Republic of the Philippines The learner will be able to:

Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of

Northern Philippines • Relations and Functions
• Domain of a Function

The Language of Relations and Functions

In this lesson, you will learn the concepts of relations and functions which are useful
for solving many application problems in Mathematics.

Relations and Functions

Objects in mathematics may be related in various ways. A

set A may be said to be related to a set B. For example: A is a
subset of B, A and B have at least one common element, or A and B
have the same elements. A number x may also be related to a number y. For
example, x < y, x is a factor of y, or

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN

WORLD
Quarter 1: Week 9
SELF LEARNING KIT #7

Lesson 2.4: The Language of Relations and Functions

Learning Competencies
 Source:
��2 + ��2 = 1.
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WORKSHEET 4
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS What is a relation?
The Language of Relations and Functions
School: University of Northern Philippines-Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
A relation is a correspondence between two things or quantities. It is a set of
ordered pairs (x, y). Two important factors connected with a relation are the domain
and range. The set of all values of x is called the domain while the set of values of y
is called the range. A relation may also be expressed as a statement, arrow diagram,
table, equation, set-builder notation and graph.
Name of Teacher: HELEN R. SIEMBRE, MAME
For example, the relation is given by

R= {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), …}

The given relation R can be described as follows:

a. By Statement

R is the set of ordered pairs where the second

elements is twice of the first elements.

b. By Arrow Diagram

e. By a Graph
 (3, 6)

(5, 10) (4, 8)

1
4

2 8

3 4 10 . (1, 2)
(2, 4)

5.

2
c. By Table
 Example 3:
x 1 2 3 4 5 . . .
Let J = {0, 1, 2} and K = {1, 2, 3}. Find J x K.
y 2 4 6 8 10 . . .
Solution:

J x K = {(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
d. By Set-builder Notation

Example 4:
R = {(x, y)|y = 2x, x ∈ N}
In J x K, can you identify a relation R = {(x, y) |�� < ��}?

Solution:

Examine the ordered pairs in J x K where the value of the first element is
A relation may be formed from two sets A and B. To understand this, let us
less than the second element. Hence, we have
introduce the concepts of Cartesian Product.
R = {(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)}
Definition of a Cartesian Product:

Consider two arbitrary sets M and N. The set of all ordered pairs (m,n) where:
a ∈ �� and b ∈ B is called the Cartesian Product. By notation, Now, we give a formal definition of a relation.
A x B = { (a, b) |�� ∈ �� and b ∈ ��} Definition:
Example 1: Let A and B be sets. A relation from A to B is a subset of A x B. Given an
Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3}. Find A x B. ordered pair (x, y) in A x B, x is related to y by R, if and only if (x, y) is in R.
To find a relation from A to B, follow these steps:
Solution:

A x B = {(1,1), (1,2), (1, 3), (2,1), (2, 2), (2,3)} 1st step: Define A x B

2nd step: Examine each ordered pair that satisfies the given relation.

Example 2:

Let M = {a, b, c} and N = {1, 7}. a.) Find M x N and b.) Find N x M Example 1:

Solution: Find a relation R such that y is twice of x if A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4, 6}.

Solution:
a.) M x N = {(a, 1), (a, 7), (b, 1), (b, 7), (c, 1), (c, 7)}

b.) N x M = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (7, a), (7, b), (7, c)} 1st step: Define A x B.
 A x B = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2,4), (2, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), 1. Find a relation R such that ��+��
2>1 if A = {0,1, 2} and B ={0, 1, 2, 3}.
(3,6)} 2nd step: Examine each ordered pair.

R = {(1, 2), (2,4), (3,6)}

Example 2.
2. Find a relation R such that y is a power of x if A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 4, 5, 9}
Find a relation R such that �� −��
2is an integer if A = {1, 2,} and B = {1, 2, 3}.

Solution: What is a function?

1st step: Define A x B The concept of function provides the essential tool in applying mathematical
formulations in solving problems. For example, the distance (d) a car travels is
A x B = {(1,1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
related to the product of its speed (s) and the time (t) of travel in the equation d =
2nd step: Examine each ordered pair. st.

R = {(1,1), (1, 3), (2, 2)} Definition:

since: (1,1) →1 −1 Let D and R be two sets. A function from D to R is a rule that associates or
0 assigns to each element in D a single element in R. We then say that a quantity y
2= 2= 0, which is an integer
is a function of another quantity x if a rue exists such that a unique value of y is
assigned a corresponding value of x. To denote this relationship, we use the
(1,3) →1 −3 functional notation:
−2
2= 2= −1, which is an integer y = f(x)
2 −2
(2,2) →
0 where f indicates that a function exists between variables x and y.
2= 2= 0, which is an integer
For instance, the statement “the area (A) of a circle depends on its radius (r)”
All the other three ordered pairs can not be part of the relation because the can be denoted as A= f(r), where A represents the area and r, the radius. This is
results are not integers. For example, (1, 2) →1 −2 read as “Area is a function of its radius”. In fact, the area of a circle is given by the
−1 formula:
2= 2which is NOT an
integer.
A = ����2. Hence, a function may be considered as a formula or equation. In
the equation y = 2x – 3, every value of x gives only one value of y. Then y is a
function of x. this may be written as

f(x) = 2x – 3
Try these!
 The functional notation y = f(x) allows us to denote specific values of a
function. To evaluate a function is to substitute the specified values of the
Exercise
independent variable in the formula and simplify.
Sketch the graph of the functions:
Example 1: When f(x) = 2x – 3, find
1. f(x) = 5
a. f(0)
2. h(x) = 3x + 2
b. f(1)
3. q(x) = x2 + 6x -7
c. f(-1)

d. f(5-x) 4. k(x) ={��, ������ �� ≥ 0

Solutions: −��, ������ �� < 0}
a. f(0) = 2(0) – 3 = 0 – 3 = – 3 5. j(x) = ⟦��⟧ (the value is the greatest integer less than or equal to x)

b. f(1) = 2(1) – 3 = 2 – 3 = – 1
6. m(x) = {−2, �� < 1 ������
c. f(-1) = 2(-1) – 3 = – 2 – 3 = – 5
��, �� ≥ 1}
d. f(5-x) = 2(5 – x) – 3 = 10 – 2x – 3 = – 2x + 7

Operations on Functions
Graph of a Function This deals with the basic operations on functions and their effects on the
domain of functions.
For a given function y = f(x), we can set up ordered pairs of values (x, y) or
(x, f(x)). These ordered pair can be plotted in the xy- plane to show how the The sum, difference, product and quotients of two functions are also
relation looks like. functions.
To graph a given function, follow these steps: Let f and g be two functions:
1. Take representative values of x in the domain of the function and solve for f(x).
Then construct a table of values for s and f(x). a. The sum of two functions, f + g, is the function defined by (f

2. Plot the points whose coordinates are the ordered pairs (x, f(x)) from the table + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
of values.
b. The difference of two functions, f - g, is the function defined by (f -
3. Join the plotted points in the plane with a straight line or smooth curve. Label g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
the graph.
c. The product of two functions, f . g, is the function defined by (f .
 g)(x) = f(x) . g(x)
where the domain of f ₒ g consists of all numbers x in the domain of g for
d. The quotient of two functions, f /g, is the function defined by (f / which g(x) is in the domain of f.

g)(x) = f(x) / g(x) Example: Let f(x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = 1 – x.

The domain of the first three new functions: f + g, f – g, and f.g is defined as a. Find (f ₒ g) (x)
the intersection of the domains of f and g. The domain of the quotient f/g excludes
b. Find (g ₒ f) (x)
those numbers that will make the denominator g(x) zero. Lastly, the domain of c.f
is the domain of f. Solution:

a. (f ₒ g)(x) = f(g(x))
Example: Let f(x) = 5x – 2 and g(x) = x – 1. Find the following: = f (1 – x )
1. (f + g)(x) = 3(1 – x) + 2

2. (f - g)(x) = 3 – 3x + 2

3. (f . g)(x) = 5 – 3x

4. (f / g)(x) b. (g ₒ f)(x) = g(f(x))

Solutions: = g(3x + 2)
1. (f + g)(x) = (5x – 2) + (x – 1) = 5x – 2 + x – 1 = 6x – 3 = 1 – (3x + 2)
2. (f - g)(x) = (5x – 2) – (x – 1) = 5x – 2 – x + 1 = 4x – 1 = 1 – 3x – 2

3. (f . g)(x) = (5x – 2)(x – 1) = 5x2 – 5x – 2x + 2 = 5x2 – 7x + 2 = – 3x – 1

4. (f / g)(x) = (5x – 2)/(x – 1) Exercises:

Let f(x) = x – 3 , g(x) = 2x + 1 and h(x) = x2 – 5. Find the following

Composition of Functions 1. f ₒ g

This pertains to the combinations of two or more functions. The new 2. f ₒ h

function is called a composite function.
Let two functions be f and g. The composition of f with g, denoted by f ₒ g 3. h ₒ g
(read as “f circle g”), is the function defined by 4. g ₒ f
5. g ₒ h
(f ₒ g)(x)= f(g(x))
DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION
 For the function y = f(x), we call the set from which we take values a. f(x) = 2x + 1
of the independent variable x the Domain of the function. The set of all
b. g(x) = x2
possible values of y as x varies over the domain is called the Range of the
function. c. h(x) = 3
��+4
RESTRICTIONS ABOUT A DOMAIN.
d. k(x) = √�� + 3
When we define functions, we should be aware of two restrictions.
Solution:
The first restriction concerns rational expressions: we should never divide by
zero. The domain of functions involving rational expressions excludes those a. f(x) = 2x + 1 is a linear function. Its domain is the set of real numbers. b.
values of the independent variable that will make the denominator zero.
g(x) = x2is a quadratic function. Its domain is the set of real numbers. c.
The second restriction involves radical expressions: we never take the square
h(x) = 3
root of a negative number. Therefore, the domain of this type of function does not
include those values of the independent variable that will make the radicand
�� + 4is a rational function. Note that x can not assume a value of x that
negative. makes the denominator equal to zero. The only exemption to the domain of the
Example: function is x = − 4 since x + 4 = − 4 + 4 = 0.

Discuss the domain of each function:

d. k(x) = √�� + 3 is a square root function. Note that x can not assume values of x
that make the radicand less than zero. To find the domain are the values of x that
satisfy theequality �� + 3 ≥ 0 → x ≥ −3. Hence, the domain is the set {x ≥ −3}.

Exercise: Determine the domain of each of the following functions:

1. f(x) = x + 10 6. A(x) = x 2-2

2. F(x) = 23�� + 5 7. H(x) = √�� − 2

3. g(x) = 5 – 3x 8. K(x) = √��2 − 2

4. g(x) = 1
(��+5)(��−1)9. C(x) = 2x3 + 4x2- 2x + 1

5. b(x) = ��−1
2 √��+1
�� +5��+610.
��−2