be as below,
function traceValue(someParam) {
return condition1 ? value1
: condition2 ? value2
: condition3 ? value3
: value4;
}
// The above conditional operator is equivalent to:
function traceValue(someParam) {
if (condition1) { return value1; }
else if (condition2) { return value2; }
else if (condition3) { return value3; }
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 79/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
else { return value4; }
}
⬆ Back to Top
175. What are the ways to execute javascript after page load
You can execute javascript after page load in many different ways,
i. window.onload:
window.onload = function ...
i. document.onload:
document.onload = function ...
i. body onload:
<body onload="script();">
⬆ Back to Top
176. What is the difference between proto and prototype
The __proto__ object is the actual object that is used in the lookup chain to resolve
methods, etc. Whereas prototype is the object that is used to build __proto__ when
you create an object with new
( new Employee ).__proto__ === Employee.prototype;
( new Employee ).prototype === undefined;
⬆ Back to Top
177. Give an example where do you really need semicolon
It is recommended to use semicolons after every statement in JavaScript. For example,
in the below case it throws an error ".. is not a function" at runtime due to missing
semicolon.
// define a function
var fn = function () {
//...
} // semicolon missing at this line
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 80/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
// then execute some code inside a closure
(function () {
//...
})();
and it will be interpreted as
var fn = function () {
//...
}(function () {
//...
})();
In this case, we are passing the second function as an argument to the first function
and then trying to call the result of the first function call as a function. Hence, the
second function will fail with a "... is not a function" error at runtime.
⬆ Back to Top
178. What is a freeze method
The freeze() method is used to freeze an object. Freezing an object does not allow
adding new properties to an object,prevents from removing and prevents changing the
enumerability, configurability, or writability of existing properties. i.e, It returns the
passed object and does not create a frozen copy.
const obj = {
prop: 100
};
Object.freeze(obj);
obj.prop = 200; // Throws an error in strict mode
console.log(obj.prop); //100
Note: It causes a TypeError if the argument passed is not an object.
⬆ Back to Top
179. What is the purpose of freeze method
Below are the main benefits of using freeze method,
i. It is used for freezing objects and arrays.
ii. It is used to make an object immutable.
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 81/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
180. Why do I need to use freeze method
In the Object-oriented paradigm, an existing API contains certain elements that are not
intended to be extended, modified, or re-used outside of their current context. Hence it
works as the final keyword which is used in various languages.
⬆ Back to Top
181. How do you detect a browser language preference
You can use navigator object to detect a browser language preference as below,
var language = navigator.languages && navigator.languages[0] || // Chrome / Firef
navigator.language || // All browsers
navigator.userLanguage; // IE <= 10
console.log(language);
⬆ Back to Top
182. How to convert string to title case with javascript
Title case means that the first letter of each word is capitalized. You can convert a string
to title case using the below function,
function toTitleCase(str) {
return str.replace(
/\w\S*/g,
function(txt) {
return txt.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + txt.substr(1).toLowerCase();
}
);
}
toTitleCase("good morning john"); // Good Morning John
⬆ Back to Top
183. How do you detect javascript disabled in the page
You can use the <noscript> tag to detect javascript disabled or not. The code block
inside <noscript> gets executed when JavaScript is disabled, and is typically used to
display alternative content when the page generated in JavaScript.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 82/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
<script type="javascript">
// JS related code goes here
</script>
<noscript>
<a href="next_page.html?noJS=true">JavaScript is disabled in the page. Please
</noscript>
⬆ Back to Top
184. What are various operators supported by javascript
An operator is capable of manipulating(mathematical and logical computations) a
certain value or operand. There are various operators supported by JavaScript as below,
i. Arithmetic Operators: Includes + (Addition),– (Subtraction), * (Multiplication), /
(Division), % (Modulus), + + (Increment) and – – (Decrement)
ii. Comparison Operators: Includes = =(Equal),!= (Not Equal), ===(Equal with type),
> (Greater than),> = (Greater than or Equal to),< (Less than),<= (Less than or Equal
to)
iii. Logical Operators: Includes &&(Logical AND),||(Logical OR),!(Logical NOT)
iv. Assignment Operators: Includes = (Assignment Operator), += (Add and
Assignment Operator), – = (Subtract and Assignment Operator), *= (Multiply and
Assignment), /= (Divide and Assignment), %= (Modules and Assignment)
v. Ternary Operators: It includes conditional(: ?) Operator
vi. typeof Operator: It uses to find type of variable. The syntax looks like typeof
variable
⬆ Back to Top
185. What is a rest parameter
Rest parameter is an improved way to handle function parameters which allows us to
represent an indefinite number of arguments as an array. The syntax would be as
below,
function f(a, b, ...theArgs) {
// ...
}
For example, let's take a sum example to calculate on dynamic number of parameters,
function total(…args){
let sum = 0;
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 83/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
for(let i of args){
sum+=i;
}
return sum;
}
console.log(fun(1,2)); //3
console.log(fun(1,2,3)); //6
console.log(fun(1,2,3,4)); //13
console.log(fun(1,2,3,4,5)); //15
Note: Rest parameter is added in ES2015 or ES6
⬆ Back to Top
186. What happens if you do not use rest parameter as a last argument
The rest parameter should be the last argument, as its job is to collect all the remaining
arguments into an array. For example, if you define a function like below it doesn’t
make any sense and will throw an error.
function someFunc(a,…b,c){
//You code goes here
return;
}
⬆ Back to Top
187. What are the bitwise operators available in javascript
Below are the list of bitwise logical operators used in JavaScript
i. Bitwise AND ( & )
ii. Bitwise OR ( | )
iii. Bitwise XOR ( ^ )
iv. Bitwise NOT ( ~ )
v. Left Shift ( << )
vi. Sign Propagating Right Shift ( >> )
vii. Zero fill Right Shift ( >>> )
⬆ Back to Top
188. What is a spread operator
Spread operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be expanded into single
arguments/elements. Let's take an example to see this behavior,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 84/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
function calculateSum(x, y, z) {
return x + y + z;
}
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
console.log(calculateSum(...numbers)); // 6
⬆ Back to Top
189. How do you determine whether object is frozen or not
Object.isFrozen() method is used to determine if an object is frozen or not.An object is
frozen if all of the below conditions hold true,
i. If it is not extensible.
ii. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
iii. If all its data properties are non-writable. The usage is going to be as follows,
const object = {
property: 'Welcome JS world'
};
Object.freeze(object);
console.log(Object.isFrozen(object));
⬆ Back to Top
190. How do you determine two values same or not using object
The Object.is() method determines whether two values are the same value. For example,
the usage with different types of values would be,
Object.is('hello', 'hello'); // true
Object.is(window, window); // true
Object.is([], []) // false
Two values are the same if one of the following holds:
i. both undefined
ii. both null
iii. both true or both false
iv. both strings of the same length with the same characters in the same order
v. both the same object (means both object have same reference)
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 85/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
vi. both numbers and both +0 both -0 both NaN both non-zero and both not NaN
and both have the same value.
⬆ Back to Top
191. What is the purpose of using object is method
Some of the applications of Object's is method are follows,
i. It is used for comparison of two strings.
ii. It is used for comparison of two numbers.
iii. It is used for comparing the polarity of two numbers.
iv. It is used for comparison of two objects.
⬆ Back to Top
192. How do you copy properties from one object to other
You can use the Object.assign() method which is used to copy the values and properties
from one or more source objects to a target object. It returns the target object which
has properties and values copied from the target object. The syntax would be as below,
Object.assign(target, ...sources)
Let's take example with one source and one target object,
const target = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const source = { b: 3, c: 4 };
const returnedTarget = Object.assign(target, source);
console.log(target); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }
console.log(returnedTarget); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }
As observed in the above code, there is a common property( b ) from source to target
so it's value has been overwritten.
⬆ Back to Top
193. What are the applications of assign method
Below are the some of main applications of Object.assign() method,
i. It is used for cloning an object.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 86/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
ii. It is used to merge objects with the same properties.
⬆ Back to Top
194. What is a proxy object
The Proxy object is used to define custom behavior for fundamental operations such as
property lookup, assignment, enumeration, function invocation, etc. The syntax would
be as follows,
var p = new Proxy(target, handler);
Let's take an example of proxy object,
var handler = {
get: function(obj, prop) {
return prop in obj ?
obj[prop] :
100;
}
};
var p = new Proxy({}, handler);
p.a = 10;
p.b = null;
console.log(p.a, p.b); // 10, null
console.log('c' in p, p.c); // false, 100
In the above code, it uses get handler which define the behavior of the proxy when an
operation is performed on it
⬆ Back to Top
195. What is the purpose of seal method
The Object.seal() method is used to seal an object, by preventing new properties from
being added to it and marking all existing properties as non-configurable. But values of
present properties can still be changed as long as they are writable. Let's see the below
example to understand more about seal() method
const object = {
property: 'Welcome JS world'
};
Object.seal(object);
object.property = 'Welcome to object world';
console.log(Object.isSealed(object)); // true
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 87/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
delete object.property; // You cannot delete when sealed
console.log(object.property); //Welcome to object world
⬆ Back to Top
196. What are the applications of seal method
Below are the main applications of Object.seal() method,
i. It is used for sealing objects and arrays.
ii. It is used to make an object immutable.
⬆ Back to Top
197. What are the differences between freeze and seal methods
If an object is frozen using the Object.freeze() method then its properties become
immutable and no changes can be made in them whereas if an object is sealed using
the Object.seal() method then the changes can be made in the existing properties of
the object.
⬆ Back to Top
198. How do you determine if an object is sealed or not
The Object.isSealed() method is used to determine if an object is sealed or not. An
object is sealed if all of the below conditions hold true
i. If it is not extensible.
ii. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
iii. If it is not removable (but not necessarily non-writable). Let's see it in the action
const object = {
property: 'Hello, Good morning'
};
Object.seal(object); // Using seal() method to seal the object
console.log(Object.isSealed(object)); // checking whether the object is seal
⬆ Back to Top
199. How do you get enumerable key and value pairs
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 88/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The Object.entries() method is used to return an array of a given object's own
enumerable string-keyed property [key, value] pairs, in the same order as that provided
by a for...in loop. Let's see the functionality of object.entries() method in an example,
const object = {
a: 'Good morning',
b: 100
};
for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(object)) {
console.log(`${key}: ${value}`); // a: 'Good morning'
// b: 100
}
Note: The order is not guaranteed as object defined.
⬆ Back to Top
200. What is the main difference between Object.values and
Object.entries method
The Object.values() method's behavior is similar to Object.entries() method but it
returns an array of values instead [key,value] pairs.
const object = {
a: 'Good morning',
b: 100
};
for (let value of Object.values(object)) {
console.log(`${value}`); // 'Good morning'
100
}
⬆ Back to Top
201. How can you get the list of keys of any object
You can use the Object.keys() method which is used to return an array of a given
object's own property names, in the same order as we get with a normal loop. For
example, you can get the keys of a user object,
const user = {
name: 'John',
gender: 'male',
age: 40
};
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 89/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
console.log(Object.keys(user)); //['name', 'gender', 'age']
⬆ Back to Top
202. How do you create an object with prototype
The Object.create() method is used to create a new object with the specified prototype
object and properties. i.e, It uses an existing object as the prototype of the newly
created object. It returns a new object with the specified prototype object and
properties.
const user = {
name: 'John',
printInfo: function () {
console.log(`My name is ${this.name}.`);
}
};
const admin = Object.create(user);
admin.name = "Nick"; // Remember that "name" is a property set on "admin" but no
admin.printInfo(); // My name is Nick
⬆ Back to Top
203. What is a WeakSet
WeakSet is used to store a collection of weakly(weak references) held objects. The
syntax would be as follows,
new WeakSet([iterable]);
Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,
var ws = new WeakSet();
var user = {};
ws.add(user);
ws.has(user); // true
ws.delete(user); // removes user from the set
ws.has(user); // false, user has been removed
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 90/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
204. What are the differences between WeakSet and Set
The main difference is that references to objects in Set are strong while references to
objects in WeakSet are weak. i.e, An object in WeakSet can be garbage collected if there
is no other reference to it. Other differences are,
i. Sets can store any value Whereas WeakSets can store only collections of objects
ii. WeakSet does not have size property unlike Set
iii. WeakSet does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries, forEach.
iv. WeakSet is not iterable.
⬆ Back to Top
205. List down the collection of methods available on WeakSet
Below are the list of methods available on WeakSet,
i. add(value): A new object is appended with the given value to the weakset
ii. delete(value): Deletes the value from the WeakSet collection.
iii. has(value): It returns true if the value is present in the WeakSet Collection,
otherwise it returns false.
iv. length(): It returns the length of weakSetObject Let's see the functionality of all the
above methods in an example,
var weakSetObject = new WeakSet();
var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// add(value)
weakSetObject.add(firstObject);
weakSetObject.add(secondObject);
console.log(weakSetObject.has(firstObject)); //true
console.log(weakSetObject.length()); //2
weakSetObject.delete(secondObject);
⬆ Back to Top
206. What is a WeakMap
The WeakMap object is a collection of key/value pairs in which the keys are weakly
referenced. In this case, keys must be objects and the values can be arbitrary values.
The syntax is looking like as below,
new WeakMap([iterable])
Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 91/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
var ws = new WeakMap();
var user = {};
ws.set(user);
ws.has(user); // true
ws.delete(user); // removes user from the map
ws.has(user); // false, user has been removed
⬆ Back to Top
207. What are the differences between WeakMap and Map
The main difference is that references to key objects in Map are strong while references
to key objects in WeakMap are weak. i.e, A key object in WeakMap can be garbage
collected if there is no other reference to it. Other differences are,
i. Maps can store any key type Whereas WeakMaps can store only collections of key
objects
ii. WeakMap does not have size property unlike Map
iii. WeakMap does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries, forEach.
iv. WeakMap is not iterable.
⬆ Back to Top
208. List down the collection of methods available on WeakMap
Below are the list of methods available on WeakMap,
i. set(key, value): Sets the value for the key in the WeakMap object. Returns the
WeakMap object.
ii. delete(key): Removes any value associated to the key.
iii. has(key): Returns a Boolean asserting whether a value has been associated to the
key in the WeakMap object or not.
iv. get(key): Returns the value associated to the key, or undefined if there is none.
Let's see the functionality of all the above methods in an example,
var weakMapObject = new WeakMap();
var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// set(key, value)
weakMapObject.set(firstObject, 'John');
weakMapObject.set(secondObject, 100);
console.log(weakMapObject.has(firstObject)); //true
console.log(weakMapObject.get(firstObject)); // John
weakMapObject.delete(secondObject);
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 92/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
209. What is the purpose of uneval
The uneval() is an inbuilt function which is used to create a string representation of the
source code of an Object. It is a top-level function and is not associated with any
object. Let's see the below example to know more about it's functionality,
var a = 1;
uneval(a); // returns a String containing 1
uneval(function user() {}); // returns "(function user(){})"
⬆ Back to Top
210. How do you encode an URL
The encodeURI() function is used to encode complete URI which has special characters
except (, / ? : @ & = + $ #) characters.
var uri = 'https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы';
var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encoded); // https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B
⬆ Back to Top
211. How do you decode an URL
The decodeURI() function is used to decode a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
previously created by encodeURI().
var uri = 'https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы';
var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encoded); // https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B
try {
console.log(decodeURI(encoded)); // "https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы"
} catch(e) { // catches a malformed URI
console.error(e);
}
⬆ Back to Top
212. How do you print the contents of web page
The window object provided a print() method which is used to print the contents of the
current window. It opens a Print dialog box which lets you choose between various
printing options. Let's see the usage of print method in an example,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 93/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
<input type="button" value="Print" onclick="window.print()" />
Note: In most browsers, it will block while the print dialog is open.
⬆ Back to Top
213. What is the difference between uneval and eval
The uneval function returns the source of a given object; whereas the eval function
does the opposite, by evaluating that source code in a different memory area. Let's see
an example to clarify the difference,
var msg = uneval(function greeting() { return 'Hello, Good morning'; });
var greeting = eval(msg);
greeting(); // returns "Hello, Good morning"
⬆ Back to Top
214. What is an anonymous function
An anonymous function is a function without a name! Anonymous functions are
commonly assigned to a variable name or used as a callback function. The syntax would
be as below,
function (optionalParameters) {
//do something
}
const myFunction = function(){ //Anonymous function assigned to a variable
//do something
};
[1, 2, 3].map(function(element){ //Anonymous function used as a callback function
//do something
});
Let's see the above anonymous function in an example,
var x = function (a, b) {return a * b};
var z = x(5, 10);
console.log(z); // 50
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 94/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
215. What is the precedence order between local and global variables
A local variable takes precedence over a global variable with the same name. Let's see
this behavior in an example.
var msg = "Good morning";
function greeting() {
msg = "Good Evening";
console.log(msg);
}
greeting();
⬆ Back to Top
216. What are javascript accessors
ECMAScript 5 introduced javascript object accessors or computed properties through
getters and setters. Getters uses the get keyword whereas Setters uses the set
keyword.
var user = {
firstName: "John",
lastName : "Abraham",
language : "en",
get lang() {
return this.language;
}
set lang(lang) {
this.language = lang;
}
};
console.log(user.lang); // getter access lang as en
user.lang = 'fr';
console.log(user.lang); // setter used to set lang as fr
⬆ Back to Top
217. How do you define property on Object constructor
The Object.defineProperty() static method is used to define a new property directly on
an object, or modify an existing property on an object, and returns the object. Let's see
an example to know how to define property,
const newObject = {};
Object.defineProperty(newObject, 'newProperty', {
value: 100,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 95/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
writable: false
});
console.log(newObject.newProperty); // 100
newObject.newProperty = 200; // It throws an error in strict mode due to writable
⬆ Back to Top
218. What is the difference between get and defineProperty
Both have similar results until unless you use classes. If you use get the property will
be defined on the prototype of the object whereas using Object.defineProperty() the
property will be defined on the instance it is applied to.
⬆ Back to Top
219. What are the advantages of Getters and Setters
Below are the list of benefits of Getters and Setters,
i. They provide simpler syntax
ii. They are used for defining computed properties, or accessors in JS.
iii. Useful to provide equivalence relation between properties and methods
iv. They can provide better data quality
v. Useful for doing things behind the scenes with the encapsulated logic.
⬆ Back to Top
220. Can I add getters and setters using defineProperty method
Yes, You can use the Object.defineProperty() method to add Getters and Setters. For
example, the below counter object uses increment, decrement, add and subtract
properties,
var obj = {counter : 0};
// Define getters
Object.defineProperty(obj, "increment", {
get : function () {this.counter++;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "decrement", {
get : function () {this.counter--;}
});
// Define setters
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 96/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Object.defineProperty(obj, "add", {
set : function (value) {this.counter += value;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "subtract", {
set : function (value) {this.counter -= value;}
});
obj.add = 10;
obj.subtract = 5;
console.log(obj.increment); //6
console.log(obj.decrement); //5
⬆ Back to Top
221. What is the purpose of switch-case
The switch case statement in JavaScript is used for decision making purposes. In a few
cases, using the switch case statement is going to be more convenient than if-else
statements. The syntax would be as below,
switch (expression)
{
case value1:
statement1;
break;
case value2:
statement2;
break;
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
statementDefault;
}
The above multi-way branch statement provides an easy way to dispatch execution to
different parts of code based on the value of the expression.
⬆ Back to Top
222. What are the conventions to be followed for the usage of switch
case
Below are the list of conventions should be taken care,
i. The expression can be of type either number or string.
ii. Duplicate values are not allowed for the expression.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 97/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
iii. The default statement is optional. If the expression passed to switch does not
match with any case value then the statement within default case will be executed.
iv. The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement sequence.
v. The break statement is optional. But if it is omitted, the execution will continue on
into the next case.
⬆ Back to Top
223. What are primitive data types
A primitive data type is data that has a primitive value (which has no properties or
methods). There are 7 types of primitive data types.
i. string
ii. number
iii. boolean
iv. null
v. undefined
vi. bigint
vii. symbol
⬆ Back to Top
224. What are the different ways to access object properties
There are 3 possible ways for accessing the property of an object.
i. Dot notation: It uses dot for accessing the properties
objectName.property
i. Square brackets notation: It uses square brackets for property access
objectName["property"]
i. Expression notation: It uses expression in the square brackets
objectName[expression]
⬆ Back to Top
225. What are the function parameter rules
JavaScript functions follow below rules for parameters,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 98/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
i. The function definitions do not specify data types for parameters.
ii. Do not perform type checking on the passed arguments.
iii. Do not check the number of arguments received. i.e, The below function follows
the above rules,
function functionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {
console.log(parameter1); // 1
}
functionName(1);
⬆ Back to Top
226. What is an error object
An error object is a built in error object that provides error information when an error
occurs. It has two properties: name and message. For example, the below function logs
error details,
try {
greeting("Welcome");
}
catch(err) {
console.log(err.name + "<br>" + err.message);
}
⬆ Back to Top
227. When you get a syntax error
A SyntaxError is thrown if you try to evaluate code with a syntax error. For example, the
below missing quote for the function parameter throws a syntax error
try {
eval("greeting('welcome)"); // Missing ' will produce an error
}
catch(err) {
console.log(err.name);
}
⬆ Back to Top
228. What are the different error names from error object
There are 6 different types of error names returned from error object,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 99/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Error Name Description
EvalError An error has occurred in the eval() function
RangeError An error has occurred with a number "out of range"
ReferenceError An error due to an illegal reference
SyntaxError An error due to a syntax error
TypeError An error due to a type error
URIError An error due to encodeURI()
⬆ Back to Top
229. What are the various statements in error handling
Below are the list of statements used in an error handling,
i. try: This statement is used to test a block of code for errors
ii. catch: This statement is used to handle the error
iii. throw: This statement is used to create custom errors.
iv. finally: This statement is used to execute code after try and catch regardless of the
result.
⬆ Back to Top
230. What are the two types of loops in javascript
i. Entry Controlled loops: In this kind of loop type, the test condition is tested before
entering the loop body. For example, For Loop and While Loop comes under this
category.
ii. Exit Controlled Loops: In this kind of loop type, the test condition is tested or
evaluated at the end of the loop body. i.e, the loop body will execute at least once
irrespective of test condition true or false. For example, do-while loop comes under
this category.
⬆ Back to Top
231. What is nodejs
Node.js is a server-side platform built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime for easily
building fast and scalable network applications. It is an event-based, non-blocking,
asynchronous I/O runtime that uses Google's V8 JavaScript engine and libuv library.
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 100/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
232. What is an Intl object
The Intl object is the namespace for the ECMAScript Internationalization API, which
provides language sensitive string comparison, number formatting, and date and time
formatting. It provides access to several constructors and language sensitive functions.
⬆ Back to Top
233. How do you perform language specific date and time formatting
You can use the Intl.DateTimeFormat object which is a constructor for objects that
enable language-sensitive date and time formatting. Let's see this behavior with an
example,
var date = new Date(Date.UTC(2019, 07, 07, 3, 0, 0));
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-GB').format(date)); // 07/08/2019
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-AU').format(date)); // 07/08/2019
⬆ Back to Top
234. What is an Iterator
An iterator is an object which defines a sequence and a return value upon its
termination. It implements the Iterator protocol with a next() method which returns
an object with two properties: value (the next value in the sequence) and done (which
is true if the last value in the sequence has been consumed).
⬆ Back to Top
235. How does synchronous iteration works
Synchronous iteration was introduced in ES6 and it works with below set of
components,
Iterable: It is an object which can be iterated over via a method whose key is
Symbol.iterator. Iterator: It is an object returned by invoking [Symbol.iterator]() on
an iterable. This iterator object wraps each iterated element in an object and returns it
via next() method one by one. IteratorResult: It is an object returned by next()
method. The object contains two properties; the value property contains an iterated
element and the done property determines whether the element is the last element or
not.
Let's demonstrate synchronous iteration with an array as below,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 101/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
const iterable = ['one', 'two', 'three'];
const iterator = iterable[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'one', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'two', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'three', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'undefined, done: true }
⬆ Back to Top
236. What is an event loop
The Event Loop is a queue of callback functions. When an async function executes, the
callback function is pushed into the queue. The JavaScript engine doesn't start
processing the event loop until the async function has finished executing the code.
Note: It allows Node.js to perform non-blocking I/O operations even though JavaScript
is single-threaded.
⬆ Back to Top
237. What is call stack
Call Stack is a data structure for javascript interpreters to keep track of function calls in
the program. It has two major actions,
i. Whenever you call a function for its execution, you are pushing it to the stack.
ii. Whenever the execution is completed, the function is popped out of the stack.
Let's take an example and it's state representation in a diagram format
function hungry() {
eatFruits();
}
function eatFruits() {
return "I'm eating fruits";
}
// Invoke the `hungry` function
hungry();
The above code processed in a call stack as below,
i. Add the hungry() function to the call stack list and execute the code.
ii. Add the eatFruits() function to the call stack list and execute the code.
iii. Delete the eatFruits() function from our call stack list.
iv. Delete the hungry() function from the call stack list since there are no items
anymore.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 102/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
238. What is an event queue
⬆ Back to Top
239. What is a decorator
A decorator is an expression that evaluates to a function and that takes the target,
name, and decorator descriptor as arguments. Also, it optionally returns a decorator
descriptor to install on the target object. Let's define admin decorator for user class at
design time,
function admin(isAdmin) {
return function(target) {
target.isAdmin = isAdmin;
}
}
@admin(true)
class User() {
}
console.log(User.isAdmin); //true
@admin(false)
class User() {
}
console.log(User.isAdmin); //false
⬆ Back to Top
240. What are the properties of Intl object
Below are the list of properties available on Intl object,
i. Collator: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive string comparison.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 103/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
ii. DateTimeFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive date and
time formatting.
iii. ListFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive list formatting.
iv. NumberFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive number formatting.
v. PluralRules: Objects that enable plural-sensitive formatting and language-specific
rules for plurals.
vi. RelativeTimeFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive relative time
formatting.
⬆ Back to Top
241. What is an Unary operator
The unary(+) operator is used to convert a variable to a number.If the variable cannot
be converted, it will still become a number but with the value NaN. Let's see this
behavior in an action.
var x = "100";
var y = + x;
console.log(typeof x, typeof y); // string, number
var a = "Hello";
var b = + a;
console.log(typeof a, typeof b, b); // string, number, NaN
⬆ Back to Top
242. How do you sort elements in an array
The sort() method is used to sort the elements of an array in place and returns the
sorted array. The example usage would be as below,
var months = ["Aug", "Sep", "Jan", "June"];
months.sort();
console.log(months); // ["Aug", "Jan", "June", "Sep"]
⬆ Back to Top
243. What is the purpose of compareFunction while sorting arrays
The compareFunction is used to define the sort order. If omitted, the array elements are
converted to strings, then sorted according to each character's Unicode code point
value. Let's take an example to see the usage of compareFunction,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 104/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];
numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
console.log(numbers); // [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
⬆ Back to Top
244. How do you reversing an array
You can use the reverse() method to reverse the elements in an array. This method is
useful to sort an array in descending order. Let's see the usage of reverse() method in
an example,
let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];
numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
numbers.reverse();
console.log(numbers); // [1, 2, 3, 4 ,5]
⬆ Back to Top
245. How do you find min and max value in an array
You can use Math.min and Math.max methods on array variables to find the minimum
and maximum elements within an array. Let's create two functions to find the min and
max value with in an array,
var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];
function findMin(arr) {
return Math.min.apply(null, arr);
}
function findMax(arr) {
return Math.max.apply(null, arr);
}
console.log(findMin(marks));
console.log(findMax(marks));
⬆ Back to Top
246. How do you find min and max values without Math functions
You can write functions which loop through an array comparing each value with the
lowest value or highest value to find the min and max values. Let's create those
functions to find min and max values,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 105/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];
function findMin(arr) {
var length = arr.length
var min = Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] < min) {
min = arr[len];
}
}
return min;
}
function findMax(arr) {
var length = arr.length
var max = -Infinity;
while (len--) {
if (arr[length] > max) {
max = arr[length];
}
}
return max;
}
console.log(findMin(marks));
console.log(findMax(marks));
⬆ Back to Top
247. What is an empty statement and purpose of it
The empty statement is a semicolon (;) indicating that no statement will be executed,
even if JavaScript syntax requires one. Since there is no action with an empty statement
you might think that it's usage is quite less, but the empty statement is occasionally
useful when you want to create a loop that has an empty body. For example, you can
initialize an array with zero values as below,
// Initialize an array a
for(int i=0; i < a.length; a[i++] = 0) ;
⬆ Back to Top
248. How do you get metadata of a module
You can use the import.meta object which is a meta-property exposing context-
specific meta data to a JavaScript module. It contains information about the current
module, such as the module's URL. In browsers, you might get different meta data than
NodeJS.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 106/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
<script type="module" src="welcome-module.js"></script>
console.log(import.meta); // { url: "file:///home/user/welcome-module.js" }
⬆ Back to Top
249. What is a comma operator
The comma operator is used to evaluate each of its operands from left to right and
returns the value of the last operand. This is totally different from comma usage within
arrays, objects, and function arguments and parameters. For example, the usage for
numeric expressions would be as below,
var x = 1;
x = (x++, x);
console.log(x); // 2
⬆ Back to Top
250. What is the advantage of a comma operator
It is normally used to include multiple expressions in a location that requires a single
expression. One of the common usages of this comma operator is to supply multiple
parameters in a for loop. For example, the below for loop uses multiple expressions in
a single location using comma operator,
for (var a = 0, b =10; a <= 10; a++, b--)
You can also use the comma operator in a return statement where it processes before
returning.
function myFunction() {
var a = 1;
return (a += 10, a); // 11
}
⬆ Back to Top
251. What is typescript
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 107/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that adds optional
types, classes, async/await, and many other features, and compiles to plain JavaScript.
Angular built entirely in TypeScript and used as a primary language. You can install it
globally as
npm install -g typescript
Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,
function greeting(name: string): string {
return "Hello, " + name;
}
let user = "Sudheer";
console.log(greeting(user));
The greeting method allows only string type as argument.
⬆ Back to Top
252. What are the differences between javascript and typescript
Below are the list of differences between javascript and typescript,
feature typescript javascript
Language Object oriented
Scripting language
paradigm programming language
Typing
Supports static typing It has dynamic typing
support
Modules Supported Not supported
Interface It has interfaces concept Doesn't support interfaces
Optional Functions support optional No support of optional
parameters parameters parameters for functions
⬆ Back to Top
253. What are the advantages of typescript over javascript
Below are some of the advantages of typescript over javascript,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 108/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
i. TypeScript is able to find compile time errors at the development time only and it
makes sures less runtime errors. Whereas javascript is an interpreted language.
ii. TypeScript is strongly-typed or supports static typing which allows for checking
type correctness at compile time. This is not available in javascript.
iii. TypeScript compiler can compile the .ts files into ES3,ES4 and ES5 unlike ES6
features of javascript which may not be supported in some browsers.
⬆ Back to Top
254. What is an object initializer
An object initializer is an expression that describes the initialization of an Object. The
syntax for this expression is represented as a comma-delimited list of zero or more
pairs of property names and associated values of an object, enclosed in curly braces ({}).
This is also known as literal notation. It is one of the ways to create an object.
var initObject = {a: 'John', b: 50, c: {}};
console.log(initObject.a); // John
⬆ Back to Top
255. What is a constructor method
The constructor method is a special method for creating and initializing an object
created within a class. If you do not specify a constructor method, a default constructor
is used. The example usage of constructor would be as below,
class Employee {
constructor() {
this.name = "John";
}
}
var employeeObject = new Employee();
console.log(employeeObject.name); // John
⬆ Back to Top
256. What happens if you write constructor more than once in a class
The "constructor" in a class is a special method and it should be defined only once in a
class. i.e, If you write a constructor method more than once in a class it will throw a
SyntaxError error.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 109/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
class Employee {
constructor() {
this.name = "John";
}
constructor() { // Uncaught SyntaxError: A class may only have one construc
this.age = 30;
}
}
var employeeObject = new Employee();
console.log(employeeObject.name);
⬆ Back to Top
257. How do you call the constructor of a parent class
You can use the super keyword to call the constructor of a parent class. Remember
that super() must be called before using 'this' reference. Otherwise it will cause a
reference error. Let's the usage of it,
class Square extends Rectangle {
constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
this.name = 'Square';
}
get area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top
258. How do you get the prototype of an object
You can use the Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) method to return the prototype of the
specified object. i.e. The value of the internal prototype property. If there are no
inherited properties then null value is returned.
const newPrototype = {};
const newObject = Object.create(newPrototype);
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 110/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(newObject) === newPrototype); // true
⬆ Back to Top
259. What happens If I pass string type for getPrototype method
In ES5, it will throw a TypeError exception if the obj parameter isn't an object. Whereas
in ES2015, the parameter will be coerced to an Object .
// ES5
Object.getPrototypeOf('James'); // TypeError: "James" is not an object
// ES2015
Object.getPrototypeOf('James'); // String.prototype
⬆ Back to Top
260. How do you set prototype of one object to another
You can use the Object.setPrototypeOf() method that sets the prototype (i.e., the
internal Prototype property) of a specified object to another object or null. For
example, if you want to set prototype of a square object to rectangle object would be
as follows,
Object.setPrototypeOf(Square.prototype, Rectangle.prototype);
Object.setPrototypeOf({}, null);
⬆ Back to Top
261. How do you check whether an object can be extendable or not
The Object.isExtensible() method is used to determine if an object is extendable or
not. i.e, Whether it can have new properties added to it or not.
const newObject = {};
console.log(Object.isExtensible(newObject)); //true
Note: By default, all the objects are extendable. i.e, The new properties can be added or
modified.
⬆ Back to Top
262. How do you prevent an object to extend
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 111/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The Object.preventExtensions() method is used to prevent new properties from ever
being added to an object. In other words, it prevents future extensions to the object.
Let's see the usage of this property,
const newObject = {};
Object.preventExtensions(newObject); // NOT extendable
try {
Object.defineProperty(newObject, 'newProperty', { // Adding new property
value: 100
});
} catch (e) {
console.log(e); // TypeError: Cannot define property newProperty, object is not
}
⬆ Back to Top
263. What are the different ways to make an object non-extensible
You can mark an object non-extensible in 3 ways,
i. Object.preventExtensions
ii. Object.seal
iii. Object.freeze
var newObject = {};
Object.preventExtensions(newObject); // Prevent objects are non-extensible
Object.isExtensible(newObject); // false
var sealedObject = Object.seal({}); // Sealed objects are non-extensible
Object.isExtensible(sealedObject); // false
var frozenObject = Object.freeze({}); // Frozen objects are non-extensible
Object.isExtensible(frozenObject); // false
⬆ Back to Top
264. How do you define multiple properties on an object
The Object.defineProperties() method is used to define new or modify existing
properties directly on an object and returning the object. Let's define multiple
properties on an empty object,
const newObject = {};
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 112/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Object.defineProperties(newObject, {
newProperty1: {
value: 'John',
writable: true
},
newProperty2: {}
});
⬆ Back to Top
265. What is MEAN in javascript
The MEAN (MongoDB, Express, AngularJS, and Node.js) stack is the most popular
open-source JavaScript software tech stack available for building dynamic web apps
where you can write both the server-side and client-side halves of the web project
entirely in JavaScript.
⬆ Back to Top
266. What Is Obfuscation in javascript
Obfuscation is the deliberate act of creating obfuscated javascript code(i.e, source or
machine code) that is difficult for humans to understand. It is something similar to
encryption, but a machine can understand the code and execute it. Let's see the below
function before Obfuscation,
function greeting() {
console.log('Hello, welcome to JS world');
}
And after the code Obfuscation, it would be appeared as below,
eval(function(p,a,c,k,e,d){e=function(c){return c};if(!''.replace(/^/,String)){wh
⬆ Back to Top
267. Why do you need Obfuscation
Below are the few reasons for Obfuscation,
i. The Code size will be reduced. So data transfers between server and client will be
fast.
ii. It hides the business logic from outside world and protects the code from others
iii. Reverse engineering is highly difficult
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 113/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
iv. The download time will be reduced
⬆ Back to Top
268. What is Minification
Minification is the process of removing all unnecessary characters(empty spaces are
removed) and variables will be renamed without changing it's functionality. It is also a
type of obfuscation .
⬆ Back to Top
269. What are the advantages of minification
Normally it is recommended to use minification for heavy traffic and intensive
requirements of resources. It reduces file sizes with below benefits,
i. Decreases loading times of a web page
ii. Saves bandwidth usages
⬆ Back to Top
270. What are the differences between Obfuscation and Encryption
Below are the main differences between Obfuscation and Encryption,
Feature Obfuscation Encryption
Changing the form of any Changing the form of information to an
Definition
data in any other form unreadable format by using a key
A key to It can be decoded
It is required
decode without any key
Target
It will be converted to a
data Converted into an unreadable format
complex form
format
⬆ Back to Top
271. What are the common tools used for minification
There are many online/offline tools to minify the javascript files,
i. Google's Closure Compiler
ii. UglifyJS2
iii. jsmin
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 114/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
iv. javascript-minifier.com/
v. prettydiff.com
⬆ Back to Top
272. How do you perform form validation using javascript
JavaScript can be used to perform HTML form validation. For example, if the form field
is empty, the function needs to notify, and return false, to prevent the form being
submitted. Lets' perform user login in an html form,
<form name="myForm" onsubmit="return validateForm()" method="post">
User name: <input type="text" name="uname">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
And the validation on user login is below,
function validateForm() {
var x = document.forms["myForm"]["uname"].value;
if (x == "") {
alert("The username shouldn't be empty");
return false;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top
273. How do you perform form validation without javascript
You can perform HTML form validation automatically without using javascript. The
validation enabled by applying the required attribute to prevent form submission
when the input is empty.
<form method="post">
<input type="text" name="uname" required>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
Note: Automatic form validation does not work in Internet Explorer 9 or earlier.
⬆ Back to Top
274. What are the DOM methods available for constraint validation
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 115/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The below DOM methods are available for constraint validation on an invalid input,
i. checkValidity(): It returns true if an input element contains valid data.
ii. setCustomValidity(): It is used to set the validationMessage property of an input
element. Let's take an user login form with DOM validations
function myFunction() {
var userName = document.getElementById("uname");
if (!userName.checkValidity()) {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = userName.validationMessage;
} else {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = "Entered a valid username";
}
}
⬆ Back to Top
275. What are the available constraint validation DOM properties
Below are the list of some of the constraint validation DOM properties available,
i. validity: It provides a list of boolean properties related to the validity of an input
element.
ii. validationMessage: It displays the message when the validity is false.
iii. willValidate: It indicates if an input element will be validated or not.
⬆ Back to Top
276. What are the list of validity properties
The validity property of an input element provides a set of properties related to the
validity of data.
i. customError: It returns true, if a custom validity message is set.
ii. patternMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value does not match its pattern
attribute.
iii. rangeOverflow: It returns true, if an element's value is greater than its max
attribute.
iv. rangeUnderflow: It returns true, if an element's value is less than its min attribute.
v. stepMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value is invalid according to step
attribute.
vi. tooLong: It returns true, if an element's value exceeds its maxLength attribute.
vii. typeMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value is invalid according to type
attribute.
viii. valueMissing: It returns true, if an element with a required attribute has no value.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 116/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
ix. valid: It returns true, if an element's value is valid.
⬆ Back to Top
277. Give an example usage of rangeOverflow property
If an element's value is greater than its max attribute then rangeOverflow property
returns true. For example, the below form submission throws an error if the value is
more than 100,
<input id="age" type="number" max="100">
<button onclick="myOverflowFunction()">OK</button>
function myOverflowFunction() {
if (document.getElementById("age").validity.rangeOverflow) {
alert("The mentioned age is not allowed");
}
}
⬆ Back to Top
278. Is enums feature available in javascript
No, javascript does not natively support enums. But there are different kinds of
solutions to simulate them even though they may not provide exact equivalents. For
example, you can use freeze or seal on object,
var DaysEnum = Object.freeze({"monday":1, "tuesday":2, "wednesday":3, ...})
⬆ Back to Top
279. What is an enum
An enum is a type restricting variables to one value from a predefined set of constants.
JavaScript has no enums but typescript provides built-in enum support.
enum Color {
RED, GREEN, BLUE
}
⬆ Back to Top
280. How do you list all properties of an object
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 117/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
You can use the Object.getOwnPropertyNames() method which returns an array of all
properties found directly in a given object. Let's the usage of it in an example,
const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3
};
console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(newObject)); ["a", "b", "c"]
⬆ Back to Top
281. How do you get property descriptors of an object
You can use the Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors() method which returns all own
property descriptors of a given object. The example usage of this method is below,
const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3
};
const descriptorsObject = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(newObject);
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.writable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.configurable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.enumerable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.value); // 1
⬆ Back to Top
282. What are the attributes provided by a property descriptor
A property descriptor is a record which has the following attributes
i. value: The value associated with the property
ii. writable: Determines whether the value associated with the property can be
changed or not
iii. configurable: Returns true if the type of this property descriptor can be changed
and if the property can be deleted from the corresponding object.
iv. enumerable: Determines whether the property appears during enumeration of the
properties on the corresponding object or not.
v. set: A function which serves as a setter for the property
vi. get: A function which serves as a getter for the property
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 118/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
283. How do you extend classes
The extends keyword is used in class declarations/expressions to create a class which
is a child of another class. It can be used to subclass custom classes as well as built-in
objects. The syntax would be as below,
class ChildClass extends ParentClass { ... }
Let's take an example of Square subclass from Polygon parent class,
class Square extends Rectangle {
constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
this.name = 'Square';
}
get area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top
284. How do I modify the url without reloading the page
The window.location.url property will be helpful to modify the url but it reloads the
page. HTML5 introduced the history.pushState() and history.replaceState()
methods, which allow you to add and modify history entries, respectively. For example,
you can use pushState as below,
window.history.pushState('page2', 'Title', '/page2.html');
⬆ Back to Top
285. How do you check whether an array includes a particular value or
not
The Array#includes() method is used to determine whether an array includes a
particular value among its entries by returning either true or false. Let's see an example
to find an element(numeric and string) within an array.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 119/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
var numericArray = [1, 2, 3, 4];
console.log(numericArray.includes(3)); // true
var stringArray = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue'];
console.log(stringArray.includes('blue')); //true
⬆ Back to Top
286. How do you compare scalar arrays
You can use length and every method of arrays to compare two scalar(compared
directly using ===) arrays. The combination of these expressions can give the expected
result,
const arrayFirst = [1,2,3,4,5];
const arraySecond = [1,2,3,4,5];
console.log(arrayFirst.length === arraySecond.length && arrayFirst.every((value,
If you would like to compare arrays irrespective of order then you should sort them
before,
const arrayFirst = [2,3,1,4,5];
const arraySecond = [1,2,3,4,5];
console.log(arrayFirst.length === arraySecond.length && arrayFirst.sort().every((
⬆ Back to Top
287. How to get the value from get parameters
The new URL() object accepts the url string and searchParams property of this object
can be used to access the get parameters. Remember that you may need to use polyfill
or window.location to access the URL in older browsers(including IE).
let urlString = "http://www.some-domain.com/about.html?x=1&y=2&z=3"; //window.loc
let url = new URL(urlString);
let parameterZ = url.searchParams.get("z");
console.log(parameterZ); // 3
⬆ Back to Top
288. How do you print numbers with commas as thousand separators
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 120/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
You can use the Number.prototype.toLocaleString() method which returns a string
with a language-sensitive representation such as thousand separator,currency etc of
this number.
function convertToThousandFormat(x){
return x.toLocaleString(); // 12,345.679
}
console.log(convertToThousandFormat(12345.6789));
⬆ Back to Top
289. What is the difference between java and javascript
Both are totally unrelated programming languages and no relation between them. Java
is statically typed, compiled, runs on its own VM. Whereas Javascript is dynamically
typed, interpreted, and runs in a browser and nodejs environments. Let's see the major
differences in a tabular format,
Feature Java JavaScript
It's a strongly typed
Typed It's a dynamic typed language
language
Object oriented
Paradigm Prototype based programming
programming
Scoping Block scoped Function-scoped
Concurrency Thread based event based
Uses less memory. Hence it will be used
Memory Uses more memory
for web pages
⬆ Back to Top
290. Is javascript supports namespace
JavaScript doesn’t support namespace by default. So if you create any
element(function, method, object, variable) then it becomes global and pollutes the
global namespace. Let's take an example of defining two functions without any
namespace,
function func1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 121/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
function func1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
func1(); // This is a second definition
It always calls the second function definition. In this case, namespace will solve the
name collision problem.
⬆ Back to Top
291. How do you declare namespace
Even though JavaScript lacks namespaces, we can use Objects , IIFE to create
namespaces.
i. Using Object Literal Notation: Let's wrap variables and functions inside an Object
literal which acts as a namespace. After that you can access them using object
notation
var namespaceOne = {
function func1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
}
var namespaceTwo = {
function func1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
}
namespaceOne.func1(); // This is a first definition
namespaceTwo.func1(); // This is a second definition
i. Using IIFE (Immediately invoked function expression): The outer pair of
parentheses of IIFE creates a local scope for all the code inside of it and makes the
anonymous function a function expression. Due to that, you can create the same
function in two different function expressions to act as a namespace.
(function() {
function fun1(){
console.log("This is a first definition");
} fun1();
}());
(function() {
function fun1(){
console.log("This is a second definition");
} fun1();
}());
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 122/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
i. Using a block and a let/const declaration: In ECMAScript 6, you can simply use a
block and a let declaration to restrict the scope of a variable to a block.
{
let myFunction= function fun1(){
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.
{
let myFunction= function fun1(){
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.
⬆ Back to Top
292. How do you invoke javascript code in an iframe from parent page
Initially iFrame needs to be accessed using either document.getElementBy or
window.frames . After that contentWindow property of iFrame gives the access for
targetFunction
document.getElementById('targetFrame').contentWindow.targetFunction();
window.frames[0].frameElement.contentWindow.targetFunction(); // Accessing iframe
⬆ Back to Top
293. How do get the timezone offset from date
You can use the getTimezoneOffset method of the date object. This method returns
the time zone difference, in minutes, from current locale (host system settings) to UTC
var offset = new Date().getTimezoneOffset();
console.log(offset); // -480
⬆ Back to Top
294. How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 123/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
You can create both link and script elements in the DOM and append them as child to
head tag. Let's create a function to add script and style resources as below,
function loadAssets(filename, filetype) {
if (filetype == "css") { // External CSS file
var fileReference = document.createElement("link")
fileReference.setAttribute("rel", "stylesheet");
fileReference.setAttribute("type", "text/css");
fileReference.setAttribute("href", filename);
} else if (filetype == "js") { // External JavaScript file
var fileReference = document.createElement('script');
fileReference.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript");
fileReference.setAttribute("src", filename);
}
if (typeof fileReference != "undefined")
document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(fileReference)
}
⬆ Back to Top
295. What are the different methods to find HTML elements in DOM
If you want to access any element in an HTML page, you need to start with accessing
the document object. Later you can use any of the below methods to find the HTML
element,
i. document.getElementById(id): It finds an element by Id
ii. document.getElementsByTagName(name): It finds an element by tag name
iii. document.getElementsByClassName(name): It finds an element by class name
⬆ Back to Top
296. What is jQuery
jQuery is a popular cross-browser JavaScript library that provides Document Object
Model (DOM) traversal, event handling, animations and AJAX interactions by
minimizing the discrepancies across browsers. It is widely famous with its philosophy of
“Write less, do more”. For example, you can display welcome message on the page load
using jQuery as below,
$(document).ready(function(){ // It selects the document and apply the function o
alert('Welcome to jQuery world');
});
Note: You can download it from jquery's official site or install it from CDNs, like google.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 124/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
297. What is V8 JavaScript engine
V8 is an open source high-performance JavaScript engine used by the Google Chrome
browser, written in C++. It is also being used in the node.js project. It implements
ECMAScript and WebAssembly, and runs on Windows 7 or later, macOS 10.12+, and
Linux systems that use x64, IA-32, ARM, or MIPS processors. Note: It can run
standalone, or can be embedded into any C++ application.
⬆ Back to Top
298. Why do we call javascript as dynamic language
JavaScript is a loosely typed or a dynamic language because variables in JavaScript are
not directly associated with any particular value type, and any variable can be
assigned/reassigned with values of all types.
let age = 50; // age is a number now
age = 'old'; // age is a string now
age = true; // age is a boolean
⬆ Back to Top
299. What is a void operator
The void operator evaluates the given expression and then returns undefined(i.e,
without returning value). The syntax would be as below,
void (expression)
void expression
Let's display a message without any redirection or reload
<a href="javascript:void(alert('Welcome to JS world'))">Click here to see a messa
Note: This operator is often used to obtain the undefined primitive value, using
"void(0)".
⬆ Back to Top
300. How to set the cursor to wait
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 125/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The cursor can be set to wait in JavaScript by using the property "cursor". Let's perform
this behavior on page load using the below function.
function myFunction() {
window.document.body.style.cursor = "wait";
}
and this function invoked on page load
<body onload="myFunction()">
⬆ Back to Top
301. How do you create an infinite loop
You can create infinite loops using for and while loops without using any expressions.
The for loop construct or syntax is better approach in terms of ESLint and code
optimizer tools,
for (;;) {}
while(true) {
}
⬆ Back to Top
302. Why do you need to avoid with statement
JavaScript's with statement was intended to provide a shorthand for writing recurring
accesses to objects. So it can help reduce file size by reducing the need to repeat a
lengthy object reference without performance penalty. Let's take an example where it is
used to avoid redundancy when accessing an object several times.
a.b.c.greeting = 'welcome';
a.b.c.age = 32;
Using with it turns this into:
with(a.b.c) {
greeting = "welcome";
age = 32;
}
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 126/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
But this with statement creates performance problems since one cannot predict
whether an argument will refer to a real variable or to a property inside the with
argument.
⬆ Back to Top
303. What is the output of below for loops
for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) { // global scope
setTimeout(() => console.log(i));
}
for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) { // block scope
setTimeout(() => console.log(i));
}
The output of the above for loops is 4 4 4 4 and 0 1 2 3
Explanation: Due to the event queue/loop of javascript, the setTimeout callback
function is called after the loop has been executed. Since the variable i is declared with
the var keyword it became a global variable and the value was equal to 4 using
iteration when the time setTimeout function is invoked. Hence, the output of the first
loop is 4 4 4 4 .
Whereas in the second loop, the variable i is declared as the let keyword it becomes a
block scoped variable and it holds a new value(0, 1 ,2 3) for each iteration. Hence, the
output of the first loop is 0 1 2 3 .
⬆ Back to Top
304. List down some of the features of ES6
Below are the list of some new features of ES6,
i. Support for constants or immutable variables
ii. Block-scope support for variables, constants and functions
iii. Arrow functions
iv. Default parameters
v. Rest and Spread Parameters
vi. Template Literals
vii. Multi-line Strings
viii. Destructuring Assignment
ix. Enhanced Object Literals
x. Promises
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 127/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
xi. Classes
xii. Modules
⬆ Back to Top
305. What is ES6
ES6 is the sixth edition of the javascript language and it was released in June 2015. It
was initially known as ECMAScript 6 (ES6) and later renamed to ECMAScript 2015.
Almost all the modern browsers support ES6 but for the old browsers there are many
transpilers, like Babel.js etc.
⬆ Back to Top
306. Can I redeclare let and const variables
No, you cannot redeclare let and const variables. If you do, it throws below error
Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'someVariable' has already been declared
Explanation: The variable declaration with var keyword refers to a function scope and
the variable is treated as if it were declared at the top of the enclosing scope due to
hoisting feature. So all the multiple declarations contributing to the same hoisted
variable without any error. Let's take an example of re-declaring variables in the same
scope for both var and let/const variables.
var name = 'John';
function myFunc() {
var name = 'Nick';
var name = 'Abraham'; // Re-assigned in the same function block
alert(name); // Abraham
}
myFunc();
alert(name); // John
The block-scoped multi-declaration throws syntax error,
let name = 'John';
function myFunc() {
let name = 'Nick';
let name = 'Abraham'; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'name' has already
alert(name);
}
myFunc();
alert(name);
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 128/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
307. Is const variable makes the value immutable
No, the const variable doesn't make the value immutable. But it disallows subsequent
assignments(i.e, You can declare with assignment but can't assign another value later)
const userList = [];
userList.push('John'); // Can mutate even though it can't re-assign
console.log(userList); // ['John']
⬆ Back to Top
308. What are default parameters
In E5, we need to depend on logical OR operators to handle default values of function
parameters. Whereas in ES6, Default function parameters feature allows parameters to
be initialized with default values if no value or undefined is passed. Let's compare the
behavior with an examples,
//ES5
var calculateArea = function(height, width) {
height = height || 50;
width = width || 60;
return width * height;
}
console.log(calculateArea()); //300
The default parameters makes the initialization more simpler,
//ES6
var calculateArea = function(height = 50, width = 60) {
return width * height;
}
console.log(calculateArea()); //300
⬆ Back to Top
309. What are template literals
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 129/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Template literals or template strings are string literals allowing embedded expressions.
These are enclosed by the back-tick (`) character instead of double or single quotes. In
E6, this feature enables using dynamic expressions as below,
var greeting = `Welcome to JS World, Mr. ${firstName} ${lastName}.`
In ES5, you need break string like below,
var greeting = 'Welcome to JS World, Mr. ' + firstName + ' ' + lastName.`
Note: You can use multi-line strings and string interpolation features with template
literals.
⬆ Back to Top
310. How do you write multi-line strings in template literals
In ES5, you would have to use newline escape characters('\n') and concatenation
symbols(+) in order to get multi-line strings.
console.log('This is string sentence 1\n' +
'This is string sentence 2');
Whereas in ES6, You don't need to mention any newline sequence character,
console.log(`This is string sentence
'This is string sentence 2`);
⬆ Back to Top
311. What are nesting templates
The nesting template is a feature supported within template literals syntax to allow
inner backticks inside a placeholder ${ } within the template. For example, the below
nesting template is used to display the icons based on user permissions whereas outer
template checks for platform type,
const iconStyles = `icon ${ isMobilePlatform() ? '' :
`icon-${user.isAuthorized ? 'submit' : 'disabled'}` }`;
You can write the above use case without nesting template features as well. However,
the nesting template feature is more compact and readable.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 130/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
//Without nesting templates
const iconStyles = `icon ${ isMobilePlatform() ? '' :
(user.isAuthorized ? 'icon-submit' : 'icon-disabled'}`;
⬆ Back to Top
312. What are tagged templates
Tagged templates are the advanced form of templates in which tags allow you to parse
template literals with a function. The tag function accepts the first parameter as an
array of strings and remaining parameters as expressions. This function can also return
manipulated strings based on parameters. Let's see the usage of this tagged template
behavior of an IT professional skill set in an organization,
var user1 = 'John';
var skill1 = 'JavaScript';
var experience1 = 15;
var user2 = 'Kane';
var skill2 = 'JavaScript';
var experience2 = 5;
function myInfoTag(strings, userExp, experienceExp, skillExp) {
var str0 = strings[0]; // "Mr/Ms. "
var str1 = strings[1]; // " is a/an "
var str2 = strings[2]; // "in"
var expertiseStr;
if (experienceExp > 10){
expertiseStr = 'expert developer';
} else if(skillExp > 5 && skillExp <= 10) {
expertiseStr = 'senior developer';
} else {
expertiseStr = 'junior developer';
}
return ${str0}${userExp}${str1}${expertiseStr}${str2}${skillExp};
}
var output1 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${ user1 } is a/an ${ experience1 } in ${skill1}`;
var output2 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${ user2 } is a/an ${ experience2 } in ${skill2}`;
console.log(output1);// Mr/Ms. John is a/an expert developer in JavaScript
console.log(output2);// Mr/Ms. Kane is a/an junior developer in JavaScript
⬆ Back to Top
313. What are raw strings
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 131/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
ES6 provides a raw strings feature using the String.raw() method which is used to get
the raw string form of template strings. This feature allows you to access the raw strings
as they were entered, without processing escape sequences. For example, the usage
would be as below,
var calculationString = String.raw `The sum of numbers is \n${1+2+3+4}!`;
console.log(calculationString); // The sum of numbers is 10
If you don't use raw strings, the newline character sequence will be processed by
displaying the output in multiple lines
var calculationString = `The sum of numbers is \n${1+2+3+4}!`;
console.log(calculationString);
// The sum of numbers is
// 10
Also, the raw property is available on the first argument to the tag function
function tag(strings) {
console.log(strings.raw[0]);
}
⬆ Back to Top
314. What is destructuring assignment
The destructuring assignment is a JavaScript expression that makes it possible to
unpack values from arrays or properties from objects into distinct variables. Let's get
the month values from an array using destructuring assignment
var [one, two, three] = ['JAN', 'FEB', 'MARCH'];
console.log(one); // "JAN"
console.log(two); // "FEB"
console.log(three); // "MARCH"
and you can get user properties of an object using destructuring assignment,
var {name, age} = {name: 'John', age: 32};
console.log(name); // John
console.log(age); // 32
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 132/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
315. What are default values in destructuring assignment
A variable can be assigned a default value when the value unpacked from the array or
object is undefined during destructuring assignment. It helps to avoid setting default
values separately for each assignment. Let's take an example for both arrays and object
use cases,
Arrays destructuring:
var x, y, z;
[x=2, y=4, z=6] = [10];
console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 4
console.log(z); // 6
Objects destructuring:
var {x=2, y=4, z=6} = {x: 10};
console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 4
console.log(z); // 6
⬆ Back to Top
316. How do you swap variables in destructuring assignment
If you don't use destructuring assignment, swapping two values requires a temporary
variable. Whereas using a destructuring feature, two variable values can be swapped in
one destructuring expression. Let's swap two number variables in array destructuring
assignment,
var x = 10, y = 20;
[x, y] = [y, x];
console.log(x); // 20
console.log(y); // 10
⬆ Back to Top
317. What are enhanced object literals
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 133/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Object literals make it easy to quickly create objects with properties inside the curly
braces. For example, it provides shorter syntax for common object property definition
as below.
//ES6
var x = 10, y = 20
obj = { x, y }
console.log(obj); // {x: 10, y:20}
//ES5
var x = 10, y = 20
obj = { x : x, y : y}
console.log(obj); // {x: 10, y:20}
⬆ Back to Top
318. What are dynamic imports
The dynamic imports using import() function syntax allows us to load modules on
demand by using promises or the async/await syntax. Currently this feature is in stage4
proposal. The main advantage of dynamic imports is reduction of our bundle's sizes,
the size/payload response of our requests and overall improvements in the user
experience. The syntax of dynamic imports would be as below,
import('./Module').then(Module => Module.method());
⬆ Back to Top
319. What are the use cases for dynamic imports
Below are some of the use cases of using dynamic imports over static imports,
i. Import a module on-demand or conditionally. For example, if you want to load a
polyfill on legacy browser
if (isLegacyBrowser()) {
import(···)
.then(···);
}
i. Compute the module specifier at runtime. For example, you can use it for
internationalization.
import(`messages_${getLocale()}.js`).then(···);
i. Import a module from within a regular script instead a module.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 134/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
320. What are typed arrays
Typed arrays are array-like objects from ECMAScript 6 API for handling binary data.
JavaScript provides 8 Typed array types,
i. Int8Array: An array of 8-bit signed integers
ii. Int16Array: An array of 16-bit signed integers
iii. Int32Array: An array of 32-bit signed integers
iv. Uint8Array: An array of 8-bit unsigned integers
v. Uint16Array: An array of 16-bit unsigned integers
vi. Uint32Array: An array of 32-bit unsigned integers
vii. Float32Array: An array of 32-bit floating point numbers
viii. Float64Array: An array of 64-bit floating point numbers
For example, you can create an array of 8-bit signed integers as below
const a = new Int8Array();
// You can pre-allocate n bytes
const bytes = 1024
const a = new Int8Array(bytes)
⬆ Back to Top
321. What are the advantages of module loaders
The module loaders provides the below features,
i. Dynamic loading
ii. State isolation
iii. Global namespace isolation
iv. Compilation hooks
v. Nested virtualization
⬆ Back to Top
322. What is collation
Collation is used for sorting a set of strings and searching within a set of strings. It is
parameterized by locale and aware of Unicode. Let's take comparison and sorting
features,
i. Comparison:
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 135/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
var list = [ "ä", "a", "z" ]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a" Whereas in Swedis
var l10nDE = new Intl.Collator("de");
var l10nSV = new Intl.Collator("sv");
console.log(l10nDE.compare("ä", "z") === -1); // true
console.log(l10nSV.compare("ä", "z") === +1); // true
i. Sorting:
var list = [ "ä", "a", "z" ]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a" Whereas in Swedis
var l10nDE = new Intl.Collator("de");
var l10nSV = new Intl.Collator("sv");
console.log(list.sort(l10nDE.compare)) // [ "a", "ä", "z" ]
console.log(list.sort(l10nSV.compare)) // [ "a", "z", "ä" ]
⬆ Back to Top
323. What is for...of statement
The for...of statement creates a loop iterating over iterable objects or elements such as
built-in String, Array, Array-like objects (like arguments or NodeList), TypedArray, Map,
Set, and user-defined iterables. The basic usage of for...of statement on arrays would be
as below,
let arrayIterable = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
for (let value of arrayIterable) {
value ++;
console.log(value); // 11 21 31 41 51
}
⬆ Back to Top
324. What is the output of below spread operator array
[...'John Resig']
The output of the array is ['J', 'o', 'h', 'n', '', 'R', 'e', 's', 'i', 'g'] Explanation: The string is an
iterable type and the spread operator within an array maps every character of an
iterable to one element. Hence, each character of a string becomes an element within
an Array.
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 136/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
325. Is PostMessage secure
Yes, postMessages can be considered very secure as long as the
programmer/developer is careful about checking the origin and source of an arriving
message. But if you try to send/receive a message without verifying its source will
create cross-site scripting attacks.
⬆ Back to Top
326. What are the problems with postmessage target origin as wildcard
The second argument of postMessage method specifies which origin is allowed to
receive the message. If you use the wildcard “*” as an argument then any origin is
allowed to receive the message. In this case, there is no way for the sender window to
know if the target window is at the target origin when sending the message. If the
target window has been navigated to another origin, the other origin would receive the
data. Hence, this may lead to XSS vulnerabilities.
targetWindow.postMessage(message, '*');
⬆ Back to Top
327. How do you avoid receiving postMessages from attackers
Since the listener listens for any message, an attacker can trick the application by
sending a message from the attacker’s origin, which gives an impression that the
receiver received the message from the actual sender’s window. You can avoid this
issue by validating the origin of the message on the receiver's end using the
“message.origin” attribute. For examples, let's check the sender's origin
http://www.some-sender.com on receiver side www.some-receiver.com,
//Listener on http://www.some-receiver.com/
window.addEventListener("message", function(message){
if(/^http://www\.some-sender\.com$/.test(message.origin)){
console.log('You received the data from valid sender', message.data);
}
});
⬆ Back to Top
328. Can I avoid using postMessages completely
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 137/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
You cannot avoid using postMessages completely(or 100%). Even though your
application doesn’t use postMessage considering the risks, a lot of third party scripts
use postMessage to communicate with the third party service. So your application
might be using postMessage without your knowledge.
⬆ Back to Top
329. Is postMessages synchronous
The postMessages are synchronous in IE8 browser but they are asynchronous in IE9
and all other modern browsers (i.e, IE9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari).Due to this
asynchronous behaviour, we use a callback mechanism when the postMessage is
returned.
⬆ Back to Top
330. What paradigm is Javascript
JavaScript is a multi-paradigm language, supporting imperative/procedural
programming, Object-Oriented Programming and functional programming. JavaScript
supports Object-Oriented Programming with prototypical inheritance.
⬆ Back to Top
331. What is the difference between internal and external javascript
Internal JavaScript: It is the source code within the script tag. External JavaScript: The
source code is stored in an external file(stored with .js extension) and referred with in
the tag.
⬆ Back to Top
332. Is JavaScript faster than server side script
Yes, JavaScript is faster than server side script. Because JavaScript is a client-side script it
does not require any web server’s help for its computation or calculation. So JavaScript
is always faster than any server-side script like ASP, PHP, etc.
⬆ Back to Top
333. How do you get the status of a checkbox
You can apply the checked property on the selected checkbox in the DOM. If the value
is True means the checkbox is checked otherwise it is unchecked. For example, the
below HTML checkbox element can be access using javascript as below,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 138/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
<input type="checkbox" name="checkboxname" value="Agree"> Agree the conditions<
console.log(document.getElementById(‘checkboxname’).checked); // true or false
⬆ Back to Top
334. What is the purpose of double tilde operator
The double tilde operator(~~) is known as double NOT bitwise operator. This operator
is going to be a quicker substitute for Math.floor().
⬆ Back to Top
335. How do you convert character to ASCII code
You can use the String.prototype.charCodeAt() method to convert string characters to
ASCII numbers. For example, let's find ASCII code for the first letter of 'ABC' string,
"ABC".charCodeAt(0) // returns 65
Whereas String.fromCharCode() method converts numbers to equal ASCII characters.
String.fromCharCode(65,66,67); // returns 'ABC'
⬆ Back to Top
336. What is ArrayBuffer
An ArrayBuffer object is used to represent a generic, fixed-length raw binary data
buffer. You can create it as below,
let buffer = new ArrayBuffer(16); // create a buffer of length 16
alert(buffer.byteLength); // 16
To manipulate an ArrayBuffer, we need to use a “view” object.
//Create a DataView referring to the buffer
let view = new DataView(buffer);
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 139/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
337. What is the output of below string expression
console.log("Welcome to JS world"[0])
The output of the above expression is "W". Explanation: The bracket notation with
specific index on a string returns the character at a specific location. Hence, it returns
the character "W" of the string. Since this is not supported in IE7 and below versions,
you may need to use the .charAt() method to get the desired result.
⬆ Back to Top
338. What is the purpose of Error object
The Error constructor creates an error object and the instances of error objects are
thrown when runtime errors occur. The Error object can also be used as a base object
for user-defined exceptions. The syntax of error object would be as below,
new Error([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])
You can throw user defined exceptions or errors using Error object in try...catch block as
below,
try {
if(withdraw > balance)
throw new Error("Oops! You don't have enough balance");
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.name + ': ' + e.message);
}
⬆ Back to Top
339. What is the purpose of EvalError object
The EvalError object indicates an error regarding the global eval() function. Even
though this exception is not thrown by JavaScript anymore, the EvalError object remains
for compatibility. The syntax of this expression would be as below,
new EvalError([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])
You can throw EvalError with in try...catch block as below,
try {
throw new EvalError('Eval function error', 'someFile.js', 100);
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 140/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.message, e.name, e.fileName); // "Eval function erro
⬆ Back to Top
340. What are the list of cases error thrown from non-strict mode to
strict mode
When you apply 'use strict'; syntax, some of the below cases will throw a SyntaxError
before executing the script
i. When you use Octal syntax
var n = 022;
i. Using with statement
ii. When you use delete operator on a variable name
iii. Using eval or arguments as variable or function argument name
iv. When you use newly reserved keywords
v. When you declare a function in a block
if (someCondition) { function f() {} }
Hence, the errors from above cases are helpful to avoid errors in
development/production environments.
⬆ Back to Top
341. Is all objects have prototypes
No. All objects have prototypes except for the base object which is created by the user,
or an object that is created using the new keyword.
⬆ Back to Top
342. What is the difference between a parameter and an argument
Parameter is the variable name of a function definition whereas an argument represents
the value given to a function when it is invoked. Let's explain this with a simple function
function myFunction(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {
console.log(arguments[0]) // "argument1"
console.log(arguments[1]) // "argument2"
console.log(arguments[2]) // "argument3"
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 141/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
}
myFunction("argument1", "argument2", "argument3")
⬆ Back to Top
343. What is the purpose of some method in arrays
The some() method is used to test whether at least one element in the array passes the
test implemented by the provided function. The method returns a boolean value. Let's
take an example to test for any odd elements,
var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,7, 8, 9, 10];
var odd = element ==> element % 2 !== 0;
console.log(array.some(odd)); // true (the odd element exists)
⬆ Back to Top
344. How do you combine two or more arrays
The concat() method is used to join two or more arrays by returning a new array
containing all the elements. The syntax would be as below,
array1.concat(array2, array3, ..., arrayX)
Let's take an example of array's concatenation with veggies and fruits arrays,
var veggies = ["Tomato", "Carrot", "Cabbage"];
var fruits = ["Apple", "Orange", "Pears"];
var veggiesAndFruits = veggies.concat(fruits);
console.log(veggiesAndFruits); // Tomato, Carrot, Cabbage, Apple, Orange, Pears
⬆ Back to Top
345. What is the difference between Shallow and Deep copy
There are two ways to copy an object,
Shallow Copy: Shallow copy is a bitwise copy of an object. A new object is created that
has an exact copy of the values in the original object. If any of the fields of the object
are references to other objects, just the reference addresses are copied i.e., only the
memory address is copied.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 142/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Example
var empDetails = {
name: "John", age: 25, expertise: "Software Developer"
}
to create a duplicate
var empDetailsShallowCopy = empDetails //Shallow copying!
if we change some property value in the duplicate one like this:
empDetailsShallowCopy.name = "Johnson"
The above statement will also change the name of empDetails , since we have a shallow
copy. That means we're losing the original data as well.
Deep copy: A deep copy copies all fields, and makes copies of dynamically allocated
memory pointed to by the fields. A deep copy occurs when an object is copied along
with the objects to which it refers.
Example
var empDetails = {
name: "John", age: 25, expertise: "Software Developer"
}
Create a deep copy by using the properties from the original object into new variable
var empDetailsDeepCopy = {
name: empDetails.name,
age: empDetails.age,
expertise: empDetails.expertise
}
Now if you change empDetailsDeepCopy.name , it will only affect empDetailsDeepCopy &
not empDetails
⬆ Back to Top
346. How do you create specific number of copies of a string
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 143/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The repeat() method is used to construct and return a new string which contains the
specified number of copies of the string on which it was called, concatenated together.
Remember that this method has been added to the ECMAScript 2015 specification.
Let's take an example of Hello string to repeat it 4 times,
'Hello'.repeat(4); // 'HelloHelloHelloHello'
347. How do you return all matching strings against a regular expression
The matchAll() method can be used to return an iterator of all results matching a
string against a regular expression. For example, the below example returns an array of
matching string results against a regular expression,
let regexp = /Hello(\d?))/g;
let greeting = 'Hello1Hello2Hello3';
let greetingList = [...greeting.matchAll(regexp)];
console.log(greetingList[0]); //Hello1
console.log(greetingList[1]); //Hello2
console.log(greetingList[2]); //Hello3
⬆ Back to Top
348. How do you trim a string at the beginning or ending
The trim method of string prototype is used to trim on both sides of a string. But if
you want to trim especially at the beginning or ending of the string then you can use
trimStart/trimLeft and trimEnd/trimRight methods. Let's see an example of these
methods on a greeting message,
var greeting = ' Hello, Goodmorning! ';
console.log(greeting); // " Hello, Goodmorning! "
console.log(greeting.trimStart()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "
console.log(greeting.trimLeft()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "
console.log(greeting.trimEnd()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"
console.log(greeting.trimRight()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"
⬆ Back to Top
349. What is the output of below console statement with unary operator
Let's take console statement with unary operator as given below,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 144/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
console.log(+ 'Hello');
The output of the above console log statement returns NaN. Because the element is
prefixed by the unary operator and the JavaScript interpreter will try to convert that
element into a number type. Since the conversion fails, the value of the statement
results in NaN value.
⬆ Back to Top
350. Does javascript uses mixins
⬆ Back to Top
351. What is a thunk function
A thunk is just a function which delays the evaluation of the value. It doesn’t take any
arguments but gives the value whenever you invoke the thunk. i.e, It is used not to
execute now but it will be sometime in the future. Let's take a synchronous example,
const add = (x,y) => x + y;
const thunk = () => add(2,3);
thunk() // 5
⬆ Back to Top
352. What are asynchronous thunks
The asynchronous thunks are useful to make network requests. Let's see an example of
network requests,
function fetchData(fn){
fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1')
.then(response => response.json())
.then(json => fn(json))
}
const asyncThunk = function (){
return fetchData(function getData(data){
console.log(data)
})
}
asyncThunk()
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 145/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The getData function won't be called immediately but it will be invoked only when the
data is available from API endpoint. The setTimeout function is also used to make our
code asynchronous. The best real time example is redux state management library
which uses the asynchronous thunks to delay the actions to dispatch.
⬆ Back to Top
353. What is the output of below function calls
Code snippet:
const circle = {
radius: 20,
diameter() {
return this.radius * 2;
},
perimeter: () => 2 * Math.PI * this.radius
};
console.log(circle.diameter()); console.log(circle.perimeter());
Output:
The output is 40 and NaN. Remember that diameter is a regular function, whereas the
value of perimeter is an arrow function. The this keyword of a regular function(i.e,
diameter) refers to the surrounding scope which is a class(i.e, Shape object). Whereas
this keyword of perimeter function refers to the surrounding scope which is a window
object. Since there is no radius property on window objects it returns an undefined
value and the multiple of number value returns NaN value.
⬆ Back to Top
354. How to remove all line breaks from a string
The easiest approach is using regular expressions to detect and replace newlines in the
string. In this case, we use replace function along with string to replace with, which in
our case is an empty string.
function remove_linebreaks( var message ) {
return message.replace( /[\r\n]+/gm, "" );
}
In the above expression, g and m are for global and multiline flags.
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 146/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
355. What is the difference between reflow and repaint
A repaint occurs when changes are made which affect the visibility of an element, but
not its layout. Examples of this include outline, visibility, or background color. A reflow
involves changes that affect the layout of a portion of the page (or the whole page).
Resizing the browser window, changing the font, content changing (such as user typing
text), using JavaScript methods involving computed styles, adding or removing
elements from the DOM, and changing an element's classes are a few of the things that
can trigger reflow. Reflow of an element causes the subsequent reflow of all child and
ancestor elements as well as any elements following it in the DOM.
⬆ Back to Top
356. What happens with negating an array
Negating an array with ! character will coerce the array into a boolean. Since Arrays
are considered to be truthy So negating it will return false .
console.log(![]); // false
⬆ Back to Top
357. What happens if we add two arrays
If you add two arrays together, it will convert them both to strings and concatenate
them. For example, the result of adding arrays would be as below,
console.log(['a'] + ['b']); // "ab"
console.log([] + []); // ""
console.log(![] + []); // "false", because ![] returns false.
⬆ Back to Top
358. What is the output of prepend additive operator on falsy values
If you prepend the additive(+) operator on falsy values(null, undefined, NaN, false, ""),
the falsy value converts to a number value zero. Let's display them on browser console
as below,
console.log(+null); // 0
console.log(+undefined);// NaN
console.log(+false); // 0
console.log(+NaN); // NaN
console.log(+""); // 0
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 147/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
359. How do you create self string using special characters
The self string can be formed with the combination of []()!+ characters. You need to
remember the below conventions to achieve this pattern.
i. Since Arrays are truthful values, negating the arrays will produce false: ![] === false
ii. As per JavaScript coercion rules, the addition of arrays together will toString them:
[] + [] === ""
iii. Prepend an array with + operator will convert an array to false, the negation will
make it true and finally converting the result will produce value '1': +(!(+[])) === 1
By applying the above rules, we can derive below conditions
![] + [] === "false"
+!+[] === 1
Now the character pattern would be created as below,
s e l f
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![] + [])[3] + (![] + [])[4] + (![] + [])[2] + (![] + [])[0]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+[]]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]]+(![
⬆ Back to Top
360. How do you remove falsy values from an array
You can apply the filter method on the array by passing Boolean as a parameter. This
way it removes all falsy values(0, undefined, null, false and "") from the array.
const myArray = [false, null, 1,5, undefined]
myArray.filter(Boolean); // [1, 5] // is same as myArray.filter(x => x);
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 148/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
361. How do you get unique values of an array
You can get unique values of an array with the combination of Set and rest
expression/spread(...) syntax.
console.log([...new Set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3])]); // [1, 2, 4, 3]
⬆ Back to Top
362. What is destructuring aliases
Sometimes you would like to have a destructured variable with a different name than
the property name. In that case, you'll use a : newName to specify a name for the
variable. This process is called destructuring aliases.
const obj = { x: 1 };
// Grabs obj.x as as { otherName }
const { x: otherName } = obj;
⬆ Back to Top
363. How do you map the array values without using map method
You can map the array values without using the map method by just using the from
method of Array. Let's map city names from Countries array,
const countries = [
{ name: 'India', capital: 'Delhi' },
{ name: 'US', capital: 'Washington' },
{ name: 'Russia', capital: 'Moscow' },
{ name: 'Singapore', capital: 'Singapore' },
{ name: 'China', capital: 'Beijing' },
{ name: 'France', capital: 'Paris' },
];
const cityNames = Array.from(countries, ({ capital}) => capital);
console.log(cityNames); // ['Delhi, 'Washington', 'Moscow', 'Singapore', 'Beijing
⬆ Back to Top
364. How do you empty an array
You can empty an array quickly by setting the array length to zero.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 149/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
let cities = ['Singapore', 'Delhi', 'London'];
cities.length = 0; // cities becomes []
⬆ Back to Top
365. How do you rounding numbers to certain decimals
You can round numbers to a certain number of decimals using toFixed method from
native javascript.
let pie = 3.141592653;
pie = pie.toFixed(3); // 3.142
⬆ Back to Top
366. What is the easiest way to convert an array to an object
You can convert an array to an object with the same data using spread(...) operator.
var fruits = ["banana", "apple", "orange", "watermelon"];
var fruitsObject = {...fruits};
console.log(fruitsObject); // {0: "banana", 1: "apple", 2: "orange", 3: "watermel
⬆ Back to Top
367. How do you create an array with some data
You can create an array with some data or an array with the same values using fill
method.
var newArray = new Array(5).fill("0");
console.log(newArray); // ["0", "0", "0", "0", "0"]
⬆ Back to Top
368. What are the placeholders from console object
Below are the list of placeholders available from console object,
i. %o — It takes an object,
ii. %s — It takes a string,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 150/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
iii. %d — It is used for a decimal or integer These placeholders can be represented in
the console.log as below
const user = { "name":"John", "id": 1, "city": "Delhi"};
console.log("Hello %s, your details %o are available in the object form", "John",
⬆ Back to Top
369. Is it possible to add CSS to console messages
Yes, you can apply CSS styles to console messages similar to html text on the web page.
console.log('%c The text has blue color, with large font and red background', 'co
The text will be displayed as below,
Note: All CSS styles can be applied to console messages.
⬆ Back to Top
370. What is the purpose of dir method of console object
The console.dir() is used to display an interactive list of the properties of the
specified JavaScript object as JSON.
const user = { "name":"John", "id": 1, "city": "Delhi"};
console.dir(user);
The user object displayed in JSON representation
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 151/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
371. Is it possible to debug HTML elements in console
Yes, it is possible to get and debug HTML elements in the console just like inspecting
elements.
const element = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];
console.log(element);
It prints the HTML element in the console,
⬆ Back to Top
372. How do you display data in a tabular format using console object
The console.table() is used to display data in the console in a tabular format to
visualize complex arrays or objects.
const users = [{ "name":"John", "id": 1, "city": "Delhi"}, { "name":"Max", "id":
console.table(users);
The data visualized in a table format,
Not: Remember that console.table() is not supported in IE.
⬆ Back to Top
373. How do you verify that an argument is a Number or not
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 152/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
The combination of IsNaN and isFinite methods are used to confirm whether an
argument is a number or not.
function isNumber(n){
return !isNaN(parseFloat(n)) && isFinite(n);
}
⬆ Back to Top
374. How do you create copy to clipboard button
You need to select the content(using .select() method) of the input element and execute
the copy command with execCommand (i.e, execCommand('copy')). You can also
execute other system commands like cut and paste.
document.querySelector("#copy-button").onclick = function() {
// Select the content
document.querySelector("#copy-input").select();
// Copy to the clipboard
document.execCommand('copy');
};
⬆ Back to Top
375. What is the shortcut to get timestamp
You can use new Date().getTime() to get the current timestamp. There is an alternative
shortcut to get the value.
console.log(+new Date());
console.log(Date.now());
⬆ Back to Top
376. How do you flattening multi dimensional arrays
Flattening bi-dimensional arrays is trivial with Spread operator.
const biDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, 55], [66, 77], 88, 99];
const flattenArr = [].concat(...biDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77
But you can make it work with multi-dimensional arrays by recursive calls,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 153/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
function flattenMultiArray(arr) {
const flattened = [].concat(...arr);
return flattened.some(item => Array.isArray(item)) ? flattenMultiArray(flatte
}
const multiDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, [55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]]];
const flatArr = flattenMultiArray(multiDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 6
⬆ Back to Top
377. What is the easiest multi condition checking
You can use indexOf to compare input with multiple values instead of checking each
value as one condition.
// Verbose approach
if (input === 'first' || input === 1 || input === 'second' || input === 2) {
someFunction();
}
// Shortcut
if (['first', 1, 'second', 2].indexOf(input) !== -1) {
someFunction();
}
⬆ Back to Top
378. How do you capture browser back button
The window.onbeforeunload method is used to capture browser back button events.
This is helpful to warn users about losing the current data.
window.onbeforeunload = function() {
alert("You work will be lost");
};
⬆ Back to Top
379. How do you disable right click in the web page
The right click on the page can be disabled by returning false from the oncontextmenu
attribute on the body element.
<body oncontextmenu="return false;">
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 154/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
380. What are wrapper objects
Primitive Values like string,number and boolean don't have properties and methods but
they are temporarily converted or coerced to an object(Wrapper object) when you try
to perform actions on them. For example, if you apply toUpperCase() method on a
primitive string value, it does not throw an error but returns uppercase of the string.
let name = "john";
console.log(name.toUpperCase()); // Behind the scenes treated as console.log(new
i.e, Every primitive except null and undefined have Wrapper Objects and the list of
wrapper objects are String,Number,Boolean,Symbol and BigInt.
⬆ Back to Top
381. What is AJAX
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and it is a group of related
technologies(HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XMLHttpRequest API etc) used to display data
asynchronously. i.e. We can send data to the server and get data from the server
without reloading the web page.
⬆ Back to Top
382. What are the different ways to deal with Asynchronous Code
Below are the list of different ways to deal with Asynchronous code.
i. Callbacks
ii. Promises
iii. Async/await
iv. Third-party libraries such as async.js,bluebird etc
⬆ Back to Top
383. How to cancel a fetch request
Until a few days back, One shortcoming of native promises is no direct way to cancel a
fetch request. But the new AbortController from js specification allows you to use a
signal to abort one or multiple fetch calls. The basic flow of cancelling a fetch request
would be as below,
i. Create an AbortController instance
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 155/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
ii. Get the signal property of an instance and pass the signal as a fetch option for
signal
iii. Call the AbortController's abort property to cancel all fetches that use that signal
For example, let's pass the same signal to multiple fetch calls will cancel all
requests with that signal,
const controller = new AbortController();
const { signal } = controller;
fetch("http://localhost:8000", { signal }).then(response => {
console.log(`Request 1 is complete!`);
}).catch(e => {
if(e.name === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});
fetch("http://localhost:8000", { signal }).then(response => {
console.log(`Request 2 is complete!`);
}).catch(e => {
if(e.name === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});
// Wait 2 seconds to abort both requests
setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 2000);
⬆ Back to Top
384. What is web speech API
Web speech API is used to enable modern browsers recognize and synthesize
speech(i.e, voice data into web apps). This API has been introduced by W3C Community
in the year 2012. It has two main parts,
i. SpeechRecognition (Asynchronous Speech Recognition or Speech-to-Text): It
provides the ability to recognize voice context from an audio input and respond
accordingly. This is accessed by the SpeechRecognition interface. The below
example shows on how to use this API to get text from speech,
window.SpeechRecognition = window.webkitSpeechRecognition || window.SpeechRecogni
const recognition = new window.SpeechRecognition();
recognition.onresult = (event) => { // SpeechRecognitionEvent type
const speechToText = event.results[0][0].transcript;
console.log(speechToText);
}
recognition.start();
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 156/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
In this API, browser is going to ask you for permission to use your microphone
i. SpeechSynthesis (Text-to-Speech): It provides the ability to recognize voice
context from an audio input and respond. This is accessed by the SpeechSynthesis
interface. For example, the below code is used to get voice/speech from text,
if('speechSynthesis' in window){
var speech = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance('Hello World!');
speech.lang = 'en-US';
window.speechSynthesis.speak(speech);
}
The above examples can be tested on chrome(33+) browser's developer console. Note:
This API is still a working draft and only available in Chrome and Firefox
browsers(ofcourse Chrome only implemented the specification) ⬆ Back to Top
385. What is minimum timeout throttling
Both browser and NodeJS javascript environments throttles with a minimum delay that
is greater than 0ms. That means even though setting a delay of 0ms will not happen
instantaneously. Browsers: They have a minimum delay of 4ms. This throttle occurs
when successive calls are triggered due to callback nesting(certain depth) or after a
certain number of successive intervals. Note: The older browsers have a minimum delay
of 10ms. Nodejs: They have a minimum delay of 1ms. This throttle happens when the
delay is larger than 2147483647 or less than 1. The best example to explain this timeout
throttling behavior is the order of below code snippet.
function runMeFirst() {
console.log('My script is initialized');
}
setTimeout(runMeFirst, 0);
console.log('Script loaded');
and the output would be in
Script loaded
My script is initialized
If you don't use setTimeout , the order of logs will be sequential.
function runMeFirst() {
console.log('My script is initialized');
}
runMeFirst();
console.log('Script loaded');
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 157/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
and the output is,
My script is initialized
Script loaded
⬆ Back to Top
386. How do you implement zero timeout in modern browsers
You can't use setTimeout(fn, 0) to execute the code immediately due to minimum delay
of greater than 0ms. But you can use window.postMessage() to achieve this behavior.
⬆ Back to Top
387. What are tasks in event loop
A task is any javascript code/program which is scheduled to be run by the standard
mechanisms such as initially starting to run a program, run an event callback, or an
interval or timeout being fired. All these tasks are scheduled on a task queue. Below are
the list of use cases to add tasks to the task queue,
i. When a new javascript program is executed directly from console or running by
the <script> element, the task will be added to the task queue.
ii. When an event fires, the event callback added to task queue
iii. When a setTimeout or setInterval is reached, the corresponding callback added to
task queue
⬆ Back to Top
388. What is microtask
Microtask is the javascript code which needs to be executed immediately after the
currently executing task/microtask is completed. They are kind of blocking in nature. i.e,
The main thread will be blocked until the microtask queue is empty. The main sources
of microtasks are Promise.resolve, Promise.reject, MutationObservers,
IntersectionObservers etc
Note: All of these microtasks are processed in the same turn of the event loop. ⬆
Back to Top
389. What are different event loops
⬆ Back to Top
390. What is the purpose of queueMicrotask
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 158/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
391. How do you use javascript libraries in typescript file
It is known that not all JavaScript libraries or frameworks have TypeScript declaration
files. But if you still want to use libraries or frameworks in our TypeScript files without
getting compilation errors, the only solution is declare keyword along with a variable
declaration. For example, let's imagine you have a library called customLibrary that
doesn’t have a TypeScript declaration and have a namespace called customLibrary in
the global namespace. You can use this library in typescript code as below,
declare var customLibrary;
In the runtime, typescript will provide the type to the customLibrary variable as any
type. The another alternative without using declare keyword is below
var customLibrary: any;
⬆ Back to Top
392. What are the differences between promises and observables
Some of the major difference in a tabular form
Promises Observables
Emits multiple values over a period of
Emits only a single value at a time time(stream of values ranging from 0 to
multiple)
Eager in nature; they are going to Lazy in nature; they require subscription to
be called immediately be invoked
Promise is always asynchronous
Observable can be either synchronous or
even though it resolved
asynchronous
immediately
Provides operators such as map, forEach,
Doesn't provide any operators
filter, reduce, retry, and retryWhen etc
Cannot be canceled Canceled by using unsubscribe() method
⬆ Back to Top
393. What is heap
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 159/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Heap(Or memory heap) is the memory location where objects are stored when we
define variables. i.e, This is the place where all the memory allocations and de-
allocation take place. Both heap and call-stack are two containers of JS runtime.
Whenever runtime comes across variables and function declarations in the code it
stores them in the Heap.
⬆ Back to Top
394. What is an event table
Event Table is a data structure that stores and keeps track of all the events which will be
executed asynchronously like after some time interval or after the resolution of some
API requests. i.e Whenever you call a setTimeout function or invoke async operation, it
is added to the Event Table. It doesn't not execute functions on it’s own. The main
purpose of the event table is to keep track of events and send them to the Event Queue
as shown in the below diagram.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 160/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
395. What is a microTask queue
Microtask Queue is the new queue where all the tasks initiated by promise objects get
processed before the callback queue. The microtasks queue are processed before the
next rendering and painting jobs. But if these microtasks are running for a long time
then it leads to visual degradation.
⬆ Back to Top
396. What is the difference between shim and polyfill
A shim is a library that brings a new API to an older environment, using only the means
of that environment. It isn't necessarily restricted to a web application. For example,
es5-shim.js is used to emulate ES5 features on older browsers (mainly pre IE9). Whereas
polyfill is a piece of code (or plugin) that provides the technology that you, the
developer, expect the browser to provide natively. In a simple sentence, A polyfill is a
shim for a browser API.
⬆ Back to Top
397. How do you detect primitive or non primitive value type
In JavaScript, primitive types include boolean, string, number, BigInt, null, Symbol and
undefined. Whereas non-primitive types include the Objects. But you can easily identify
them with the below function,
var myPrimitive = 30;
var myNonPrimitive = {};
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 161/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
function isPrimitive(val) {
return Object(val) !== val;
}
isPrimitive(myPrimitive);
isPrimitive(myNonPrimitive);
If the value is a primitive data type, the Object constructor creates a new wrapper
object for the value. But If the value is a non-primitive data type (an object), the Object
constructor will give the same object.
⬆ Back to Top
398. What is babel
Babel is a JavaScript transpiler to convert ECMAScript 2015+ code into a backwards
compatible version of JavaScript in current and older browsers or environments. Some
of the main features are listed below,
i. Transform syntax
ii. Polyfill features that are missing in your target environment (using @babel/polyfill)
iii. Source code transformations (or codemods)
⬆ Back to Top
399. Is Node.js completely single threaded
Node is a single thread, but some of the functions included in the Node.js standard
library(e.g, fs module functions) are not single threaded. i.e, Their logic runs outside of
the Node.js single thread to improve the speed and performance of a program.
⬆ Back to Top
400. What are the common use cases of observables
Some of the most common use cases of observables are web sockets with push
notifications, user input changes, repeating intervals, etc
⬆ Back to Top
401. What is RxJS
RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for implementing reactive
programming using observables that makes it easier to compose asynchronous or
callback-based code. It also provides utility functions for creating and working with
observables.
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 162/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
402. What is the difference between Function constructor and function
declaration
The functions which are created with Function constructor do not create closures to
their creation contexts but they are always created in the global scope. i.e, the function
can access its own local variables and global scope variables only. Whereas function
declarations can access outer function variables(closures) too.
Let's see this difference with an example,
Function Constructor:
var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return new Function('return a;');
}
console.log(createFunction()()); // 100
Function declaration:
var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return function func() {
return a;
}
}
console.log(createFunction()()); // 200
⬆ Back to Top
403. What is a Short circuit condition
Short circuit conditions are meant for condensed way of writing simple if statements.
Let's demonstrate the scenario using an example. If you would like to login to a portal
with an authentication condition, the expression would be as below,
if (authenticate) {
loginToPorta();
}
Since the javascript logical operators evaluated from left to right, the above expression
can be simplified using && logical operator
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 163/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
authenticate && loginToPorta();
⬆ Back to Top
404. What is the easiest way to resize an array
The length property of an array is useful to resize or empty an array quickly. Let's apply
length property on number array to resize the number of elements from 5 to 2,
var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(array.length); // 5
array.length = 2;
console.log(array.length); // 2
console.log(array); // [1,2]
and the array can be emptied too
var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
array.length = 0;
console.log(array.length); // 0
console.log(array); // []
⬆ Back to Top
405. What is an observable
An Observable is basically a function that can return a stream of values either
synchronously or asynchronously to an observer over time. The consumer can get the
value by calling subscribe() method. Let's look at a simple example of an Observable
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
const observable = new Observable(observer => {
setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Message from a Observable!');
}, 3000);
});
observable.subscribe(value => console.log(value));
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 164/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Note: Observables are not part of the JavaScript language yet but they are being
proposed to be added to the language
⬆ Back to Top
406. What is the difference between function and class declarations
The main difference between function declarations and class declarations is hoisting .
The function declarations are hoisted but not class declarations.
Classes:
const user = new User(); // ReferenceError
class User {}
Constructor Function:
const user = new User(); // No error
function User() {
}
⬆ Back to Top
407. What is an async function
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 165/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
An async function is a function declared with the async keyword which enables
asynchronous, promise-based behavior to be written in a cleaner style by avoiding
promise chains. These functions can contain zero or more await expressions.
Let's take a below async function example,
async function logger() {
let data = await fetch('http://someapi.com/users'); // pause until fetch return
console.log(data)
}
logger();
It is basically syntax sugar over ES2015 promises and generators.
⬆ Back to Top
408. How do you prevent promises swallowing errors
While using asynchronous code, JavaScript’s ES6 promises can make your life a lot
easier without having callback pyramids and error handling on every second line. But
Promises have some pitfalls and the biggest one is swallowing errors by default.
Let's say you expect to print an error to the console for all the below cases,
Promise.resolve('promised value').then(function() {
throw new Error('error');
});
Promise.reject('error value').catch(function() {
throw new Error('error');
});
new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
throw new Error('error');
});
But there are many modern JavaScript environments that won't print any errors. You
can fix this problem in different ways,
i. Add catch block at the end of each chain: You can add catch block to the end of
each of your promise chains
Promise.resolve('promised value').then(function() {
throw new Error('error');
}).catch(function(error) {
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 166/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
console.error(error.stack);
});
But it is quite difficult to type for each promise chain and verbose too.
ii. Add done method: You can replace first solution's then and catch blocks with
done method
Promise.resolve('promised value').done(function() {
throw new Error('error');
});
Let's say you want to fetch data using HTTP and later perform processing on the
resulting data asynchronously. You can write done block as below,
getDataFromHttp()
.then(function(result) {
return processDataAsync(result);
})
.done(function(processed) {
displayData(processed);
});
In future, if the processing library API changed to synchronous then you can
remove done block as below,
getDataFromHttp()
.then(function(result) {
return displayData(processDataAsync(result));
})
and then you forgot to add done block to then block leads to silent errors.
iii. Extend ES6 Promises by Bluebird: Bluebird extends the ES6 Promises API to avoid
the issue in the second solution. This library has a “default” onRejection handler
which will print all errors from rejected Promises to stderr. After installation, you
can process unhandled rejections
Promise.onPossiblyUnhandledRejection(function(error){
throw error;
});
and discard a rejection, just handle it with an empty catch
Promise.reject('error value').catch(function() {});
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 167/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
409. What is deno
Deno is a simple, modern and secure runtime for JavaScript and TypeScript that uses V8
JavaScript engine and the Rust programming language.
⬆ Back to Top
410. How do you make an object iterable in javascript
By default, plain objects are not iterable. But you can make the object iterable by
defining a Symbol.iterator property on it.
Let's demonstrate this with an example,
const collection = {
one: 1,
two: 2,
three: 3,
[Symbol.iterator]() {
const values = Object.keys(this);
let i = 0;
return {
next: () => {
return {
value: this[values[i++]],
done: i > values.length
}
}
};
}
};
const iterator = collection[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 1, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 2, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 3, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: undefined, done: true}
The above process can be simplified using a generator function,
const collection = {
one: 1,
two: 2,
three: 3,
[Symbol.iterator]: function * () {
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 168/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
for (let key in this) {
yield this[key];
}
}
};
const iterator = collection[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 1, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 2, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 3, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: undefined, done: true}
⬆ Back to Top
411. What is a Proper Tail Call
First, we should know about tail call before talking about "Proper Tail Call". A tail call is
a subroutine or function call performed as the final action of a calling function. Whereas
Proper tail call(PTC) is a technique where the program or code will not create
additional stack frames for a recursion when the function call is a tail call.
For example, the below classic or head recursion of factorial function relies on stack for
each step. Each step need to be processed upto n * factorial(n - 1)
function factorial(n) {
if (n === 0) {
return 1
}
return n * factorial(n - 1)
}
console.log(factorial(5)); //120
But if you use Tail recursion functions, they keep passing all the necessary data it needs
down the recursion without relying on the stack.
function factorial(n, acc = 1) {
if (n === 0) {
return acc
}
return factorial(n - 1, n * acc)
}
console.log(factorial(5)); //120
The above pattern returns the same output as the first one. But the accumulator keeps
track of total as an argument without using stack memory on recursive calls.
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 169/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
412. How do you check an object is a promise or not
If you don't know if a value is a promise or not, wrapping the value as
Promise.resolve(value) which returns a promise
function isPromise(object){
if(Promise && Promise.resolve){
return Promise.resolve(object) == object;
}else{
throw "Promise not supported in your environment"
}
}
var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function(resolve,reject){
resolve()
});
console.log(isPromise(i)); // false
console.log(isPromise(p)); // true
Another way is to check for .then() handler type
function isPromise(value) {
return Boolean(value && typeof value.then === 'function');
}
var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function(resolve,reject){
resolve()
});
console.log(isPromise(i)) // false
console.log(isPromise(promise)); // true
⬆ Back to Top
413. How to detect if a function is called as constructor
You can use new.target pseudo-property to detect whether a function was called as a
constructor(using the new operator) or as a regular function call.
i. If a constructor or function invoked using the new operator, new.target returns a
reference to the constructor or function.
ii. For function calls, new.target is undefined.
function Myfunc() {
if (new.target) {
console.log('called with new');
} else {
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 170/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
console.log('not called with new');
}
}
new Myfunc(); // called with new
Myfunc(); // not called with new
Myfunc.call({}); not called with new
⬆ Back to Top
414. What are the differences between arguments object and rest
parameter
There are three main differences between arguments object and rest parameters
i. The arguments object is an array-like but not an array. Whereas the rest
parameters are array instances.
ii. The arguments object does not support methods such as sort, map, forEach, or
pop. Whereas these methods can be used in rest parameters.
iii. The rest parameters are only the ones that haven’t been given a separate name,
while the arguments object contains all arguments passed to the function
⬆ Back to Top
415. What are the differences between spread operator and rest
parameter
Rest parameter collects all remaining elements into an array. Whereas Spread operator
allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be expanded into single
arguments/elements. i.e, Rest parameter is opposite to the spread operator.
⬆ Back to Top
416. What are the different kinds of generators
There are five kinds of generators,
i. Generator function declaration:
function* myGenFunc() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
const genObj = myGenFunc();
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 171/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
ii. Generator function expressions:
const myGenFunc = function* () {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
};
const genObj = myGenFunc();
iii. Generator method definitions in object literals:
const myObj = {
* myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
};
const genObj = myObj.myGeneratorMethod();
iv. Generator method definitions in class:
class MyClass {
* myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
}
const myObject = new MyClass();
const genObj = myObject.myGeneratorMethod();
v. Generator as a computed property:
const SomeObj = {
*[Symbol.iterator] () {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
}
console.log(Array.from(SomeObj)); // [ 1, 2, 3 ]
⬆ Back to Top
417. What are the built-in iterables
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 172/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Below are the list of built-in iterables in javascript,
i. Arrays and TypedArrays
ii. Strings: Iterate over each character or Unicode code-points
iii. Maps: iterate over its key-value pairs
iv. Sets: iterates over their elements
v. arguments: An array-like special variable in functions
vi. DOM collection such as NodeList
⬆ Back to Top
418. What are the differences between for...of and for...in statements
Both for...in and for...of statements iterate over js data structures. The only difference is
over what they iterate:
i. for..in iterates over all enumerable property keys of an object
ii. for..of iterates over the values of an iterable object.
Let's explain this difference with an example,
let arr = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
arr.newProp = 'newVlue';
// key are the property keys
for (let key in arr) {
console.log(key);
}
// value are the property values
for (let value of arr) {
console.log(value);
}
Since for..in loop iterates over the keys of the object, the first loop logs 0, 1, 2 and
newProp while iterating over the array object. The for..of loop iterates over the values of
a arr data structure and logs a, b, c in the console.
⬆ Back to Top
419. How do you define instance and non-instance properties
The Instance properties must be defined inside of class methods. For example, name
and age properties defined insider constructor as below,
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 173/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
class Person {
constructor(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
}
But Static(class) and prototype data properties must be defined outside of the
ClassBody declaration. Let's assign the age value for Person class as below,
Person.staticAge = 30;
Person.prototype.prototypeAge = 40;
⬆ Back to Top
420. What is the difference between isNaN and Number.isNaN?
i. isNaN: The global function isNaN converts the argument to a Number and returns
true if the resulting value is NaN.
ii. Number.isNaN: This method does not convert the argument. But it returns true
when the type is a Number and value is NaN.
Let's see the difference with an example,
isNaN(‘hello’); // true
Number.isNaN('hello'); // false
⬆ Back to Top
421. How to invoke an IIFE without any extra brackets?
Immediately Invoked Function Expressions(IIFE) requires a pair of parenthesis to wrap
the function which contains set of statements.
(function(dt) {
console.log(dt.toLocaleTimeString());
})(new Date());
Since both IIFE and void operator discard the result of an expression, you can avoid the
extra brackets using void operator for IIFE as below,
void function(dt) {
console.log(dt.toLocaleTimeString());
}(new Date());
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 174/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
**[⬆ Back to Top](#table-of-contents)**
422. Is that possible to use expressions in switch cases?
You might have seen expressions used in switch condition but it is also possible to use
for switch cases by assigning true value for the switch condition. Let's see the weather
condition based on temparature as an example,
const weather = function getWeather(temp) {
switch(true) {
case temp < 0: return 'freezing';
case temp < 10: return 'cold';
case temp < 24: return 'cool';
default: return 'unknown';
}
}(10);
**[⬆ Back to Top](#table-of-contents)**
423. What is the easiest way to ignore promise errors?
The easiest and safest way to ignore promise errors is void that error. This approach is
ESLint friendly too.
await promise.catch(e => void e);
⬆ Back to Top
424. How do style the console output using CSS?
You can add CSS styling to the console output using the CSS format content specifier
%c. The console string message can be appended after the specifier and CSS style in
another argument. Let's print the red the color text using console.log and CSS specifier
as below,
console.log("%cThis is a red text", "color:red");
It is also possible to add more styles for the content. For example, the font-size can be
modified for the above text
console.log("%cThis is a red text with bigger font", "color:red; font-size:20px")
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 175/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
Coding Exercise
1. What is the output of below code
var car = new Vehicle("Honda", "white", "2010", "UK");
console.log(car);
function Vehicle(model, color, year, country) {
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
this.year = year;
this.country = country;
}
1: Undefined
2: ReferenceError
3: null
4: {model: "Honda", color: "white", year: "2010", country: "UK"}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
2. What is the output of below code
function foo() {
let x = y = 0;
x++;
y++;
return x;
}
console.log(foo(), typeof x, typeof y);
1: 1, undefined and undefined
2: ReferenceError: X is not defined
3: 1, undefined and number
4: 1, number and number
Answer
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 176/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
3. What is the output of below code
function main(){
console.log('A');
setTimeout(
function print(){ console.log('B'); }
,0);
console.log('C');
}
main();
1: A, B and C
2: B, A and C
3: A and C
4: A, C and B
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
4. What is the output of below equality check
console.log(0.1 + 0.2 === 0.3);
1: false
2: true
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
5. What is the output of below code
var y = 1;
if (function f(){}) {
y += typeof f;
}
console.log(y);
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 177/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
1: 1function
2: 1object
3: ReferenceError
4: 1undefined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
6. What is the output of below code
function foo() {
return
{
message: "Hello World"
};
}
console.log(foo());
1: Hello World
2: Object {message: "Hello World"}
3: Undefined
4: SyntaxError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
7. What is the output of below code
var myChars = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
delete myChars[0];
console.log(myChars);
console.log(myChars[0]);
console.log(myChars.length);
1: [empty, 'b', 'c', 'd'], empty, 3
2: [null, 'b', 'c', 'd'], empty, 3
3: [empty, 'b', 'c', 'd'], undefined, 4
4: [null, 'b', 'c', 'd'], undefined, 4
Answer
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 178/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
8. What is the output of below code in latest Chrome
var array1 = new Array(3);
console.log(array1);
var array2 = [];
array2[2] = 100;
console.log(array2);
var array3 = [,,,];
console.log(array3);
1: [undefined × 3], [undefined × 2, 100], [undefined × 3]
2: [empty × 3], [empty × 2, 100], [empty × 3]
3: [null × 3], [null × 2, 100], [null × 3]
4: [], [100], []
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
9. What is the output of below code
const obj = {
prop1: function() { return 0 },
prop2() { return 1 },
['prop' + 3]() { return 2 }
}
console.log(obj.prop1());
console.log(obj.prop2());
console.log(obj.prop3());
1: 0, 1, 2
2: 0, { return 1 }, 2
3: 0, { return 1 }, { return 2 }
4: 0, 1, undefined
Answer
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 179/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
10. What is the output of below code
console.log(1 < 2 < 3);
console.log(3 > 2 > 1);
1: true, true
2: true, false
3: SyntaxError, SyntaxError,
4: false, false
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
11. What is the output of below code in non-strict mode
function printNumbers(first, second, first) {
console.log(first, second, first);
}
printNumbers(1, 2, 3);
1: 1, 2, 3
2: 3, 2, 3
3: SyntaxError: Duplicate parameter name not allowed in this context
4: 1, 2, 1
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
12. What is the output of below code
const printNumbersArrow = (first, second, first) => {
console.log(first, second, first);
}
printNumbersArrow(1, 2, 3);
1: 1, 2, 3
2: 3, 2, 3
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 180/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
3: SyntaxError: Duplicate parameter name not allowed in this context
4: 1, 2, 1
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
13. What is the output of below code
const arrowFunc = () => arguments.length;
console.log(arrowFunc(1, 2, 3));
1: ReferenceError: arguments is not defined
2: 3
3: undefined
4: null
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
14. What is the output of below code
console.log( String.prototype.trimLeft.name === 'trimLeft' );
console.log( String.prototype.trimLeft.name === 'trimStart' );
1: True, False
2: False, True
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
15. What is the output of below code
console.log(Math.max());
1: undefined
2: Infinity
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 181/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
3: 0
4: -Infinity
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
16. What is the output of below code
console.log(10 == [10]);
console.log(10 == [[[[[[[10]]]]]]]);
1: True, True
2: True, False
3: False, False
4: False, True
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
17. What is the output of below code
console.log(10 + '10');
console.log(10 - '10');
1: 20, 0
2: 1010, 0
3: 1010, 10-10
4: NaN, NaN
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
18. What is the output of below code
console.log([0] == false);
if([0]) {
console.log("I'm True");
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 182/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
} else {
console.log("I'm False");
}
1: True, I'm True
2: True, I'm False
3: False, I'm True
4: False, I'm False
Answer
19. What is the output of below code
console.log([1, 2] + [3, 4]);
1: [1,2,3,4]
2: [1,2][3,4]
3: SyntaxError
4: 1,23,4
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
20. What is the output of below code
const numbers = new Set([1, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
console.log(numbers);
const browser = new Set('Firefox');
console.log(browser);
1: {1, 2, 3, 4}, {"F", "i", "r", "e", "f", "o", "x"}
2: {1, 2, 3, 4}, {"F", "i", "r", "e", "o", "x"}
3: [1, 2, 3, 4], ["F", "i", "r", "e", "o", "x"]
4: {1, 1, 2, 3, 4}, {"F", "i", "r", "e", "f", "o", "x"}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 183/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
21. What is the output of below code
console.log(NaN === NaN);
1: True
2: False
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
22. What is the output of below code
let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, NaN];
console.log(numbers.indexOf(NaN));
1: 4
2: NaN
3: SyntaxError
4: -1
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
23. What is the output of below code
let [a, ...b,] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(a, b);
1: 1, [2, 3, 4, 5]
2: 1, {2, 3, 4, 5}
3: SyntaxError
4: 1, [2, 3, 4]
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 184/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
25. What is the output of below code
async function func() {
return 10;
}
console.log(func());
1: Promise {<fulfilled>: 10}
2: 10
3: SyntaxError
4: Promise {<rejected>: 10}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
26. What is the output of below code
async function func() {
await 10;
}
console.log(func());
1: Promise {<fulfilled>: 10}
2: 10
3: SyntaxError
4: Promise {<resolved>: undefined}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
27. What is the output of below code
function delay() {
return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}
async function delayedLog(item) {
await delay();
console.log(item);
}
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 185/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
async function processArray(array) {
array.forEach(item => {
await delayedLog(item);
})
}
processArray([1, 2, 3, 4]);
1: SyntaxError
2: 1, 2, 3, 4
3: 4, 4, 4, 4
4: 4, 3, 2, 1
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
28. What is the output of below code
function delay() {
return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}
async function delayedLog(item) {
await delay();
console.log(item);
}
async function process(array) {
array.forEach(async (item) => {
await delayedLog(item);
});
console.log('Process completed!');
}
process([1, 2, 3, 5]);
1: 1 2 3 5 and Process completed!
2: 5 5 5 5 and Process completed!
3: Process completed! and 5 5 5 5
4: Process completed! and 1 2 3 5
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 186/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
29. What is the output of below code
var set = new Set();
set.add("+0").add("-0").add(NaN).add(undefined).add(NaN);;
console.log(set);
1: Set(4) {"+0", "-0", NaN, undefined}
2: Set(3) {"+0", NaN, undefined}
3: Set(5) {"+0", "-0", NaN, undefined, NaN}
4: Set(4) {"+0", NaN, undefined, NaN}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
30. What is the output of below code
const sym1 = Symbol('one');
const sym2 = Symbol('one');
const sym3 = Symbol.for('two');
const sym4 = Symbol.for('two');
cnsooe.log(sym1 === sym2, sym3 === sym4);
1: true, true
2: true, false
3: false, true
4: false, false
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
31. What is the output of below code
const sym1 = new Symbol('one');
console.log(sym1);
1: SyntaxError
2: one
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 187/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
3: Symbol('one')
4: Symbol
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
32. What is the output of below code
let myNumber = 100;
let myString = '100';
if (!typeof myNumber === "string") {
console.log("It is not a string!");
} else {
console.log("It is a string!");
}
if (!typeof myString === "number"){
console.log("It is not a number!")
} else {
console.log("It is a number!");
}
1: SyntaxError
2: It is not a string!, It is not a number!
3: It is not a string!, It is a number!
4: It is a string!, It is a number!
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
33. What is the output of below code
console.log(JSON.stringify({ myArray: ['one', undefined, function(){}, Symbol('')] })
console.log(JSON.stringify({ [Symbol.for('one')]: 'one' }, [Symbol.for('one')]));
1: {"myArray":['one', undefined, {}, Symbol]}, {}
2: {"myArray":['one', null,null,null]}, {}
3: {"myArray":['one', null,null,null]}, "{ [Symbol.for('one')]: 'one' }, [Symbol.for('one')]"
4: {"myArray":['one', undefined, function(){}, Symbol('')]}, {}
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 188/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
34. What is the output of below code
class A {
constructor() {
console.log(new.target.name)
}
}
class B extends A { constructor() { super() } }
new A();
new B();
1: A, A
2: A, B
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
35. What is the output of below code
const [x, ...y,] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
console.log(x, y);
1: 1, [2, 3, 4]
2: 1, [2, 3]
3: 1, [2]
4: SyntaxError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
36. What is the output of below code
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 189/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
const {a: x = 10, b: y = 20} = {a: 30};
console.log(x);
console.log(y);
1: 30, 20
2: 10, 20
3: 10, undefined
4: 30, undefined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
37. What is the output of below code
function area({length = 10, width = 20}) {
console.log(length*width);
}
area();
1: 200
2: Error
3: undefined
4: 0
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
38. What is the output of below code
const props = [
{ id: 1, name: 'John'},
{ id: 2, name: 'Jack'},
{ id: 3, name: 'Tom'}
];
const [,, { name }] = props;
console.log(name);
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 190/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
1: Tom
2: Error
3: undefined
4: John
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
39. What is the output of below code
function checkType(num = 1) {
console.log(typeof num);
}
checkType();
checkType(undefined);
checkType('');
checkType(null);
1: number, undefined, string, object
2: undefined, undefined, string, object
3: number, number, string, object
4: number, number, number, number
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
40. What is the output of below code
function add(item, items = []) {
items.push(item);
return items;
}
console.log(add('Orange'));
console.log(add('Apple'));
1: ['Orange'], ['Orange', 'Apple']
2: ['Orange'], ['Apple']
Answer
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 191/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
41. What is the output of below code
function greet(greeting, name, message = greeting + ' ' + name) {
console.log([greeting, name, message]);
}
greet('Hello', 'John');
greet('Hello', 'John', 'Good morning!');
1: SyntaxError
2: ['Hello', 'John', 'Hello John'], ['Hello', 'John', 'Good morning!']
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
42. What is the output of below code
function outer(f = inner()) {
function inner() { return 'Inner' }
}
outer();
1: ReferenceError
2: Inner
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
43. What is the output of below code
function myFun(x, y, ...manyMoreArgs) {
console.log(manyMoreArgs)
}
myFun(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
myFun(1, 2);
1: [3, 4, 5], undefined
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 192/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
2: SyntaxError
3: [3, 4, 5], []
4: [3, 4, 5], [undefined]
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
44. What is the output of below code
const obj = {'key': 'value'};
const array = [...obj];
console.log(array);
1: ['key', 'value']
2: TypeError
3: []
4: ['key']
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
45. What is the output of below code
function* myGenFunc() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
var myGenObj = new myGenFunc;
console.log(myGenObj.next().value);
1: 1
2: undefined
3: SyntaxError
4: TypeError
Answer
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 193/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
46. What is the output of below code
function* yieldAndReturn() {
yield 1;
return 2;
yield 3;
}
var myGenObj = yieldAndReturn()
console.log(myGenObj.next());
console.log(myGenObj.next());
console.log(myGenObj.next());
1: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: true }, { value: undefined, done: true }
2: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: false }, { value: undefined, done: true }
3: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: true }, { value: 3, done: true }
4: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: false }, { value: 3, done: true }
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
47. What is the output of below code
const myGenerator = (function *(){
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
})();
for (const value of myGenerator) {
console.log(value);
break;
}
for (const value of myGenerator) {
console.log(value);
}
1: 1,2,3 and 1,2,3
2: 1,2,3 and 4,5,6
3: 1 and 1
4: 1
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 194/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
48. What is the output of below code
const num = 0o38;
console.log(num);
1: SyntaxError
2: 38
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
49. What is the output of below code
const squareObj = new Square(10);
console.log(squareObj.area);
class Square {
constructor(length) {
this.length = length;
}
get area() {
return this.length * this.length;
}
set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}
1: 100
2: ReferenceError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
50. What is the output of below code
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 195/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
function Person() { }
Person.prototype.walk = function() {
return this;
}
Person.run = function() {
return this;
}
let user = new Person();
let walk = user.walk;
console.log(walk());
let run = Person.run;
console.log(run());
1: undefined, undefined
2: Person, Person
3: SyntaxError
4: Window, Window
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
51. What is the output of below code
class Vehicle {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
start() {
console.log(`${this.name} vehicle started`);
}
}
class Car extends Vehicle {
start() {
console.log(`${this.name} car started`);
super.start();
}
}
const car = new Car('BMW');
console.log(car.start());
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 196/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
1: SyntaxError
2: BMW vehicle started, BMW car started
3: BMW car started, BMW vehicle started
4: BMW car started, BMW car started
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
52. What is the output of below code
const USER = {'age': 30};
USER.age = 25;
console.log(USER.age);
1: 30
2: 25
3: Uncaught TypeError
4: SyntaxError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
53. What is the output of below code
console.log('🙂' === '🙂');
1: false
2: true
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
54. What is the output of below code?
console.log(typeof typeof typeof true);
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 197/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
1: string
2: boolean
3: NaN
4: number
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
55. What is the output of below code?
let zero = new Number(0);
if (zero) {
console.log("If");
} else {
console.log("Else");
}
1: If
2: Else
3: NaN
4: SyntaxError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
55. What is the output of below code in non strict mode?
let msg = "Good morning!!";
msg.name = "John";
console.log(msg.name);
1: ""
2: Error
3: John
4: Undefined
Answer
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 198/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
⬆ Back to Top
56. What is the output of below code?
let count = 10;
(function innerFunc() {
if (count === 10) {
let count = 11;
console.log(count);
}
console.log(count);
})();
1: 11, 10
2: 11, 11
3: 10, 11
4: 10, 10
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
Disclaimer
The questions provided in this repository are the summary of frequently asked questions
across numerous companies. We cannot guarantee that these questions will actually be
asked during your interview process, nor should you focus on memorizing all of them. The
primary purpose is for you to get a sense of what some companies might ask — do not get
discouraged if you don't know the answer to all of them — that is ok!
Good luck with your interview 😊
Releases
No releases published
Packages
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 199/200
24/05/2021 GitHub - sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions: List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions
No packages published
Contributors 29
+ 18 contributors
Languages
JavaScript 100.0%
https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions 200/200
You might also like
- JavaScript Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be AskedNo ratings yetJavaScript Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be Asked20 pages
- Java Professional Interview Guide: Learn About Java Interview Questions and Practise Answering About Concurrency, JDBC, Exception Handling, Spring, and HibernateFrom EverandJava Professional Interview Guide: Learn About Java Interview Questions and Practise Answering About Concurrency, JDBC, Exception Handling, Spring, and HibernateNo ratings yet
- Java Multithreading Interview Questions And AnswersFrom EverandJava Multithreading Interview Questions And AnswersNo ratings yet
- Sudheerj - Reactjs-Interview-Questions - List of Top 500 ReactJS Interview Questions & Answers.... Coding Exercise Questions Are Coming Soon!!No ratings yetSudheerj - Reactjs-Interview-Questions - List of Top 500 ReactJS Interview Questions & Answers.... Coding Exercise Questions Are Coming Soon!!107 pages
- Java Core Interview in Australia. Questions and Answers. Tech interviewer’s notesFrom EverandJava Core Interview in Australia. Questions and Answers. Tech interviewer’s notesNo ratings yet
- Java Core Interview Questions and Answers. Tech interviewer’s notesFrom EverandJava Core Interview Questions and Answers. Tech interviewer’s notes1/5 (1)
- JavaScript for Gurus: Use JavaScript programming features, techniques and modules to solve everyday problemsFrom EverandJavaScript for Gurus: Use JavaScript programming features, techniques and modules to solve everyday problemsNo ratings yet
- Top 18 Java Design Pattern Interview Questions Answers For ExperiencedNo ratings yetTop 18 Java Design Pattern Interview Questions Answers For Experienced23 pages
- Spring Interview Questions and Answers (2023) - InterviewBitNo ratings yetSpring Interview Questions and Answers (2023) - InterviewBit44 pages
- Top 100 JavaScript Interview Questions and AnswersNo ratings yetTop 100 JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers29 pages
- 100+ Best Java Interview Questions & Answers in 2020No ratings yet100+ Best Java Interview Questions & Answers in 202044 pages
- 65 JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers - The ULTIMATE List (PDF Download) - Web Code Geeks - 2016No ratings yet65 JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers - The ULTIMATE List (PDF Download) - Web Code Geeks - 201622 pages
- MERN Stack Interview Questions - CodeHypeNo ratings yetMERN Stack Interview Questions - CodeHype6 pages
- MVC Interview Questions With Answers - CodeProjectNo ratings yetMVC Interview Questions With Answers - CodeProject36 pages
- Spring Boot Interview Questions For 5+ Years ExperienceNo ratings yetSpring Boot Interview Questions For 5+ Years Experience4 pages
- Spring Boot Interview Questions: 10 Step Reference CoursesNo ratings yetSpring Boot Interview Questions: 10 Step Reference Courses18 pages
- React JS Interview Questions 1691870520No ratings yetReact JS Interview Questions 169187052035 pages
- 65 JavaScript Interview Questions & Answers To Prepare For (Beg To Adv)No ratings yet65 JavaScript Interview Questions & Answers To Prepare For (Beg To Adv)40 pages
- Top Web Developer Interview Questions and AnswersNo ratings yetTop Web Developer Interview Questions and Answers13 pages
- Javarevisited - Top 35 React - Js Interview Questions Answers For Fullstack Java DevelopersNo ratings yetJavarevisited - Top 35 React - Js Interview Questions Answers For Fullstack Java Developers13 pages
- Realtimeseleniuminterviewquestions 151226103238No ratings yetRealtimeseleniuminterviewquestions 15122610323884 pages
- JavaScript Interview Questions for FreshersNo ratings yetJavaScript Interview Questions for Freshers20 pages
- Core Java Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be Asked: Job Interview Questions SeriesFrom EverandCore Java Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be Asked: Job Interview Questions Series4/5 (14)
- Decoding JavaScript: A Simple Guide for the Not-so-Simple JavaScript Concepts, Libraries, Tools, and Frameworks (English Edition)From EverandDecoding JavaScript: A Simple Guide for the Not-so-Simple JavaScript Concepts, Libraries, Tools, and Frameworks (English Edition)No ratings yet
- Core Java: Made Simple: A popular language for Android smart phone application, favoured for edge device andFrom EverandCore Java: Made Simple: A popular language for Android smart phone application, favoured for edge device andNo ratings yet
- New Mexico v. Wilson, No. S-1-SC-38510 (N.M. June 7, 2021)No ratings yetNew Mexico v. Wilson, No. S-1-SC-38510 (N.M. June 7, 2021)55 pages
- Cellulolytic Fruits Wastes: A Potential Support For Enzyme Assisted Protein ProductionNo ratings yetCellulolytic Fruits Wastes: A Potential Support For Enzyme Assisted Protein Production9 pages
- Traditional Network Architecture and SDNNo ratings yetTraditional Network Architecture and SDN9 pages
- Enforcing Arbitration Awards in CaliforniaNo ratings yetEnforcing Arbitration Awards in California6 pages
- Byte Con Fiden Tial Don Otc Opy: Model Name: Ga-H110M-S2HNo ratings yetByte Con Fiden Tial Don Otc Opy: Model Name: Ga-H110M-S2H50 pages
- The Beginners Guide To Nintendo DS HomebrewNo ratings yetThe Beginners Guide To Nintendo DS Homebrew26 pages
- Limited Liability Partnership LLP AgreementNo ratings yetLimited Liability Partnership LLP Agreement7 pages
- Fundamentals of Security in Operating SystemsNo ratings yetFundamentals of Security in Operating Systems4 pages
- Instant ebooks textbook Financial Sector Development in Ghana: Exploring Bank Stability, Financing Models, and Development Challenges for Sustainable Financial Markets James Atta Peprah download all chapters100% (4)Instant ebooks textbook Financial Sector Development in Ghana: Exploring Bank Stability, Financing Models, and Development Challenges for Sustainable Financial Markets James Atta Peprah download all chapters76 pages
- An Assessment On Performance of DC-DC Converters For Renewable Energy ApplicationsNo ratings yetAn Assessment On Performance of DC-DC Converters For Renewable Energy Applications12 pages
- JavaScript Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be AskedJavaScript Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be Asked
- Java Professional Interview Guide: Learn About Java Interview Questions and Practise Answering About Concurrency, JDBC, Exception Handling, Spring, and HibernateFrom EverandJava Professional Interview Guide: Learn About Java Interview Questions and Practise Answering About Concurrency, JDBC, Exception Handling, Spring, and Hibernate
- Java Multithreading Interview Questions And AnswersFrom EverandJava Multithreading Interview Questions And Answers
- Sudheerj - Reactjs-Interview-Questions - List of Top 500 ReactJS Interview Questions & Answers.... Coding Exercise Questions Are Coming Soon!!Sudheerj - Reactjs-Interview-Questions - List of Top 500 ReactJS Interview Questions & Answers.... Coding Exercise Questions Are Coming Soon!!
- Java Core Interview in Australia. Questions and Answers. Tech interviewer’s notesFrom EverandJava Core Interview in Australia. Questions and Answers. Tech interviewer’s notes
- Java Core Interview Questions and Answers. Tech interviewer’s notesFrom EverandJava Core Interview Questions and Answers. Tech interviewer’s notes
- JavaScript for Gurus: Use JavaScript programming features, techniques and modules to solve everyday problemsFrom EverandJavaScript for Gurus: Use JavaScript programming features, techniques and modules to solve everyday problems
- Top 18 Java Design Pattern Interview Questions Answers For ExperiencedTop 18 Java Design Pattern Interview Questions Answers For Experienced
- Spring Interview Questions and Answers (2023) - InterviewBitSpring Interview Questions and Answers (2023) - InterviewBit
- Top 100 JavaScript Interview Questions and AnswersTop 100 JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers
- 100+ Best Java Interview Questions & Answers in 2020100+ Best Java Interview Questions & Answers in 2020
- 65 JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers - The ULTIMATE List (PDF Download) - Web Code Geeks - 201665 JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers - The ULTIMATE List (PDF Download) - Web Code Geeks - 2016
- MVC Interview Questions With Answers - CodeProjectMVC Interview Questions With Answers - CodeProject
- Spring Boot Interview Questions For 5+ Years ExperienceSpring Boot Interview Questions For 5+ Years Experience
- Spring Boot Interview Questions: 10 Step Reference CoursesSpring Boot Interview Questions: 10 Step Reference Courses
- 65 JavaScript Interview Questions & Answers To Prepare For (Beg To Adv)65 JavaScript Interview Questions & Answers To Prepare For (Beg To Adv)
- Javarevisited - Top 35 React - Js Interview Questions Answers For Fullstack Java DevelopersJavarevisited - Top 35 React - Js Interview Questions Answers For Fullstack Java Developers
- Core Java Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be Asked: Job Interview Questions SeriesFrom EverandCore Java Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be Asked: Job Interview Questions Series
- Angular Interview Questions and Answers: Including Angular 6,5,4 and 2From EverandAngular Interview Questions and Answers: Including Angular 6,5,4 and 2
- Decoding JavaScript: A Simple Guide for the Not-so-Simple JavaScript Concepts, Libraries, Tools, and Frameworks (English Edition)From EverandDecoding JavaScript: A Simple Guide for the Not-so-Simple JavaScript Concepts, Libraries, Tools, and Frameworks (English Edition)
- CORE JAVA Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be AskedFrom EverandCORE JAVA Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be Asked
- Core Java: Made Simple: A popular language for Android smart phone application, favoured for edge device andFrom EverandCore Java: Made Simple: A popular language for Android smart phone application, favoured for edge device and
- Java: Tips and Tricks to Programming Code with JavaFrom EverandJava: Tips and Tricks to Programming Code with Java
- New Mexico v. Wilson, No. S-1-SC-38510 (N.M. June 7, 2021)New Mexico v. Wilson, No. S-1-SC-38510 (N.M. June 7, 2021)
- Cellulolytic Fruits Wastes: A Potential Support For Enzyme Assisted Protein ProductionCellulolytic Fruits Wastes: A Potential Support For Enzyme Assisted Protein Production
- Byte Con Fiden Tial Don Otc Opy: Model Name: Ga-H110M-S2HByte Con Fiden Tial Don Otc Opy: Model Name: Ga-H110M-S2H
- Instant ebooks textbook Financial Sector Development in Ghana: Exploring Bank Stability, Financing Models, and Development Challenges for Sustainable Financial Markets James Atta Peprah download all chaptersInstant ebooks textbook Financial Sector Development in Ghana: Exploring Bank Stability, Financing Models, and Development Challenges for Sustainable Financial Markets James Atta Peprah download all chapters
- An Assessment On Performance of DC-DC Converters For Renewable Energy ApplicationsAn Assessment On Performance of DC-DC Converters For Renewable Energy Applications