9/21/21, 10:11 AM Programmable Load Shedding | Electronicsprojects

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Automatic Dam … 2
Programmable Load Shedding
SPEAKING MIC… 70
ABSTRACT
Programmable L… 16         In today’s world, there is a continuous need for
automatic appliances
with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense
of urgency for
developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life.
       The project is designed
to operate an electrical load multiple number
of times as per the program. It overcomes
the difficulties of switching the
load ON/OFF manually. This proposed has an
inbuilt real time clock
(RTC) to keep tracking the time and thus to switch
ON/OFF the load
accordingly.
          Load shedding is what electric utilities do when
there is a huge
demand for electricity that exceeds the supply. Thus in a
distribution
system it needs to be precisely controlled for specific period of
time.
Programmable load shedding time management system is a reliable circuit
that takes over the manual task of switch ON/OFF the electrical devices
with
respect to time. It uses real time clock (RTC) interfaced to a
microcontroller
of 8051 family. While the set time equals to the real time,
then
microcontroller gives command to the corresponding relay to turn
ON the load
and then another command to switch OFF as per the
program. Multiple ON/OFF time
entry is the biggest advantage with this
project. A matrix keypad helps ente

BLOCK DIAGRAM

[http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
BuKnOX_o4cE/UxS6DQmdugI/AAAAAAAAAIc/_CtQlSP4l_U/s1600/PROJECT.jpg]

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Automatic Dam … 2

SPEAKING MIC… 70

Programmable L… 16

[http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lBWRrkoLSuA/UxS63Hzdl-I/AAAAAAAAAIk/wnpjW0P-
rEE/s1600/circuit+diagram.jpg]

SOFTWARE
IMPLIMENTATION

 ALGORITHM
STEP 01:               Start.

STEP 02:               Initialize RTC.

STEP 03:               Initialize LCD.

STEP 04:               Turn on relay.

STEP 05:               Display time on LCD.

STEP 06:               If pin P3.2=0 then go to step 7 else goto step8.

STEP 07:                 Read character

‘n’ from keypad.

STEP 08:                 If n=1 then

goto step 10.

STEP 09:                 Update the

current time and goto step13.

STEP 10:                 If n=2 then

goto step11 else goto step12.

STEP 11:                 set the power

off alarm time and power off
interval, goto step13.

STEP 12:                 Display  “try again” and go to step 13.

STEP 13:                 If current

time  matches the alarm time then
goto
step14 else goto step5.

STEP 14:                 Turn off the relay.

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STEP 15:                 Set the new value of alarm time as the power
Electronicsprojects
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on time. search
STEP 16:                 display the current time and power on
time on
LCD. Sidebar
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Automatic Dam … 2 STEP 17:                 If current time matches the alarm time goto
step 16.

SPEAKING MIC… 70 STEP 18:                 Turn on relay and goto step5.

STEP 19:                 END.
Programmable L… 16

PROGRAMS:

LCD
#include
<REGX52.H>
#define data
P1
#define rs
P3_5
#define rw
P3_4
#define en
P3_3
unsigned char
msg[88];
void
delay(unsigned int);
void
LCD_busy();
void
LCD_command(unsigned char var);
void
LCD_data(unsigned char var);
void
LCD_string(unsigned char *var);
void
LCD_init(void);
void
LCD_READY(void);
void
LCD_init(void)
      {
     LCD_command (0x38);
     LCD_command (0x0C);
     LCD_command (0x01);
     LCD_command (0x06);
      }

       
void LCD_command(unsigned char var)
      {
      LCD_READY();
    data 
= var;      //Function set: 2
Line, 8-bit, 5x8 dots
    rs  
= 0;        //Selected command
register
    rw  
= 0;        //We are writing in
instruction register
    en  
= 1;        //Enable H->L
      en  
= 0;
      }
void
LCD_string(unsigned char *var)
      {
     while(*var)              //till string ends
     Dynamic
LCD_data(*var++);  //send
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      }
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* This is a blog for
void
LCD_data(unsigned elec
char var)… search
      {
    LCD_READY();
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    data 
= var;      //Function set: 2
Line, 8-bit, 5x7 dots
Automatic Dam … 2     rs  
= 1;        //Selected data
register
    rw  
= 0;        //We are writing
SPEAKING MIC… 70     en   =
1;        //Enable H->L
    en  
= 0;
Programmable L… 16       }
void
LCD_READY(void)
      {
      P1_7=1;
      rs=0;
      rw=1;
      do
      {
      en=0;
      en=1;
      delay(1);
      }while(P1_7);
      }
void
delay(unsigned int m)
      {
      unsigned int i,j;
      for(i=0;i<m;i++)
      for(j=0;j<10;j++);
      }
KEYPAD
     
#include <regx52.H>
#include "lcd.h"
char key_scan();
unsigned char key[4][3]={'1','2','3',
                                                                         '4','5','6',
                                                                         '7','8','9',
                                                                         '*','0','#'};

char key_scan()
{
unsigned char col, row;
P2=0xF0;
while(1)
            {
            do
            {
            col=P2&0x70;
           Dynamic
}while(col!=0x70);
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            do
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            search
            do
                       
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                        delay(20);
Automatic Dam … 2                         col=P2&0x70;
                        }while(col==0x70);
SPEAKING MIC… 70             delay(20);
            col=P2&0x70;
Programmable L… 16             }while(col==0x70);
while(1)
{
            P2=0x7E;
            col=P2&0x70;
            if(col!=0x70)
            {
            row=0;
            break;
            }

            P2=0x7D;
            col=P2&0x70;
            if(col!=0x70)
            {
            row=1;
            break;
            }
            P2=0x7B;
            col=P2&0x70;
            if(col!=0x70)
            {
            row=2;
            break;
            }
            P2=0x77;
            col=P2&0x70;
            row=3;
            break;
}
if(col==0x60)
            return(key[row][0]);
else if(col==0x50)
            return(key[row][1]);
else if(col==0x30)
            return(key[row][2]);
            }         
}
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RTC
Electronicsprojects#include
<regx52.H>

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#include
<absacc.h>
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#include
"lcd.h"
#include
"rtc1.h"
Automatic Dam … 2
#include
"keypad.h"

SPEAKING MIC… 70
void
rtc_init()
{
Programmable L… 16
XBYTE[10]=0x20;
delay(100);
}

void
time_set()
{
unsigned char
temp[3];
XBYTE[11]=0x83;
LCD_command(0x01);
LCD_string("Enter
the Time : ");
LCD_command(0xC0);
LCD_string("HH:mm:ss");
LCD_command(0xC0);
//Enter hour
temp[0]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[0]);
temp[1]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[1]);
LCD_string(":");
XBYTE[4]=int_value(temp);
//Enter min
temp[0]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[0]);
temp[1]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[1]);
LCD_string(":");
XBYTE[2]=int_value(temp);
//Enter sec
temp[0]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[0]);
temp[1]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[1]);
XBYTE[0]=int_value(temp);
delay(500);
XBYTE[11]=0x03;
}
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void
alarm_set()
Electronicsprojects {
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unsigned char
temp[3];
XBYTE[11]=0x83;
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LCD_command(0x01);
Automatic Dam … 2 LCD_string("Enter
the Time : ");
LCD_command(0xC0);
SPEAKING MIC… 70 LCD_string("HH:mm:ss");
LCD_command(0xC0);
Programmable L… 16 //Enter hour
temp[0]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[0]);
temp[1]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[1]);
LCD_string(":");
XBYTE[5]=int_value(temp);
//Enter min
temp[0]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[0]);
temp[1]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[1]);
LCD_string(":");
XBYTE[3]=int_value(temp);
//Enter sec
temp[0]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[0]);
temp[1]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[1]);
XBYTE[1]=int_value(temp);
delay(800);
 LCD_command(0x01);
LCD_string("Enter
OFF Time:");
LCD_command(0xC0);
temp[0]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[0]);
if(temp[0]=='#')
{XBYTE[11]=0x03;return;}
temp[1]=key_scan();
LCD_data(temp[1]);
XBYTE[14]=int_value(temp);
XBYTE[11]=0x03;
}

void
bcdconv(unsigned var)
{
unsigned char
x,y;
x=var&0x0F;
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y=y>>4;
Electronicsprojects
* This is a blog for elec…
y=y|0x30; search
LCD_data(y);
LCD_data(x);
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}
Automatic Dam … 2

int
int_value(unsigned char var[])
SPEAKING MIC… 70 {
int val;
Programmable L… 16 val=(var[0]<<4)|(var[1]&0x0F);
return(val);
}
MAIN
PROGRAM
#include <regx52.H>
#include <absacc.h>
#include "lcd.h"
#include "rtc1.h"
#include "keypad.h"
int time;
void update();
void relay();
void time_display();
void alarm_display();

int main()
{
int irq;
irq=XBYTE[12];
P3_2=1;
rtc_init();
LCD_init();
while(1)
{
LCD_command(0x01);
time_display();
if(XBYTE[12]&0x20)
relay();
if(P3_2==0)
update();
alarm_display();         
delay(7500);
}                        
}

void update()
{
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LCD_command(0x01);
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LCD_string("1. Timea blog
Update"); for elec… search
LCD_command(0xC0);
LCD_string("2.
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ALARM Snapshot
UPDATE");Timeslide
n=key_scan();
Automatic Dam … 2 switch(n)
            {
SPEAKING MIC… 70             case
'1' :  time_set();   
break;                                                                                                             
Programmable L… 16                                                    
            case
'2' :  alarm_set(); break;
            default  : 
LCD_command(0x01);
                                                LCD_string("Try
Again");
                                                delay(100);
                                                LCD_command(0x01);
            }
                                                                                                           
}
                                                                                     

void time_display()
{
unsigned char hr,min,sec;
LCD_command(0x80);
LCD_string("TIME  : ");
hr=XBYTE[4];
min=XBYTE[2];
sec=XBYTE[0];
bcdconv(hr);
LCD_string(":");
bcdconv(min);
LCD_string(":");
bcdconv(sec);
}

void alarm_display()
{
LCD_command(0xC0);
LCD_string("PW_OFF: ");
bcdconv(XBYTE[5]);
LCD_string(":");
bcdconv(XBYTE[3]);
LCD_string(":");
bcdconv(XBYTE[1]);
}

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void relay()
Electronicsprojects {
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int al_hr,al_min,hh,mm,temp;
temp=XBYTE[12];
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time=XBYTE[14];
Automatic Dam … 2 time=(((time>>4)*10)+(time&0x0F));
P3_1=0;
SPEAKING MIC… 70 hh=XBYTE[5];
mm=XBYTE[3];
Programmable L… 16 hh=(((hh>>4)*10)+(hh&0x0F));
mm=(((mm>>4)*10)+(mm&0x0F));
al_min=time+mm;
al_hr=al_min/60;
al_hr=al_hr+hh;
al_min=al_min%60;
al_hr=al_hr%24;
al_min=(((al_min/10)<<4)|(al_min%10));
al_hr=(((al_hr/10)<<4)|(al_hr%10));
XBYTE[3]=al_min;
XBYTE[5]=al_hr;
LCD_command(0xC0);
LCD_string("PWR_ON: ");
bcdconv(al_hr);
LCD_string(":");
bcdconv(al_min);
LCD_string(":");
bcdconv(XBYTE[1]);
mm=(((mm/10)<<4)|(mm%10));
hh=(((hh/10)<<4)|(hh%10));
while(1)
{
time_display();
if(XBYTE[12]&0x20)
{
P3_1=1;
XBYTE[3]=mm;
XBYTE[5]=hh;
break;
}
}

COMPONENT VIEW

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Classic
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Magazine
Mosaic
Sidebar
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Timeslide

Automatic Dam … 2

SPEAKING MIC… 70

Programmable L… 16

[http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AdU9KPo5BN8/UxS8Co-
ectI/AAAAAAAAAIw/tj6fWTKG2EQ/s1600/component.jpg]
PCB  LAYOUT

[http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-
uCHmBuz7oxw/UxS8TUBUpwI/AAAAAAAAAI4/1YmroeiKzho/s1600/pcblayout.jpg]

PROPOSED SYSTEM FEATURES

    

·       Automatic Load

shedding is possible.
·            Differs from
current system we can program the Load shedding
process..
·       RTC provides the
real time.
·       LCD provides the
real time and Load shedding timings.
·       KEYPAD to set
the time..
·       Easy to set up.
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·       Economical
and  reliable
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·       Manpower
dependency is less..
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Automatic Dam …
BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
The various blocks in
the circuit are
SPEAKING MIC… 70
1 Transformer
2 Regulator
Programmable L… 16
3 LCD display
4
Microcontroller
5 RTC
6 Keypad
7 Output relay

MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS
8-bit
microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.
The
device is manufactured using. Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile
memory
technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51
instruction set and
pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory
to be reprogrammed
in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the
Atmel AT89S52 is a
powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible
and cost-
effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52
provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of
RAM,
32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a
six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex
serial port, on-chip
oscillator, and clock circuitry. In additon, the AT89S52
is designed with
static logic for operation  down to zero
frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt
system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the
RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions
until the next
interrupt or hardware reset.

 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static electric that transfers
energy by inactive
coupling  between its
winding circuits. A varying current in the primary
winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the transformer’s core and thus
a varying magnetic flux
through the secondary winding. this varying
magnetic flux induces a varying
electromotive force(emf) or

REGULATOR
 a regulator is
a system used to maintain a steady voltage. The resistance
of the regulator
varies in accordance with the load resulting in a constant
output voltage. The
regulating device is made to act like a
variable  resistor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor] ,
continuously
adjusting a  voltage
divider [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider]
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  network to maintain a constant output voltage, and continually

Electronicsprojects dissipating the difference between the input
waste

* This is a blog for elec… search
heat. By contrast,
and regulated voltages as
aswitching regulator
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switching_regulator]   uses an active
device
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that switches on Snapshot

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and off to maintain
the regulated voltage of a linear regulator must always be lower than input
Automatic Dam … 2 voltage, efficiency is limited and the input voltage must be high enough to
always allow the active device to drop some voltage.
SPEAKING MIC… 70
RTC
Programmable L… 16
The DS12885, DS12887,
and DS12C887 real-time clocks (RTCs) are
designed to be direct replacements for
the DS1285 and DS1287. The
devices provide a real-time clock/calendar, one
time-of-day alarm, three
maskable interrupts with a common interrupt output, a
programmable
square wave, and 114 bytes of battery- backed static RAM (113
bytes in
the DS12C887 and DS12C887A). The DS12887 integrates a quartz
crystal
and lithium energy source into a 24-pin encapsulated DIP package.
The DS12C887
adds a century byte at address 32h. For all devices, the
date at the end of the
month is automatically adjusted for months with
fewer than 31 days, including
correction for leap years. The devices also
operate in either 24-hour or
12-hour format with an AM/PM indicator. A
precision temperature-compensated
circuit monitors the status of VCC. If
a primary power failure is detected, the
device automatically switches to a
backup supply. A lithium coin-cell battery
can be connected to the VBAT
input pin on the DS12885 to maintain time and date
operation when
primary power is absent. The device is accessed through a
multiplexed
byte-wide interface, which sup- ports both Intel and Motorola
modes.

LCD
LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and
find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic
module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These
modules are preferred
over  seven
segments
[http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/seven-segment-display]   and
other multi segment LED [http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/led] s.
The reasons being:
LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying
special & even  custom
characters
[http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/create-
custom-characters-LCD-AT89C51]   (unlike in seven
segments),  animations
[http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/display-
custom-animations-LCD-AT89C51]  and
so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and

there are 2
such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel
matrix.
This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.The command
register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing
its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The
data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the
ASCII
value of the character to be displayed on the LCD

KEY PAD
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Matrix keyboards are

common as an input device in microcontroller-
Electronicsprojects based projects. A conventional way
of connecting

* This is a blog for elec… search
a matrix keyboard to a
microcontroller is to use multiple I/O
pins of the MCU. The MCU then
uses a scanning algorithm to identify which keys
are pressed. A drawback
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method isSnapshot
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that it requires a large number of the
MCU’s I/O pins to
connect the keyboard. For example, to connect a 4×3 keyboard
requires
Automatic Dam … 2 seven digital I/O pins.It scans row and coloumn to know what is the
input.

SPEAKING MIC… 70
RELAY OUTPUT
16
Relay is used to obtain
the output. From the output of the relay, the
Programmable L…
control goes to the main power
supply. The whole system acts as an
automatic switch.

CIRCUIT OPERATION
The programmable load
shedding time management for utility department
circuit consists of an 8592
microcontroller ic,16*2 LCD module,7805
voltage regulator ic,4*3 keypad
,DS12887 RTC IC,relay,aCrystal
oscillator.
The 7805 voltage
regulator converts the input voltage to 5V and is given
to the Vcc (pin :40) of
the 8952 microcontroller.This voltage is necessary
to enable the
microcontroller .A DS12887 RTC interfaces with port0 of
the microcontroller
ie,from pins 32 to 39.The rtc shows the real time at
every instant. Once the
RTC is programmed ,it will work continuously
even though the power goes
off  in between.The keypad is interfaced
with
port2 of the microcontroller ie from 
pins21 to28.The keypad is used to
set the real time,,the time for load
shedding time and the time
duration.The 16*2 LCD is interfaced to port1of the
microcontroller ie
from pins 1 to 8.The crystal oscillator helps to provide the
working
frequency 11.059MHz for the microcontroller.
The microcontroller
programmed in such a way that we can set the actual
time and load shedding
time.Using the program we can monitor both real
time and load shedding time.
Program always check the equality and
whenever it get matched output relay turn
off.Then it began to check
equality with target time and real time,whenever  it get matched relay
turns on.

There are many

advantages for this circuit. Some of them are.
      ·       Power can be Saved.
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9/21/21, 10:11 AM Programmable Load Shedding | Electronicsprojects

      ·        Low cost .

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time Timeslide
      ·       Effective distribution
of power
Automatic Dam … 2
      ·       We can set the time in
advance
SPEAKING MIC… 70

Programmable L… 16
Posted 3rd March 2014 by Anonymous

16
View comments

Anonymous 11 July 2017 at 21:22

Im getting errors in this program.Please help me sir provide the correct
program(code) for this. thankyou
Reply

Replies

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Anonymous 7 May 2021 at 12:09

lavde proper information dene kaa bc din ka pura time
waste hua issme

Reply

Chaya Kiran C R 23 October 2017 at 02:10

Did any one run the program and completed the project??? Please
respond. Im getting fatal error. How to debug it?
Reply

Anonymous 24 October 2017 at 01:49

very good project. May Almighty Allah increase your knowledge
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Chaya Kiran C R 26 October 2017 at 04:46

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Timeslide
Please tell me how did u debug the program..??? Im getting
fatal error and macros too nested.?
Automatic Dam … 2

Reply
SPEAKING MIC… 70

Programmable L… 16
Anonymous 5 November 2017 at 01:31
pls fuldocument of speaking microcontrolor for deaf and dump
[email protected]
Reply

Anonymous 9 April 2018 at 02:30

Superb.... Good points are covered in the project. Thanks for sharing
and keep updating. You can also explore Engineers Garage website
which is only for Electronics and Electrical Engineers. Where students
can find various Projects ideas and tutorials on Microcontroller, Electric
Circuits and more. Let’s Check out the website Engineers Garage
Reply

Anonymous 11 February 2019 at 23:38

Kindly send the full project report to this mail id:

[email protected]
Reply

Anonymous 21 April 2019 at 01:44

Is this program runs
Reply

Anonymous 20 September 2019 at 07:43

Please send all reports of this project
Reply

Anonymous 6 February 2020 at 06:22

Sir I want speaking microcontroller for deaf and dumb documentation
sir please send
Reply

Anonymous 6 February 2020 at 06:23

My mail is [email protected] sir

Reply

Anonymous 8 May 2020 at 04:18

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Please send the project report on this mail.

Electronicsprojects
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Anonymous Timeslide
31 March 2021 at 18:04
please send the full report with circuit diagram on mail id-
Automatic Dam … 2 [email protected]
Reply
SPEAKING MIC… 70

Anonymous 12 May 2021 at 08:01

Programmable L… 16
clearly saying don't even try this project all code are fucking wrong
!!!!!!!!!!!!

if u want to waste ur time u can copy the code .

Reply

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