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Properties of The Z-Transform: Linearity

The document summarizes several key properties of the Z-transform, including linearity, time shifting, exponential weighting, linear weighting, time reversal, convolution, and multiplication. It then provides examples of using techniques like long division, power series expansion, inspection method, and partial fraction method to compute the inverse Z-transform of various functions.

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Ali
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74 views9 pages

Properties of The Z-Transform: Linearity

The document summarizes several key properties of the Z-transform, including linearity, time shifting, exponential weighting, linear weighting, time reversal, convolution, and multiplication. It then provides examples of using techniques like long division, power series expansion, inspection method, and partial fraction method to compute the inverse Z-transform of various functions.

Uploaded by

Ali
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Properties of the Z-Transform


• Linearity:

a1 x1 [n] + a2 x2 [n] ←→ a1 X1 (z) + a2 X2 (z), RoC = Rx1 ∩ Rx2

• Time Shifting Property:

x[n − n0 ] ←→ z −n0 X(z),


RoC = Rx (except possible addition/deletion
of z = 0 or z = ∞)

• Exponential Weighting:

z0n x[n] ←→ X(z0−1 z), RoC = |z0 |Rx

– The poles of the Z-transform are scaled by |z0 |


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• Linear Weighting
dX(z)
nx(n) ←→ −z ,
dz
RoC = Rx (except possible addition/deletion
of z = 0 or z = ∞)

• Time Reversal
1
x[−n] ←→ X(z −1 ), RoC =
Rx
• Convolution

x[n] ∗ y[n] ←→ X(z)Y (z), RoC = Rx ∩ Ry

• Multiplication
Z
1 z −1
x[n]w[n] ←→ X(v)w( )v dv
2πj v
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Inverse Z-Transform Examples
• Using long division: Causal sequence
1
, RoC = |z| > |a| = 1 + az −1
+ az −2
+ az −3
+ ···
1 − az −1
IZT (1 + az −1 + a2 z −2 + a3 z −3 + · · · ) = an u[n]
• Using long division: Noncausal sequence
1
, RoC = |z| < |a|
1 − az −1

Here the IZT is computed as follows:


1 z
IZT ( ) = IZT ( )
1 − az −1 −a + z
This results in:

IZT (−a−1 z + a−2 z 2 + a−3 z 3 + · · · ) = −an u[−n − 1]

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• Inverse Z-transform - using Power series expansion

X(z) = log(1 + az −1 ), |z| > |a|

Using the Power Series expansion for log(1 + x), |x| < 1, we
have
X∞
(−1)n+1 an z −n
X(z) =
1
n
The IZT is given by
(−1)n+1 an
x[n] = ,n ≥ 1
n
= 0, n ≤ 0

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• Inverse Z-transform - Inspection method


1
an u[n] ←→ , |z| > |a|
1 − az −1

1 1
GivenX(z) = , |z| > | |
1 − 12 z −1 2
1
=⇒ x[n] = ( )n u[n]
2
• Inverse Z-transform - Partial fraction method
– Example 1: All-Pole system
1 1
X(z) = , |z| >
(1 − 13 z −1 )(1 − 16 z −1 ) 3

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Using partial fraction method, we have:


A1 A2
X(z) = 1 −1 + 1 −1 ,
1 − 3z 1 − 6z
1
|z| >
3
1 −1
A1 = (1 − z )X(z)|z= 13
3
1 −1
A2 = (1 − z )X(z)|z= 16
6
A1 = 2
A2 = −1
1 n 1 n
x(n) = 2( ) u[n] − 1( ) u[n]
3 6

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– Example 2: Pole-Zero system


1 + 2z −1 + z −2
X(z) = , |z| > 1
1 − 32 z −1 + 12 z −2
(1 + z −1 )2
−
(1 − 12 z −1 )(1 − z −1 )
−1 + 5z −1
= 2+
(1 − 12 z −1 )(1 − z −1 )
9 8
= 2− +
1 − 12 z −1 1 − z −1
1 n
x[n] = 2δ[n] − 9( ) u[n] + 8u[n]
2

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– Example 3: Finite length sequences

2 1 −1
X(z) = z (1 − z )(1 + z −1 )(1 − z −1 )
2
1
= z 2 − f rac12z − 1 + z −1
2
1 1
= δ[n + 2] − δ[n + 1] − δ[n] + δ[n − 1]
2 2

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Inverse Z-Transform Problem


1. Given X(z) = z−1z
− z
z−2 + z−3 ,
z
determine all the possible
sequences for x[n].
Hint: Remember that the RoC must be a continuous region

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