Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIK INA CITY

Earth & Life Science

First Quarter-Module 5:
Geologic Processes that Occur within the Earth

Writer: Evangeline C. Agtarap

Illustrator: Christine Ann G. Faraon
Cover Illustrator: Johnsmith D. Aurelio

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand geologic processes that occur within the Earth. This module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

Learning Competencies
1. Describe where Earth’s internal heat comes from (S11/12ES-Ib-14)
2. Describe how magma is formed (magmatism) (S11/12ES-Ic-15) and
3. Describe the changes in mineral components and texture of rocks due to
changes in pressure and temperature (metamorphism) (S11/12ES-Ic-17)

The module has three lessons which are:

• Lesson 1 – Earth’s Internal Heat
• Lesson 2 – Magmatism
• Lesson 3 – Metamorphism

After going through this module, you are expected to

1. identify the sources of Earth’s internal heat;
2. describe magma;
3. describe the different conditions under which magma forms; and
4. describe the changes in rocks due to changing pressure, temperature, and
chemical conditions.

What I Know

Read each question carefully and choose the best answer. On a separate sheet of
paper, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Why is the internal heat of Earth important to life?

A. It drives the movement of plates.
B. It protects the planet from solar flares.
C. It provides the energy for photosynthesis.
D. It shields the planet from harmful radiation from the sun.

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 2. How did Earth acquire heat according to the Planetesimals Theory?
I. Radioactive atoms undergo radioactive decay.
II. Particles of dust origin collided and accumulated.
III. Materials in the earth moved and separated into layers.
IV. To become more stable, radioactive atoms emit high energy particles
and waves.

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. II and III
D. III and IV

3. See the picture below. How does radioactive decay contribute to Earth's
internal heat?

A. As planetesimals collide and accrete, energy is released.

B. As atoms change to a more stable state, energy is released.
C. Materials in the earth separated into layers producing friction that is
converted to heat.
D. Denser materials settle at the center of Earth while less dense
materials rise to the surface.

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4. Which of the following are sources of Earth’s internal heat?
I. solar energy
II. radioactive decay
III. accretional energy
IV. differentiation energy

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. I, II, and III
D. II, III, and IV

5. Suppose someone asks you how Earth's internal heat allows life forms to
thrive, how will you answer?
I. It makes Earth like the other planets.
II. It helps maintain Earth's surface temperature.
III. It supplies energy for the formation of landforms.
IV. It adds to the number of years of Earth's existence.

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. II and III
D. I and IV

6. How does magma usually form in divergent plate boundaries?

A. By flux melting
B. By heat transfer
C. By compression
D. By decompression melting

7. How does flux melting happen?

A. By the addition of water and carbon dioxide
B. By the transfer of heat to surrounding rocks
C. By the lowering of melting point due to decrease in pressure
D. By the lowering of melting point due to increase in temperature

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 8. The figure below shows divergent plate boundaries. What usually causes the
melting of rocks along divergent plate boundaries?

A. Rising hot water

B. Increase in pressure at high temperature
C. Decrease in pressure at high temperature
D. Hotter rocks transfer heat to cooler surrounding rocks

9. Why is the study of magma important?

I. So we can better understand volcanoes
II. To have clues on how long Earth’s life is
III. To understand better the structure of the core
IV. So we can gain insights on the structure of the mantle

A. I and II
B. I and IV
C. II and III
D. II and IV

10. The figure below shows a subduction zone. How does magma usually form
in a subduction zone?

A. Increase in pressure causes mantle rocks to melt faster.

B. Hot rocks from the mantle rise to an area of lower pressure.
C. Water in the subducting sea floor would lower the melting
temperature of the mantle.
D. Hotter rocks from the plate below rise into the cooler plate above,
transferring heat.

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11. Why do rocks undergo metamorphism?
I. Changing pressure
II. Changing temperature
III. Changing chemical conditions
IV. Changing atmospheric conditions

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. I, II, and III
D. I, II, and IV

12. Examine the illustration below. How does metamorphism usually occur along
Earth’s fault lines? Choose the correct sequence below.

1. Rocks are pulverized due to high pressure.

2. Original minerals are completely broken down.
3. Rocks are scraped together along the Earth's fault lines.
4. Minerals recrystallize as smaller, tightly intergrown grains
making the rock denser.

A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 3, 1, 2, 4
C. 2, 1, 3, 4
D. 3, 4, 1, 2

13. Marble is formed when hot magma meets rocks like limestone at shallow
depths. What changes will be seen in marble?

A. Foliation
B. Growth in crystal size
C. Change in mineral composition
D. Bands of light and dark colored minerals

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 14. Slate is a metamorphic rock characterized by foliation or alignment of
minerals. It is usually formed when plates move towards each other. What
causes foliation?
A. Reaction with hot water
B. High temperature, low pressure
C. High pressure, low temperature
D. High temperature, high pressure

15. The figure below shows hot water rising and reacting with rocks. When this
happens, what changes will be observed?

A. Foliation
B. Increase in crystal size
C. Change in mineral composition
D. Development of bands of light and dark colored minerals

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 Lesson 1 Earth’s Internal Heat

What’s In

Activity 1.1 Layers of the Earth Crossword Puzzle

In your previous science classes, you have studied the layers of the earth. You
learned that temperature and pressure go up as we go down to the center of the
earth. The crossword puzzle below contains important terms about the layers of the
earth. Copy and answer the puzzle below on a clean sheet of paper.

Across:
1. a layer within the mantle composed of hot, weak material that is capable of gradual flow
3. ______ core, molten layer of the earth
4. the envelope of gases surrounding the earth
7. layer of rock beneath the crust

Down:
2. rigid and relatively cool outer layer of the earth, composed of both crust and a portion of
the upper mantle
5. ______ core, solid and dense layer at the center of the earth
6. thin, relatively light outer skin of the earth

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 What’s New

In the previous lessons, you learned that Earth is unique because of its
characteristics, one of which is plate tectonics. Plate tectonics is important in
maintaining Earth’s surface temperature. It is also responsible for the formation of
landforms like mountains and volcanoes and the birth of new bodies of water where
organisms live. Plate tectonics is one characteristic of Earth that allows it harbor life.

Have you ever wondered what causes plate tectonics? Scientists believe that
it is the internal heat of the earth that fuels the movement of lithospheric plates.
Without Earth's internal heat, we would not be able to enjoy scenic views like our
very own Mayon Volcano. Life, as we know it would change.

Figure 1.1. Mayon Volcano

Source: “Mayon Volcano”. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed August 7, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paranoma_of_Maout_Mayon_Volcano,_Philippines.jpg

What Is It

When we say, "internal heat", this refers to heat emitted from Earth's layers.
There is evidence that suggests that Earth's internal heat comes from two sources:
one is the heat from when Earth started to form, and the other is from radioactive
decay.

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 The diagram below summarizes the sources of Earth’s internal heat.

Primordial
Heat

Accretional Differentiation
Energy Energy
Earth's
Internal Heat

Radiactive
Decay

Figure 1.2. Sources of Earth’s Internal Heat

Source: “Earth Poster”. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed August 7, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_poster.svg

"Primordial Heat" is the term used to refer to the heat accumulated by Earth
when it was formed. According to one theory called "Planetesimals Theory”,
terrestrial planets like Earth formed because of collision and accumulation of objects
of dust origin called planetesimals. When they collided and accumulated, they
produced heat.

Figure 1.3. Primordial Heat

Source: Primordial Heat. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020.
www.frontlearners.com

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 Earth, according to the theory, started as a homogenous whole. The energy
that it acquired while it grew is called accretional energy. Later, materials in Earth
moved and separated from each other. The denser materials settled in the center and
the lighter materials rose to the surface of Earth. This process called differentiation,
formed Earth’s layers: core, mantle, and crust. Movement of materials produced
friction, which later was converted to heat.

Figure 1.4. Accretional Energy and Differentiation Energy

Source: Accretional Energy and Differentiation Energy. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7,
2020. www.frontlearners.com

The second source of Earth's internal heat is radioactive decay. Inside Earth
are some unstable atoms. Because they are unstable, they do not live very long in
that form. They tend to naturally turn themselves into more stable atoms. In the
process of doing so, they release high energy particles and waves. This process is
called radioactive decay. Current researches show that almost 50% of Earth's
internal heat comes from radioactive decay. The elements identified to have the most
abundant unstable isotopes are Uranium, Thorium and Potassium. Uranium is also
used in nuclear power plants to produce electricity.

Figure 1.5. Radioactive Decay

Source: Radioactive Decay. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020.
www.frontlearners.com

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 Figure 1.6. Nuclear Power Plant
Source: "Urumqi, China, Nuclear Power Plant”. Pikist.com. Accessed August 7, 2020.
https://www.pikist.com/free-photo-iobtl

What’s More

Activity 1. 2 Sources of Earth’s Internal Heat

Based on what you have learned, fill in the gaps with the word that will best complete
the sentence. Copy and answer on a separate sheet of paper.

The 1. _________ (internal, external) heat of the earth comes from its layers.
This heat is important because it is what drives the movement of lithospheric
2. _________ (plates, layers).
Scientists identify two sources of this heat. One is from when the Earth
started to form. This is called 3. _________ (evolution, primordial) heat. This heat
came from accretional energy and differentiation energy. 4. __________
(Accretional, Differentiation) energy is from the accumulation of objects of dust
origin called 5. ____________ (infinitesimals, planetesimals.) 6. __________
(Accretional, Differentiation) energy comes from the separation of Earth into
layers with different properties. The denser materials settled in the center and
form the 7. ___________ (core, crust). The lighter materials rose to the surface
forming the 8. ____________ (crust, core).
Another source of this heat are 9. ________ (stable, unstable) atoms. These
atoms undergo a process where in they change into a more 10. _______(stable,
unstable) form. The byproduct of this process is the release of energy. This
process is called 11. __________ (primordial, radioactive) decay.

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 1.3. Earth’s Internal Heat Lesson Summary

Complete the sentences below.

1. Earth's internal heat is important because ____________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.

2. The sources of Earth's internal heat are _______________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 1.4. Earth’s Internal Heat Storybook

Suppose you are a writer for a children's book. You want to write a story about our
planet. Part of the story is where the internal heat of Earth comes from. How will you
write that part of the story? Write your answer on a clean sheet of paper. Include
illustrations that will make the story more interesting.

Your work will be evaluated based on the following rubric.

3 points 2 points 1 point 0 point

Content The story The story The story The story does
explains explains explains not contain
accurately accurately two accurately one any
accretional of the required of the required explanation of
energy, contents. contents. the sources of
differentiation Earth’s
energy and internal heat.
radioactive
decay.

Use of The The The The

Illustrations illustrations illustration illustration illustration
add to the adds to the adds to the does not add
story’s appeal story’s appeal story’s appeal to the story’s
to readers all to readers to readers appeal to
the time most of the sometimes. readers.
time.

Neatness Incredibly neat, Neat, with a With several With many

with no tears or few smudges smudges or smudges or
smudges or tears tears tears

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 Assessment

Read each question carefully and choose the best answer. On a separate sheet of
paper, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Why is the internal heat of the Earth important to life?

I. It fuels photosynthesis.
II. It causes plates to move.
III. It makes Earth like other planets.
IV. It causes the formation of landforms.

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. I and III
D. II and IV

2. How does radioactive decay contribute to Earth's internal heat?

A. Radioactive atoms tend to have a less stable form.
B. Particles of dust origin collided and accumulated.
C. Materials in the earth moved and separated into layers.
D. To become more stable, radioactive atoms emit high energy particles
and waves.

3. How does differentiation energy add to Earth’s internal heat?

A. Planetesimals collided and grew into a terrestrial planet.
B. Radioactive isotopes emit high energy waves and particles.
C. Movement of materials produce friction that is converted to heat.
D. Denser materials rise to the surface and lighter ones sink to the center.

4. How does accretional energy add to Earth’s internal heat?

A. Planetesimals collided and grew into a terrestrial planet.
B. Radioactive isotopes emit high energy waves and particles.
C. Movement of materials produce friction that is converted to heat.
D. Denser materials rise to the surface and lighter ones sink to the center.

5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Earth’s internal heat?

A. It comes from the sun.
B. It comes from Earth’s layers.
C. It is acquired during the early years of Earth’s life.
D. Radioactive atoms contribute to around 50% of this heat.

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 Additional Activities

Write your reflection on Earth’s internal heat by answering the questions inside the
box. Express your critical and creative thinking skills in your answers. Have fun
and enjoy!

What other
Earth's internal What learnings examples can I
heat topic guides have I found from contribute to
me to ponder on ... this lesson? explore and think
more?

What positive
What learnings can What is my
values have I
I share with my conclusion on the
developed from this
family and peers? lesson?
lesson?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

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 Lesson 2 Magmatism

What’s In

Activity 2.1. Earth’s Internal Heat Crossword Puzzle

In the previous lesson, you studied the sources of Earth’s internal heat. Do
you still remember them? As a review, answer the crossword puzzle below. Copy and
answer on a clean sheet of paper.

Across:
1. an example of a radioactive element
3. energy from the accumulation of planetesimals
5. objects of dust origin
6. means “from the beginning of time”
7. an atom that is unstable

Down
2. emitted during radioactive decay
4. energy from the separation of Earth into layers
8. heat from Earth’s layers

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 What’s New

Have you ever tried hiking? Many people want to climb up mountains to
experience nature in a new and exciting way. The Philippines is blessed with several
mountains and volcanoes, one of which is Mount Hibok Hibok in Camiguin Island.

Figure 2.1. Mount Hibok Hibok

Source: “Hibok Hibok Volcano Crater”. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed August 7, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hibok_Hibok_Volcano_Crater.jpg

Volcanic activities have both benefits and hazards. Volcanic activities create
fertile soil for agriculture. On the other hand, volcanic eruptions emit poisonous
gases and lahars. Scientists study volcanoes to understand them better in the hope
of minimizing hazards and maximizing benefits. Inside a volcano is magma. What is
magma? Read on and find out.

What Is It

Magma refers to hot, molten

material found below the earth's
surface. When magma flows onto
Earth’s surface, it is called lava.
Most of what we know about magma
comes from studying lava and
igneous rocks.

Figure 2.2. Lava

Source: “Magma, Lava, Volcanic Eruption”.
Pixabay.com.
https://pixabay.com/photos/lava-magma-volcanic-eruption-glow-67574/

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 We know that magma is composed of the following: hot liquid base called melt,
minerals, solid rocks, and dissolved gases.

hot liquid minerals,

base (melt) solid rocks

composition
of magma

dissolved gases

Figure 2.3. Composition of Magma

We also know that magma can be found in the lower portion of the Earth's
crust and the upper part of the mantle. Because of its unique characteristics,
scientists are studying magma closely to be able to find more clues about the
structure of the mantle. In 2009, researches from Iceland, also found proof that
magma can be utilized as a source of geothermal energy to produce electricity.

How does magma form? There are three different ways by which magma forms
depending on temperature, pressure, and the properties of Earth’s crust and mantle.
We discuss them one by one here.

Examine the picture below. What type of plate boundary is shown in the
picture? If your answer is divergent boundary, you are correct. When plates move
away from each other just like what is shown here, there is an opening formed. The
rocks of Earth's mantle move upward through this opening. The hot mantle rocks
move to an area of less pressure and areas with less pressure have lower melting
temperature. Because of this, rocks melt. We call this process of magma formation
due to decrease in pressure, "decompression melting".

Figure 2.5. Decompression Melting

Source: Decompression Melting. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020.
www.frontlearners.com

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 Quick Review 1: Choose the correct word: Decompression melting happens
when hot mantle rocks rise to an area of 1. __________ (increased, decreased)
pressure. This normally occurs in 2. _____________ (convergent, divergent) plate
boundaries like mid-ocean ridges.

Magma also forms along hotspots. A hotspot is a particularly hot part of the
mantle. When hot liquid rocks from the hotspot rise to Earth's surface, they cool and
solidify. When they solidify, heat is transferred to the crust layer, causing the
neighboring rocks to melt. This process of magma formation is called "heat transfer".
The illustration below demonstrates how heat transfer happens.

Figure 2.6. Magma Formation by Heat Transfer

Source: Magma Formation by Heat Transfer. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020.
www.frontlearners.com

The Hawaiian Islands are believed to have formed from a hotspot. The picture
below shows a simplified cross-section of the Hawaiian hotspot.

Figure 2.7 The Hawaiian Hotspot

Source: “Hawaiian Volcanoes”. National Park Service. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/nature/volcanoes.htm

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 Quick Review 2: Choose the correct word: Heat transfer usually occurs along
1. ________ (hotspots, mid-ocean ridges). 2. ________ (Heat, Pressure) is
transferred to cooler rocks causing them to melt.

The third type of magma formation occurs along convergent plate boundaries
when a continental plate and an oceanic plate meet. Examine the illustration below
showing a subduction zone.

Figure 2.8. Subduction Zone

Source: PML Convergent Boundary. Flickr. Accessed August 7, 2020.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/64320116@N08/15828380529

The addition of substances that easily evaporate at normal temperature

(called volatile substances) like water and carbon dioxide would disrupt the bond
between the minerals of the mantle rock. As a result, the mantle rocks melt at lower
temperature and form magma. This type of magma formation by the addition of water
and carbon dioxide is called flux melting. It usually happens at subduction zones.

Figure 2.9. Magma Formation by Flux Melting

Source: Magma Formation by Flux Melting. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020.
www.frontlearners.com

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 Quick Review 3: Choose the correct word: Flux melting usually happens in 1.
___________ (mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones). The addition of water and
carbon dioxide to mantle rocks __________ 2. (decrease, increase) the
temperature at which they melt, forming magma.

What’s More

Activity 2.2. Comparing the Different Ways Magma Form

Use a Venn Diagram to compare decompression melting, heat transfer and flux
melting. Write your answer on a clean sheet of paper.

What I Have Learned

Activity 2.3. Magma Formation Lesson Summary

Summarize what you have learned today by answering the questions below.

Source: Magma. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020. www.frontlearners.com

1. What is magma? What is it made of?

2. What are the three ways by which magma is formed? Describe each.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 2.4. Magma Infographic

Make an infographic about what magma is and the three ways by which magma is
formed. Your work will be evaluated based on the rubrics below:

Criterion 3 points 2 points 1 point 0 point

Content Accurate Most of the Half of the Less than half

explanation information information of the
on what presented is presented is information
magma is and accurate. accurate. presented is
the three ways accurate.
magma can be
formed is
presented.

Visual Appeal Has all these Has two of the Has one of the Does not have
elements: 1. required required any of the
originality, 2. elements. elements. required
creativity. 3. elements.
pleasantness
achieved with
the use of
color, design,
and space

Neatness Incredibly Neat, with a With several With many

neat, with no few smudges smudges or smudges or
tears or or tears tears tears
smudges

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 Assessment

Read each question carefully and choose the best answer. On a separate sheet of
paper, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. How does magma usually form in mid-ocean ridges?

A. Flux melting
B. Heat transfer
C. Compression melting
D. Decompression melting

2. Which of the following describes flux melting?

A. Rocks melt more easily because of decrease in pressure.
B. Rocks melt more easily because of increase in temperature.
C. Heat is transferred to surrounding rocks causing them to melt.
D. Adding water and carbon dioxide to mantle rocks make them melt
easier.

3. The figure below shows decompression melting at divergent plate

boundaries. Which of the following describes decompression melting?

A. Hotter rocks transfer heat to cooler surrounding rocks.

B. Rising hot water reacts with rock causing them to melt.
C. Increase in pressure at high temperature causes rocks to melt.
D. Decrease in pressure at high temperature causes rocks to melt.

4. Which of the following is TRUE about magma?

I. It contains a liquid base.
II. It can be found in Earth’s core.
III. It has minerals, rocks, and dissolved gases.
IV. It can be found in the lower part of the crust and upper mantle.

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. I, III and IV
D. I, II and III

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 5. The figure below shows an oceanic plate and a continental plate in a
convergent plate boundary. How does magma form in this type of plate
boundary?

A. Hot rocks from the mantle rise to an area of lower pressure.

B. Adding water or carbon dioxide lowers the rocks' melting point.
C. Water in the subducting sea floor would lower the melting
temperature of the mantle.
D. Hotter rocks from the plate below rise into the cooler plate above,
transferring heat.

Additional Activities

How will you organize your learning about magma formation? Fill in the graphic
organizer below. Copy and answer on a clean sheet of paper.
Types of Magma Formation

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 Lesson 3 Metamorphism

What’s In

Activity 3.1. Types of Rocks

In your previous lessons, you classified rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rocks. Can you still differentiate the three? Identify which type of rock
is described. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Questions

1. Which rock type is formed through the cooling

and solidification of magma or lava like the
process of making ice cubes with fruits inside
them?

Answer: ____________

2. Which rock type is formed by the accumulation and

deposition of small particles like in the process of making
a layered cake?

Answer: ____________

3. Which rock type started out as some other type of

rock, but have been substantially changed from their
original form much like making omelets?

Answer: ____________

Source:
(1) “Blueberry and Cherry Baby Food Cubes”. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blueberry_and_Cherry_Baby_Food_Cubes.JPG
(2) “Layered Cake”. Pexels.com. Accessed August 8, 2020. https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-
photo-of-two-layered-cake-1869342/
(3) “Omelet”. Pikrepo.com. Accessed August 8, 2020. https://www.pikrepo.com/fygop/omelette-on-top-
of-frying-pan

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 What’s New

Do you like to cook or bake? If you have a knack for cooking, you can have a
worthwhile hubby plus additional income. You can be an entrepreneur. Cooking
involves taking raw ingredients and subjecting them to higher pressure and
temperature so that something flavorful comes out.

Figure 3.1. Food

Sources: (from left to right) Food.
(1) Pxhere. Accessed August 8, 2020.https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1048398
(2) Pixabay.com Accessed August 8, 2020https://pixabay.com/photos/pancake-honey-nuts-fruits-
3099315/
(3) Needpix.com. Accessed August 8, 2020. https://www.needpix.com/photo/1777956/muffins-cake-
bake-cupcake-delicious-schokoladenmuffins-free-pictures-free-photos-free-images
(4) Pickpix.com. Accessed August 8, 2020. https://www.pickpik.com/small-cake-baking-delicious-
strawberry-cake-food-and-drink-dessert-152853

Rocks undergo similar process like cooking food. Rocks beneath the Earth's
surface undergo changes because of the different conditions there. As a result,
stronger, more dense rocks are formed.

What Is It
Metamorphism comes from two Greek words: "meta" meaning change and
"morphe" meaning form. When rocks are exposed to different temperature, pressure,
and chemical conditions, they undergo changes in texture and mineral composition.
New minerals that can withstand these different conditions are formed.

The new rocks are called metamophic rocks. Metamorphic rocks are denser
and stronger rocks than the original parent rocks. Because of these properties, they
are widely used as buidling materials. Some are also used as gemstones. Aside from
economic values, scientists also study metamorphic rocks because of the insights
they get about the changes that take place deep within Earth.

26 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What are the changes that metamorphic rocks undergo? As rocks are exposed
to increasing temperature or pressure, they experience more and more intense
metamorphism. We call this intensity of metamorphism, metamorphic grade. As
metamorphic grade increases, rocks undergo the following changes: increase in the
size of crystals, foliation or alignment of minerals, and formation of band of light
and dark colored minerals. Other changes that happen to these rocks are changes
in mineral composition and recrystallization of minerals into smaller, tightly
intergrown grains. See the figure below:

Changes in Rocks with Increasing Metamorphic Grade

increase in
crystal size

foliation

formation of band of light

and dark colored minerals
Figure 3.1. Changes in Rocks with Increasing Metamorphic Grade

Increase in size of crystals. This normally happens where there is

temperature difference in shallow depths. At shallow depths, pressure is relatively
low. This kind of metamorphism is called contact metamorphism. The picture below
shows hot magma coming in contact with developed rocks causing them to
transform.

Figure 3.2. Contact Metamorphism

Source: Contact Metamorphism. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020.
www.frontlearners.com

The metamorphic rocks formed would normally have the same mineral
composition as the parent rock. However, the crystals would grow bigger. Quartzite
and marble are examples of rocks that undergo this kind of metamorphism. Contact
metamosphism is also called high temperature, low pressure metamorphism.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Table 3.1. Contact Metamorphism
Type of
Parent Rock Metamorphic Rock Change
metamorphism

limestone marble Increase in Contact

crystal size Metamorphism
(high
temperature, low
pressure
metamorphism. )

Fig. 3.3 limestone Fig. 3.4 marble

Source:
(3.3) Limestone Rock Free. Needpix.com. Accessed 8, 2020.
https://www.needpix.com/photo/427472/limestone-rock-sea
(3.4) Stone marble rock. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed 8, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_marble_rock.jpg

In the Philippines, the province of Romblon prides itself with its marble
industry. The picture below shows some marble products from Romblon.

Figure 3.5. Marble Products from Romblon

Source: Romblon. Wikipedia. Accessed 8, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romblon_island_089col.jpg

Foliation or alignment of minerals. Foliation refers to minerals aligning

themselves due to pressure exerted on them. Foliation can either appear in visible
band or microscopically. See the illustration below. If we have pens that are
unaligned and we apply pressure (represented by the arrows) from the top and the
bottom, we will notice that the pencils will move and align themselves.

28 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 will turn to

Figure 3.6. Foliation

Source: Pencils.Publicdomainpictures.net. Accessed August 8, 2020.

https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=1786&picture=colored-pencils
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=346136&picture=collection-of-
colorful-pencils

Foliation commonly occurs in settings with high pressure but relatively low
temperature. An example of this setting is along convergent plate boundaries. See
image below.

Figure. 3.7. Magma Formation in Convergent Plate Boundary

Source: Magma Formation in Convergent Plate Boundary. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August
7, 2020. www.frontlearners.com

Like what we have metioned before, plates moving toward each other create
high pressure between them. This type of metamorphism is called regional
metamorphism, also called high pressure, low temperature metamorphism.
Slates and schists are examples of rocks formed this way. Slate is commonly used
in roofing and flooring.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Table 3.2. Regional Metamorphism
Type of
Parent Rock Metamorphic Rock Change
Metamorphism

shale slate Alignment of Regional

minerals or Metamorphism
foliation (low
temperature,
high pressure
metamorphism)

Figure 3.8. shale Figure 3.9. slate

Source:
(3.8) Shale stone broken. Needpix.com. Accessed 8, 2020.
https://www.needpix.com/photo/923842/shale-stone-broken-texture-rocky
(3.9) Red Slate. Flickr. Accessed 8, 2020. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16896763826

Figure 3.10. Slate Used in Roofing

Source: Slates and Valley. Flickr. Accessed 8, 2020.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/12394349@N06/3241240574

Formation of alternating bands of light and dark colored minerals. See

the picture below. It shows rocks buried in layers in sedimentary basins. The layers
of sediment would have an increased pressure due to its weight, and an increase in
temperature as it sinks into the deeper layer of the earth. As a result, rocks undergo
what is called burial metamorphism, also called high temperature, high pressure
metamorphism.

30 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Figure 3.11. Burial Metamorphism
Source: Burial Metamorphism. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020.
www.frontlearners.com

Gneiss is an example of a rock that has undergone this type of metamorphism.

See the table below. Do you notice that gneiss has alternate bands of light and dark
colored minerals?

Table 3.3 Burial metamorphism

Type of
Parent rock Metamorphic rock Change
Metamorphism

granite gneiss alternate bands Burial

of light and dark Metamorphism
colored minerals (high
temperature,
high pressure
metamorphism)

Figure 3.12. granite Figure 3.13. gneiss

Source:
(3.12) Granite 20. Flickr. Accessed 8, 2020. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/49200364626
(3.13) Gneiss. Flickr. Accessed 8, 2020. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/26196405084

Gneiss has many uses as a building material such as flooring, gravestones,

and ornamental stones.

Change in mineral composition. When hot water rises from the Earth's core,
it dissolves and accumulates minerals as it moves towards the surface. Once it
reaches the surface, it reacts with another rock and transforms that rock and the
accumulated minerals. This type of metamorphism is called Hydrothermal
Metamorphism. Hydrothermal comes from “hydro” which means water and “thermal”
which refers to heat. The figure below demonstrates how this happens.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Figure 3.14 Hydrothermal Metamorphism
Source: Hydrothermal Metamorphism. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020.
www.frontlearners.com

This type of metamorphism results in rocks like Serpentinite. Serpentinite is

formed when olivine and pyroxene minerals are transformed into serpentine
minerals with the action of hot water. Serpentinite has uses in construction,
ceramics, and agriculture.

Figure 3.15. Serpentinite Used as Ornament

Source: Serpentinite. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed August 7, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kula_serpentynit,.jpg

Recrystallization of minerals into smaller, tightly intergrown grains. This

normally happens along Earth's fault lines. See the figure below:

Figure 3.15. Fault Line

Source: Fault Line. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020. www.frontlearners.com

32 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 In this setting, rocks are scraped together and pulverized due to high pressure
and low temperature. Because of this, original minerals are almost completely
broken down. They recrystallize as smaller, tightly intergrown grains. The result is a
denser metamorphic rock. This type of metamorphism is called Dynamic or
Cataclistic Metamorphism. Example of rocks formed by this process is mylonites.
Mylonites are used as aggregate in construction and roading industries as well as in
medical industry.

Figure 3.16. Mylonite

Source: Mylonite. Flickr. Accessed August 7, 2020.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/30851255647

What’s More

Activity 3.2. Types of Metamorphism

Use the graphic organizer below to organize your knowledge about the changes that
rocks undergo in the different types of metamorphism. Copy and answer on a clean
sheet of paper.
Types of Metamorphism and Changes in Rocks

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What I Have Learned

Activity 3.3. Changes in rocks lesson summary

Summarize what you have learned in this lesson by filling in the blanks.

Source: Metamorphism. Digital image. FrontLearners. Accessed August 7, 2020.

www.frontlearners.com

1. Metamorphism is the process wherein rocks and minerals

____________________.
2. Agents of metamorphism are _____________, ____________, and __________.
3. Some changes that rocks undergo during metamorphism are _____________,
_______________, __________________, ___________________ and
___________________.

What I Can Do

Activity 3.4. Development of Educational Material

As a geologist, you have been tasked to create an educational material that
will serve as a visual aid about metamorphism of rocks. This material will be used
by schools in your community to teach learners about the types of metamorphism
and the changes that rocks undergo. You want them to appreciate the many uses of
metamorphic rocks and to be good stewards of our environment and natural
resources. You may choose to do ANY of the following:
A. an educational poster
B. an educational infographic
C. an educational chart
D. a big book
E. a comic strip

34 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
For A, B, and C, your work will be evaluated based on the rubrics below:
Criterion 3 points 2 points 1 point 0 point

Content Accurately Accurately accurately does not

describes three describes two describes one describe any
changes in mineral changes in mineral change in mineral change in
components and components and components and rocks due to
texture of rocks texture of rocks texture of rocks changes in
due to changes in due to changes in due to changes in pressure and
pressure pressure and pressure and temperature
temperature and temperature and temperature and and chemical
chemical chemical chemical conditions
conditions conditions conditions
Visual Has all these Has two of the Has one of the Does not have
Appeal elements: 1. required elements. required any of the
originality, 2. elements. required
creativity. 3. elements.
pleasantness
achieved with the
use of color,
design, and space.
Neatness Incredibly neat, Neat, with a few With several With many
with no tears or smudges or tears smudges or tears smudges or
smudges tears

For D and E, your work will be evaluated based on the rubrics below:
Criterion 3 points 2 points 1 point 0 point

Content Accurately Accurately accurately does not

describes three describes two describes one describe
changes in mineral changes in mineral changes in changes in
components and components and mineral rocks due to
texture of rocks texture of rocks components and changes in
due to changes in due to changes in texture of rocks pressure and
pressure and pressure and due to changes in temperature
temperature temperature pressure and
temperature
Appeal The story is made One required Two required The story does
to interesting by element is missing. elements are not have any
Readers appropriate word missing. of the
choice, illustration, required
and play of story elements.
elements.
Neatness Incredibly neat, Neat, with a few With several With many
with no tears or smudges or tears smudges or tears smudges or
smudges tears

City of Good Character 35

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Assessment

Read each question carefully and choose the best answer. On a separate sheet of
paper, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following are considered agents of metamorphism?

I. changing pressure
II. changing temperature
III. changing chemical conditions
IV. changing atmospheric conditions

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. I, II, and III
D. I, II, and IV

2. The illustration below shows gneiss. What change is noticeable in gneiss?

A. Foliation
B. Increase in crystal size
C. Development of bands of light and dark
minerals
D. Recrystallization of minerals as smaller,
tightly intergrown grains

3. Quartzite is formed in high temperature, low pressure settings. What changes

can be observed in quartzite?
quartz sandstone
quartzite

Source: Quartz Sandstone. Wikimedia Source: Quartzite. Wikimedia

Commons. Accessed August 8, 2020. Commons. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
Quartz_Sandstone_Geopark.jpg /File:Sample_of_Quartzite.JPG

A. Foliation
B. Increase in crystal size
C. Change in mineral composition
D. Bands of light and dark colored minerals

36 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 4. Slate is a metamorphic rock characterized by foliation. Under what setting
does foliation normally develop?
A. Hot water reacts with rocks.
B. High temperature, low pressure
C. High pressure, low temperature
D. High temperature, high pressure

5. What changes in rocks can be expected when hot water rises and reacts with
them?
A. Foliation
B. Increase in crystal size
C. Change in mineral composition
D. Development of bands of light and dark colored minerals

Additional Activities

What is your favorite recipe? Just like what we have shared at the beginning
of this lesson, metamorphism is like cooking. Can you make a model of a
metamorphic rock using something edible like gelatin, bread, or cake? Cook the food
then add some design to it (also edible) so that it looks like one of the metamorphic
rocks that we have discussed. Explain in writing what changes your model
underwent.

Example:

Explanation: The dough was subjected to high temperature. The finished product
is harder and denser. The pepperoni toppings represent crystal growth. This model
represents marble rock.

City of Good Character 37

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Posttest
Read each question carefully and choose the best answer. On a separate sheet of
paper, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Suppose someone asks you how Earth's internal heat allows life forms to
thrive, how will you answer?
I. It makes Earth like the other planets.
II. It helps maintain Earth's surface temperature.
III. It supplies energy for the formation of landforms.
IV. It adds to the number of years of Earth's existence.

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. II and III
D. I and IV

2. Which of the following are sources of Earth’s internal heat?

I. solar energy
II. radioactive decay
III. accretional energy
IV. differentiation energy

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. I, II, and III
D. II, III, and IV

3. See the picture. How does radioactive decay

contribute to Earth's internal heat?

A. As planetesimals collide and

accrete, energy is released.
B. As atoms change to a more stable
state, energy is released.
C. Materials in the earth separate into
layers producing friction that is
converted to heat.
D. Denser materials settle at the
center of Earth while less dense
materials rise to the surface.

38 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
4. How did Earth acquire heat according to the Planetesimals Theory?
I. Radioactive atoms undergo radioactive decay.
II. Particles of dust origin collided and accumulated.
III. Materials in the earth moved and separated into layers.
IV. To become more stable, radioactive atoms emit high energy particles
and waves.

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. II and III
D. III and IV

5. Why is the internal heat of the Earth important to life?

A. It drives the movement of plates.
B. It protects the planet from solar flares.
C. It provides the energy for photosynthesis.
D. It shields the planet from harmful radiation from the sun.

6. The figure below shows a subduction zone. How does magma usually form in
a subduction zone?

A. Increase in pressure causes mantle rocks to melt faster.

B. Hot rocks from the mantle rise to an area of lower pressure.
C. Water in the subducting sea floor would lower the melting
temperature of the mantle.
D. Hotter rocks from the plate below rise into the cooler plate above,
transferring heat.

City of Good Character 39

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 7. Why is the study of magma important?
I. so we can better understand volcanoes
II. to have clues on how long Earth’s life is
III. to understand better the structure of the core
IV. so we can gain insights on the structure of the mantle

A. I and II
B. I and IV
C. II and III
D. II and IV

8. The figure below shows divergent plate boundaries. What usually causes the
melting of rocks along divergent plate boundaries?

A. Rising hot water

B. Increase in pressure at high temperature
C. Decrease in pressure at high temperature
D. Hotter rocks transfer heat to cooler surrounding rocks

9. How does flux melting happen?

A. By the addition of water and carbon dioxide
B. By the transfer of heat to surrounding rocks
C. By the lowering of melting point due to decrease in pressure
D. By the lowering of melting point due to increase in temperature

10. How does magma usually form in divergent plate boundaries?

A. By flux melting
B. By compression
C. By heat transfer
D. By decompression melting

40 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
11. The figure below shows hot water rising and reacting with rocks. When this
happens, what changes in rocks is to be expected?

A. Foliation
B. Increase in crystal size
C. Change in mineral composition
D. Development of bands of light and dark colored minerals

12. Slate is a metamorphic rock characterized by foliation or alignment of

minerals. It is usually formed when plates move towards each other. What
causes foliation?
A. Reaction with hot water
B. High temperature, low pressure
C. High pressure, low temperature
D. High temperature, high pressure

13. Marble is formed when hot magma meets rocks like limestone at shallow
depths. What changes can be observed in marble?

A. Foliation
B. Growth in crystal size
C. Change in mineral composition
D. Bands of light and dark colored minerals

City of Good Character 41

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 14. Examine the illustration below. How does metamorphism usually occur along
Earth’s fault lines? Choose the correct sequence below.

1. Rocks are pulverized due to high pressure.

2. Original minerals are completely broken down.
3. Rocks are scraped together along the Earth's fault lines.
4. Minerals recrystallize as smaller, tightly intergrown grains making the
rock denser.

A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 3, 1, 2, 4
C. 2, 1, 3, 4
D. 3, 4, 1, 2

15. Why do rocks undergo metamorphism?

I. changing pressure
II. changing temperature
III. changing chemical conditions
IV. changing atmospheric condition

A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. I, II, and III
D. I, II, and IV

42 City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 References

(1) "Dynamic Metamorphism." Chemeketa Community College Faculty Web

Server. Accessed July 16, 2020.
https://faculty.chemeketa.edu/afrank1/rocks/metamorphic/dynamic.ht
m
(2) "Earth Rocks!" CCSF. Accessed July 16, 2020.
https://www.ccsf.edu/en/educational-programs/school-and-
departments/school-of-science-and-mathematics/earth-
sciences/Courses/EarthRocks.html.
(3) "Geological Society - Gneiss Uses." The Geological Society. Accessed
August 8, 2020.
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ks3/gsl/education/resources/rockcycle/p
age3486.html.
(4) "Geology - Rocks and Minerals." Access Restricted. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/mylonite
.html.
(5) "Hazards and Benefits of Volcanic Activity | Physical Geography." Lumen
Learning – Simple Book Production. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
geophysical/chapter/hazards-and-benefits-of-volcanic-activity.
(6) "How Volcanoes Work - Earth's Internal Heat, Energy, and Interior
Structure." Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://sci.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Heat.html.
(7) "Mineral Identification Key Mineral Properties & Luster." Mineralogical
Society of America - Mineralogy, Petrology and Crystallography.
Accessed July 16, 2020.
https://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/id/mineral_id_keyi3
.htm.
(8) "Primordial." Oxford Learner's Dictionaries | Find Definitions, Translations,
and Grammar Explanations at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Accessed
July 16, 2020.
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/pri
mordial?q=primordial.
(9) "Serpentinites: Mineral Structure, Properties and Technological Applications."
SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0103-
50532020000100002&script=sci_arttext.
(10) "Slate." Geology and Earth Science News, Articles, Photos, Maps and More.
Accessed August 8, 2020. https://geology.com/rocks/slate.shtml.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
(11) "Volcanoes: Magma Rising | AMNH." American Museum of Natural History.
Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://www.amnh.org/explore/ology/earth/volcanoes-magma-rising.
(12) FOG. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://fog.ccsf.edu/~kwiese/content/Classes/MetamorphismScr
ipt.pdf.
(13) Institute of Physics. "Radioactivity." Institute of Physics - For Physics • For
Physicists • For All: Institute of Physics. Accessed July 16, 2020.
https://www.iop.org/resources/topic/archive/radioactivity/#gref.
(14) National Geographic Society. "Magma." National Geographic Society. Last
modified April 4, 2019.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/magma/.
(15) National Geographic Society. "Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle." National
Geographic Society. Last modified October 31, 2014.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/magma-role-rock-cycle/.
(16) Science and Technology Academic and Research-Based Openly Operated
KioskS. Accessed August 11, 2020. https://www.starbooks.ph.
(17) Schwartz, Ariel. "Volcanic Magma Could Provide Geothermal Energy." Fast
Company. Last modified July 30, 2012.
https://www.fastcompany.com/1728785/volcanic-magma-could-
provide-geothermal-energy.
(18) YouTube. Last modified August 11, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO2OO1r_tFg.

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 Development Team of the Module
Writer: Evangeline C. Agtarap (THS)
Editors: Reynald Alfred A. Recede (MHS)
Russel S. Berador (SEHS)
Maria Carmina R. Martin (MHS)
Emily G. Santos (PSDS)
Reviewer: Jessica S. Mateo (EPS – Science)
Illustrator: Christine Ann G. Faraon (BNHS)
Layout Artist: Ed-Angelo P. Tan (SEHS)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
Education Program Supervisor – Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resource Management Section

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office - Marikina City

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8682-2472 / 8682-3989

Email Address: [email protected]

City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE