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Mark Scheme (Results)

January 2017

Pearson Edexcel
International Advanced Subsidiary Level
in Biology (WBI02)
Paper 01 Development, Plants and the
Environment
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January 2017
Publications Code WBI02_01_ 1701_ MS*
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2017
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General Marking Guidance

 This mark scheme provides a list of acceptable answers for this paper. Candidates will receive credit for all correct
responses but will be penalised if they give more than one answer where only one is required (e.g. putting an additional
cross in a set of boxes). If a candidate produces more written answers than the required number (two instead of one,
three instead of two etc), only the first answers will be accepted. Free responses are marked for the effective
communication of the correct answer rather than for quality of language but it is possible that, on some occasions, the
quality of English or poor presentation can impede communication and lose candidate marks. It is sometimes possible for
a candidate to produce a written response that does not feature in the mark scheme but which is nevertheless correct. If
this were to occur, an examiner would, of course, give full credit to that answer.
 All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as
they mark the last.
 Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather
than penalised for omissions.
 Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their perception of where the grade boundaries
may lie.
 There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used appropriately.
 All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e.
if the answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s
response is not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader
must be consulted.
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an alternative response.
 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
1(a) Drawing mark 1.IGNORE labels when assessing drawing
mark
1. two membranes drawn with inner membrane folded ; 1.IGNORE shape of mitochondrion
1.IGNORE number of folds

Labelling marks IGNORE labels of phosphate granules/lipid

droplets
DO NOT ACCEPT other structures including
granum/stroma/thylakoid/starch
grain/nucleus/cytoplasm/mesosome

2. outer membrane and {inner membrane / cristae} ; 2.NOT cell membrane/cell wall
2. NOT cisternae instead of cristae
2.ACCEPT double membrane/envelope

Any two from:

3. and 4. Need to be labelled in the correct
3. inter-membrane space; position but no additional drawing needed

4. matrix ;
5.6. and 7. A drawing (not detailed) to
5. stalked particles represent them is needed as well as label
being in correct position. (Quality of drawing
6. (circular)DNA ; is not being assessed in these marking
points).
7. (70S)ribosomes ; 5. Drawn attached to cristae
(4) EXP
6. and 7. Drawn in matrix and not attached
to membrane
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Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
1(b) IGNORE answers about features that they
don’t have

1. (loop of) DNA ; 1.IGNORE plasmid /genetic material

(2) GRAD
2. (70S / small) ribosomes ;

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
1(c) 1.top line = archaea ;
ACCEPT either way around
2. middle line = bacteria ;
1.ACCEPT archaebacteria
2.ACCEPT eubacteria (3) GRAD
3.bottom line = eukaryota ; 3 ACCEPT eukaryote / eukarya/ eukaryotic

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
1(d) chloroplast / large vacuole / amyloplast ; DO NOT ACCEPT any other structure (1) GRAD
IGNORE plastid
ACCEPT sap vacuole/permanent vacuole
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Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
2(a)(i) Any two from: IGNORE references to genotype/species

1.to make the investigation valid ; 1.NOT reliable / reproducible / accurate /

precise/fair
2.plants would be of same age; 2 -6. ACCEPT similar as eq to same

3.same soil ; 3.ACCEPT idea would receive same quantity

of nutrients/minerals
4.same water availability ;

5.same temperature ;
3-6.ACCEPT growth conditions/abiotic
6.same light (intensity / wave length / exposure/daylength) ; factors for 1 mark if none of the named (2) GRAD
growth conditions are specified

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
2(a)(ii) 1. to soften the {stem/(soft) tissues/cell walls /middle lamella/ 1. NOT cellulose
matrix / hemicellulose / pectate}; 1.ACCEPT for {fungi/bacteria} to break
down/decompose the soft tissues/eq
(2) GRAD
2. so that the fibres can be {separated/removed/extracted} ; 2.ACCEPT easier to extract fibres
ACCEPT to leave only fibres/cellulose [For
answers in context of decomposition]

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
2(a)(iii) soaked in water ; ACCEPT soaked in same solution without (1) GRAD
NaOH
IGNORE should not be soaked in NaOH
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Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
2(a)(iv) to remove the NaOH / so that the fibres were safe to handle / eq ; ACCEPT to remove the alkali (1) GRAD

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
2(a)(v) 1. idea that the {diameter/thickness/radius/shape} varies along the 1.IGNORE fibres are different sizes
length of a fibre ;
2.ACCEPT idea of improved validity/ (2) EXP
2. to obtain/calculate {a mean / an average} ; Reliability
2.ACCEPT to find the smallest diameter/eq

Question Answer Mark

Number
2(a)(vi) The only correct answer is C (1) COMP

A is not correct because there are no units for area

B is not correct because units should refer to area not length

D is not correct because units should refer to area not volume

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
2(b) 1. difficult to compare data / eq ;

2. because the diameter of the fibres in the two groups are not the 2. ACCEPT only one diameter/only 0.080 is
same / eq ; the same in both groups

3. NaOH reduces the tensile strength / eq ; 3.ACCEPT weakens fibres

4. idea that NaOH does not reduce tensile strength at all diameters ; 4. ACCEPT There are anomalies

5. credit correct manipulation of figures ; EXAMPLE the tensile strength of 0.080 (3) EXP
diameter is reduced by 244 (Nm-2)
5.ACCEPT 31.3% decrease
 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
3(a) PIECE TOGETHER answer if needed
IGNORE comments about rate of
growth
1. number of cells {decreases /doesn’t increase/ eq} ; 1.IGNORE quoted values
1.ACCEPT in context of γ radiation
graph alone or as a comparison with
untreated group

(2) EXP
2. cell length increase is same as untreated cells / radiation has {very
little /no effect} on cell length compared to untreated cells ; 2.ACCEPT up to 155/160 hours stem
length is (slightly) reduced compared
to untreated cells / after 155/160
hours length of cells (slightly)
increased compared to untreated
cells

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
3(b) IGNORE comments about mutation
IGNORE comments about rate of
growth

1. idea that γ radiation prevents {new cells from being 1. ACCEPT fewer cells so height is (2) EXP
made/mitosis/cell division} so height does not increase as much ; lower (than untreated coleoptiles).

2. idea that cell elongation is {not affected/affected very little} by γ

radiation so height still increases ;
 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
*3(c) (*QWC – Spelling of technical terms must be correct and the answer QWC Emphasis is on logical
must be organised in a logical sequence.) sequence
NB use of root tips would only
prevent mp1 being awarded

1. idea of using coleoptiles tips with and without γ radiation ; 1.PIECE TOGETHER if necessary

2. place (coleoptiles) in acid and {acetic orcein /Feulgen’s 2.ACCEPT if done in two stages (ie
stain/Schiff’s reagent/Toluidine blue}; acid is added then stain added later)
2.IGNORE context of heat

3. idea of teasing (cells / coleoptiles) apart ; 3.eg use of needle to break tip /
spread cells
3.ACCEPT macerate the
tips/coleoptiles
4. description of mounting (cells / coleoptiles) ;
4 ACCEPT use of slide with {acid /
stain / water} [care: this is
sometimes described in two
different sentences]
5. description of squashing (cells / coleoptiles) ; 5. eg pressing cells/tip/eq with
coverslip/second slide
6. idea of warming slide to intensify stain ;

7. idea of counting number of cells undergoing mitosis and {cells in

interphase/total number of cells} ;

8. idea of {calculating a percentage /calculate the mitotic index/ (6) EXP

counting same number of cells for each tip } ;
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Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
*4(a) (*QWC – Spelling of technical terms must be correct and the answer QWC emphasis is on clarity of
must be organised in a logical sequence.) expression

1. (phase I) involves (small) number of healthy {people / volunteers} ;

2. (phase II) involves small number of patients / eq ; 2.ACCEPT idea that there are more
people than in phase I
2.ACCEPT100-300
3. (phase III) involves {large/larger number} of patients / eq ;
3.ACCEPT > 1000
4. reference to a double blind trial ;

5. reference to use of placebo ;

4.5.6. ACCEPT in context of phase
6. idea that neither the patient nor the doctor knows who is receiving II or phase III
the placebo ;
(5) EXP

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
4(b) NB Answers must be related to a stage.

1. pre-clinical (to phase I): idea that {animals harmed by drug / not
safe to use on people} ;

2. phase I (to phase II): idea that drug had {side effects/showed 2. ACCEPT an example eg nausea/dizziness
toxicity} ;

3. phase II (to phase III): idea that {patients were not cured / drug 3. ACCEPT idea of further side effects noted
had no effect on condition/drug was less effective than existing (3) EXP
drugs} ;
4.ACCEPT long term side effects OR idea of
4. phase III onwards: idea that drug was not successful enough rare side effects/eq that only show in large
compared to the placebo/existing treatment ; samples
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Question Answer Mark

Number
5(a) The only correct answer is D (1) COMP

A is not correct because neither xylem vessels nor sclerenchyma fibres are organs

B is not correct because xylem vessels are not an organ and sclerenchyma fibres are not an organ systems

C is not correct because xylem vessels are not an organ system

Question Answer Mark

Number
5(b)
The only correct answer is A

B is not correct because neither guideline points to a xylem vessel

C is not correct because the xylem vessel label is pointing to sclerenchyma fibres (1) COMP

D is not correct because the labels are the wrong way round

Question Answer Mark

Number
5(c) The only correct answer is C

A is not correct because xylem vessels do contain cellulose

B is not correct because xylem vessels do contain lignin (1) COMP

D is not correct because xylem vessels do contain cellulose and pits

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Question Answer Mark

Number Additional Guidance
5 (d) The only correct answer is C

A is not correct because xylem vessels are also involved with support
(1) COMP
B is not correct because sclerenchyma fibres have no transport function

D is not correct because xylem vessels are also involved with support and sclerenchyma fibres have no transport
function

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
5(e) Any two from ACCEPT correct chemical symbols of
ions
magnesium ACCEPT any other two correct ions
calcium e.g. sulfates or sulphates/
nitrates ; phosphates /chloride/ potassium
/ sodium /iron / manganese
/zinc / copper / ammonium
(1) GRAD

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
5(f)(i) 1. idea that as pressure increases so does rate of flow ; 1.ACCEPT positive correlation
2. Example calculation: for a
2. {(directly) proportional / linear increase / eq} / credit correct diameter of 200(µm) when pressure
manipulation of figures ; increases from 0 - 0.2(au) rate of (2) Expert
flow increases by 200(mh-1)
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Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
5(f)(ii) 1. idea that as diameter increases so does rate of flow ; 1.ACCEPT positive correlation
2.Example calculation: (at pressure (2)
2. {non-linear increase / eq} / credit correct manipulation of figures ; of 0.2) when diameter increases from Expert
100-200(µm) rate of flow increases by
70(mh-1 )
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Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
6(a)(i) 1. Length of head with correct units ; ACCEPT a range of 9-10mm / 0.9 –
1.0cm; (1)
expert

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
6(a)(ii) NB allow error carried forward from
1. length of head divided by 2000; (a)(i)

2. (multiplied by 30) to give correct answer; Units must be stated to gain full
marks
2. Answer must be expressed to 2 or
3 sig figs
EXAMPLE calculations: (2) expert
(30 x 9)/2000 = 0.135mm
OR
(30 x 10)/2000 = 0.15mm

ACCEPT answers converted to µm

or m
eg 135 µm or 1.35 x10-4m

Correct answer alone with units gains

2 marks.
 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
6(b) ACCEPT converse statement
throughout
ACCEPT secondary oocyte / ovum /
1. sperm has a {flagellum/tail} (but a female gamete does not) ; egg cell for female gamete
throughout
1. ACCEPT idea of a comparison of
2. sperm has an acrosome (but a female gamete does not) ; shape eg sperm is streamlined
female gamete is spherical
3. no cortical granules in a sperm (but there are in a female gamete );

4. no {food store / glycogen/lipid/ eq} in a sperm (but there is in a

female gamete) ;
(2) EXP
5. no zona pellucida in a sperm (but there is in a female gamete) ; 5.IGNORE follicle cells

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
6(c)(i) PIECE TOGETHER ANSWER
1. both are forms of nuclear division ; A statement about both is needed
1.IGNORE cell division
2. mitosis produces two cells but meiosis produces four cells / eq ;

3. idea that mitosis produces diploid cells but meiosis produces

haploid cells ;
(3) EXP
4. one division in mitosis but two divisions in meiosis / eq ;

5. no {crossing over/independent assortment} in mitosis but there is

in meiosis / eq ;

6. mitosis produces genetically identical cells but meiosis produces

genetically variable cells / eq ; 6. identical needs to be qualified once
 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
6(c)(ii) ACCEPT secondary oocyte / ovum / egg cell
for female gamete throughout
1. release of {acrosin/enzymes} from sperm / eq ; 1.ACCEPT reference to the acrosome
reaction
2. {sperm/enzymes} digests the {follicular cells /zona pellucida/ 2. ACCEPT jelly layer
eq} ;

3. {fusion / penetration / touches /eq} of sperm with female 3.ACCEPT head as eq to sperm
gamete membrane;

4. release of cortical granules / eq ; 4.ACCEPT reference to cortical reaction

5. zona pellucida {hardens / thickens/eq}; 5. ACCEPT a reference to formation of (4) EXP

fertilisation membrane

6. fusion of sperm nucleus with female (gamete) nucleus / eq ;

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Question Answer Mark

Number
7(a) The only correct answer is C (1) COMP

A is not correct because Phenotype P is not affected by the environment

B is not correct because Phenotype P is not affected by the environment

D is not correct because Phenotype P is not affected by the environment

Question Answer Mark

Number
7(b) The only correct answer is D (1) COMP

A is not correct because autism is affected most by the genotype and most by the environment

B is not correct because autism is affected most by the genotype

C is not correct because autism is affected most by the environment

 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
7(c)(i) 1. {Genotype/eq} determines levels of MAOA; PIECE TOGETHER ANSWERS

2. idea of environmental influence as {stress / maltreatment / abuse

/violence/ maternal rejection / lack of continuity in people looking
after child / eq} ;

3. (only) individuals with low levels of MAOA affected (by

environment) / eq ;

4. interaction results in antisocial behaviour / convictions / eq ; (3) EXP

5. males more affected than females (by this interaction) ;

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
7(c)(ii) 1. behaviour is affected by other genes / polygenic inheritance/ eq ; 1. ACCEPT idea that behaviour can’t
be easily quantified
2. idea other environmental factors / lifestyle factors/eq may be (2) EXP
involved; 2.ACCEPT difficult to
eliminate/control other
environmental factors/difficult to
measure stress/abuse/eq
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Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
8(a)(i) 1. idea that overall the number of Iberian lynx have increased ; 1.IGNORE in the wild

2. idea that the number of Iberian lynx originally from wild 2.DO NOT ACCEPT in the wild
increases (from 2000) to 2006 ;

3. idea that the number of Iberian lynx born in captivity increases 3.ACCEPT after 2004
from 2005;
4. Example calculation Total number in
4. credit correct manipulation of figures (to show an increase) ; breeding programmes increase by34 overall (3) EXP

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
8(a)(ii) 1. idea of more (captive) Iberian lynx {to breed with / reintroduce}
;

2. idea that Iberian lynx originally from the wild {increases gene 2.ACCEPT increases number of alleles in
pool/genetic diversity/reduces inbreeding}; population [as alternative to gene pool]

3. idea that Iberian lynx being born in captivity shows that the
{breeding programme is successful / the animals are not
stressed} ;

4. idea that fewer lynx need to be originally taken from the wild
because they are breeding in captivity ; (3) EXP
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Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
8(b) 1. idea that enough animals need to remain in the breeding
programme to maintain the gene pool;

2. idea that enough need to be reintroduced at the same time {to

improve chance that breeding (in the wild) will occur/maintain
gene pool(in the wild);

3. otherwise there could be {birth defects / disease / e.g. of (3) EXP

another consequence of inbreeding} ;

Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
8(c) 1. idea of exchanging {animals/sperm} between the centres ; 1. ACCEPT zoos

2. idea of keeping breeding records ; 2.ACCEPT stud books

3. idea of sharing {resources / money /veterinary care /knowledge

of husbandry /knowledge of release sites /raising awareness/eq}
;

4. idea of {quarantining / not breeding with sick animals / eq } ; (3) EXP

5. idea of not releasing too many lynx into one area ;

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