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Topic 3 - Homogeneous DE

This document discusses homogeneous differential equations. It defines a homogeneous function as one where f(tx,ty) = t^n f(x,y) for some constant n. A first-order differential equation is homogeneous if its terms M and N are both homogeneous of the same degree. The document shows that a homogeneous differential equation can be solved by substituting either y=vx or x=uy to reduce it to a separable equation. Three example problems demonstrate solving homogeneous equations using these substitutions and integrating to find the general solution.

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326 views15 pages

Topic 3 - Homogeneous DE

This document discusses homogeneous differential equations. It defines a homogeneous function as one where f(tx,ty) = t^n f(x,y) for some constant n. A first-order differential equation is homogeneous if its terms M and N are both homogeneous of the same degree. The document shows that a homogeneous differential equation can be solved by substituting either y=vx or x=uy to reduce it to a separable equation. Three example problems demonstrate solving homogeneous equations using these substitutions and integrating to find the general solution.

Uploaded by

Selaras Kyle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Homogeneous

Differential
Equation
Topic 3 – BEM 121
WMSU

1
A. Homogeneous Function
Consider the standard form for a first-order d.e. in the
unknown function y(x) is: y’= f(x,y)
where y’ = derivative of the function y(x).

Note: The function f(x,y) is said to be homogeneous of


degree n if there exist a constant n for every quantity t.
(whether a constant or a variable)
f(tx, ty) = 𝑡 𝑛 f(x,y)

2
A. Homogeneous Function
For example:
Let: f(x,y) = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 3
if f(tx,ty) = 3𝑡 3 𝑥 3 − 2𝑡 3 𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑡 3 𝑦 3 or
f(tx,ty) = 𝑡 3 f x, y = 𝑡 3 (3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 3 )

3
B. Homogeneous D.E.
The first ordered differential equation:
M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 is said to be
homogeneous of degree n if:

M(tx,ty) = 𝑡 𝑛 M(x,y)
N(tx,ty) = 𝑡 𝑛 N(x,y)

Note: For Mdx + Ndy = 0 to be homogeneous, the


function M and N must be both homogeneous of the
same degree.

4
Determine if the following functions
are homogeneous or not .
• 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 H, n = 2
• 𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏3 Not H
(where a & b are variables)
• 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 H, n = 1
𝑧
• exp( ) H , n=0
𝑦
• 𝑧𝑙𝑛𝑧 − 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦 Not H

5
SOLUTION TO A
HOMOGENEOUS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

6
a. A homogeneous first ordered differential equation can
be solved by using either of the following substitutions.
y = vx or x = uy
b. The use of the third variable u or v in the equation
above is reduced the homogeneous equation into one
in which the variables are separable. The proof of this is
given as:
Let y = vx ; dy = vdx + xdv or
Let x = uy ; dx = udy + ydu
c. Substitution of these to a given homogeneous equation
gives:
M(x,vx) dx + N(x,vx) (vdx + xdv) = 0 or
M(uy,y) (udy + ydu) + N(uy,y) dy = 0
7
Note: Both substitutions, y =vx and x = uy, provide the
same solution in terms of mathematical works, one has a
decided advantage over the other:

Note: Use:
y = vx if N is simpler than M.
x = uy if M is simpler than N.

c. The integration of the equation above gives the


tentative solution having the form:
𝑦
v = f(x) or f(v,x) = 0, and the substitution of v = .
𝑥

8
SUMMARY OF
PROBLEMS

9
1. Find the complete solution of (3x + 2y) dx + 2x dy = 0:

 Substi
 Variable v = y/x
separable

 Answer
or

 Answer
 Integrate

10
2. Determine the complete solution of xy dx - (x+2y)2 dy = 0:

 Substi
u = x/y

 Integrate

 Answer
11
𝑦+𝑥
3. Solve y’ = and give the general solution in the form:
𝑥
y = x ln(kx) ; where k = any constant

 Use y = vx
 dy = vdx+xdv

 Let C = -ln (k)

 Integrate
 Answer

12
TRY:

Answer: 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶2 where 𝐶2 = x 𝐶1

13
The general solution is:
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝐶2 (ans.)

where 𝐶2 = x 𝐶1

14
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