Scribd
Upload
309 views15 pages

Topic 3 - Homogeneous DE

This document discusses homogeneous differential equations. It defines a homogeneous function as one where f(tx,ty) = t^n f(x,y) for some constant n. A first-order differential equation is homogeneous if its terms M and N are both homogeneous of the same degree. The document shows that a homogeneous differential equation can be solved by substituting either y=vx or x=uy to reduce it to a separable equation. Three example problems demonstrate solving homogeneous equations using these substitutions and integrating to find the general solution.

Uploaded by

Selaras Kyle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
309 views15 pages

Topic 3 - Homogeneous DE

This document discusses homogeneous differential equations. It defines a homogeneous function as one where f(tx,ty) = t^n f(x,y) for some constant n. A first-order differential equation is homogeneous if its terms M and N are both homogeneous of the same degree. The document shows that a homogeneous differential equation can be solved by substituting either y=vx or x=uy to reduce it to a separable equation. Three example problems demonstrate solving homogeneous equations using these substitutions and integrating to find the general solution.

Uploaded by

Selaras Kyle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Homogeneous

Differential
Equation
Topic 3 – BEM 121
WMSU

1
A. Homogeneous Function
Consider the standard form for a first-order d.e. in the
unknown function y(x) is: y’= f(x,y)
where y’ = derivative of the function y(x).

Note: The function f(x,y) is said to be homogeneous of


degree n if there exist a constant n for every quantity t.
(whether a constant or a variable)
f(tx, ty) = 𝑡 𝑛 f(x,y)

2
A. Homogeneous Function
For example:
Let: f(x,y) = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 3
if f(tx,ty) = 3𝑡 3 𝑥 3 − 2𝑡 3 𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑡 3 𝑦 3 or
f(tx,ty) = 𝑡 3 f x, y = 𝑡 3 (3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 3 )

3
B. Homogeneous D.E.
The first ordered differential equation:
M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 is said to be
homogeneous of degree n if:

M(tx,ty) = 𝑡 𝑛 M(x,y)
N(tx,ty) = 𝑡 𝑛 N(x,y)

Note: For Mdx + Ndy = 0 to be homogeneous, the


function M and N must be both homogeneous of the
same degree.

4
Determine if the following functions
are homogeneous or not .
• 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 H, n = 2
• 𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏3 Not H
(where a & b are variables)
• 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 H, n = 1
𝑧
• exp( ) H , n=0
𝑦
• 𝑧𝑙𝑛𝑧 − 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦 Not H

5
SOLUTION TO A
HOMOGENEOUS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

6
a. A homogeneous first ordered differential equation can
be solved by using either of the following substitutions.
y = vx or x = uy
b. The use of the third variable u or v in the equation
above is reduced the homogeneous equation into one
in which the variables are separable. The proof of this is
given as:
Let y = vx ; dy = vdx + xdv or
Let x = uy ; dx = udy + ydu
c. Substitution of these to a given homogeneous equation
gives:
M(x,vx) dx + N(x,vx) (vdx + xdv) = 0 or
M(uy,y) (udy + ydu) + N(uy,y) dy = 0
7
Note: Both substitutions, y =vx and x = uy, provide the
same solution in terms of mathematical works, one has a
decided advantage over the other:

Note: Use:
y = vx if N is simpler than M.
x = uy if M is simpler than N.

c. The integration of the equation above gives the


tentative solution having the form:
𝑦
v = f(x) or f(v,x) = 0, and the substitution of v = .
𝑥

8
SUMMARY OF
PROBLEMS

9
1. Find the complete solution of (3x + 2y) dx + 2x dy = 0:

 Substi
 Variable v = y/x
separable

 Answer
or

 Answer
 Integrate

10
2. Determine the complete solution of xy dx - (x+2y)2 dy = 0:

 Substi
u = x/y

 Integrate

 Answer
11
𝑦+𝑥
3. Solve y’ = and give the general solution in the form:
𝑥
y = x ln(kx) ; where k = any constant

 Use y = vx
 dy = vdx+xdv

 Let C = -ln (k)

 Integrate
 Answer

12
TRY:

Answer: 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶2 where 𝐶2 = x 𝐶1

13
The general solution is:
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝐶2 (ans.)

where 𝐶2 = x 𝐶1

14
15

You might also like