Titan Crash Course for NEET 2021

KEY NOTES ON WAVE OPTICS

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NCERT Based - Very Important Points

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Wavefront

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The locus of all particles in a medium, vibrating in the same phase is called Wave Front.
Every point on the given wave front acts as a source of new disturbance called secondary wavelets

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which travel in all directions with the velocity of light in the medium.

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Resultant Amplitude and Intensity
𝑦1 = 𝑎1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡 and 𝑦2 = 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
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where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 = Individual amplitudes,
 = Phase difference between the waves at an instant when they are meeting a point.
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(1) Resultant amplitude : The resultant wave can be written as y = A sin ( t + )

a1

where A = resultant amplitude = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑

(2) Resultant intensity : As we know intensity  (Amplitude)2
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 Resultant intensity 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2√𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑

𝜑
For two identical source 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼0 𝐼 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼0 + 2√𝐼0 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 = 4𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2
va
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Interference of Light
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When two coherent light waves travels in a medium, in the same direction then due to their
superposition, at some points intensity of light is maximum while at some other points intensity is
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minimum. This phenomenon is called Interference of light.

(1) Constructive interference – P When the waves meets a point with same phase, constructive
interference is obtained at that point.
Phase difference 𝜑 = 0𝑜 or 2𝑛𝜋
Path difference = even multiple of /2 = 𝛥 = 𝑛𝜆
Resultant amplitude will be maximum Amax = a1 + a2
If 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 𝑎0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝐴0

1
 2
Resultant intensity will be maximum 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2√𝐼1 𝐼2 = (√𝐼1 + √𝐼2 )
If 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼0 ⇒ 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼0

(2) Destructive interference – When the wave meets a point with opposite phase, destructive
interference is obtained at that point.
Phase difference 𝝋 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐 or(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝝅; n = 1, 2, .....
or (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝝅; 𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐. . . ..
𝜆
Path difference = odd multiple of /2 = 𝛥 = (2𝑛 − 1) 2
Resultant amplitude will be minimum 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2

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If 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0
2
Resultant intensity will be minimum 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 2√𝐼1 𝐼2 = (√𝐼1 − √𝐼2 )

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If 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼0 ⇒ 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0

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Young's Double Slit Experiment (YDSE)
In YDSE alternate bright and dark bands obtained on the screen. These bands are called Fringes.
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Screen
4 Dark
3 Bright
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3 Dark
2 Bright
2 Dark
S1
a1

1 Bright
1 Dark
S d Central bright fringe
1 Dark
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S2 1 Bright (or Central maxima)

2 Dark
2 Bright
3 Dark
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3 Bright
4 Dark
D
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d = Distance between slits

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D = Distance between slits and screen

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Useful Results
P
(1) Path difference :
𝑥𝑑 S1 x
𝛥=
= 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝐷  
where x is the position of point P from central maxima. d
C
M
For maxima at P : 𝛥 = 𝑛𝜆; where n = 0,  1,  2, …..
S2
(2𝑛−1)𝜆
and For minima at P : 𝛥 = 2
; where n =  1,  2, …... Screen
D

2
 Position of nth bright fringe from central maxima
𝒏𝝀𝑫
𝒙𝒏 = 𝒅
= 𝒏𝜷; 𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐. . ..

Position of nth dark fringe from central maxima

(𝟐𝒏−𝟏)𝝀𝑫
𝒙𝒏 = 𝟐𝒅
; n = 1, 2,3 ....

Fringe width () : The separation between any two consecutive bright or dark fringes is called fringe
width. In YDSE all fringes are of equal width.
𝜆𝐷

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Fringe width 𝛽 = 𝑑
.
𝜆 𝛽
and angular fringe width 𝛼 = 𝑑 = 𝐷

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Separation (𝜟𝒙) between fringes

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Between nth bright and mth bright fringes (𝑛 > 𝑚)

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𝜟𝒙 = (𝒏 − 𝒎)𝜷

Between nth bright and mth dark fringe

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1
If 𝑛 > 𝑚 then 𝛥𝑥 = (𝑛 − 𝑚 + ) 𝛽
2
1
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If 𝑛 < 𝑚 then 𝛥𝑥 = (𝑚 − 𝑛 − )𝛽
2

t
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Shifting of Fringe Pattern in YDSE 

𝐷 𝛽 S1
Fringe shift = (𝜇 − 1)𝑡 = (𝜇 − 1)𝑡
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𝑑 𝜆 d C
Additional path difference= (𝜇 − 1)𝑡
S2
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(𝜇−1)𝑡 𝑛𝜆
If shift is equivalent to n fringes then 𝑛 = or 𝑡 =
𝜆 (𝜇−1) screen
D
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Diffraction of Light
Dark
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The phenomenon of bending of light around the edges

Dark
of an obstacle or slit of the size of the wave length of
I
light is called diffraction. b O
Non-uniform
Dark intensity

b> Dark distribution
D

Size of the slit is comparable to wavelength

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Fraunhofer Diffraction
The source of light and the screen on which diffraction pattern is obtained are effectively at infinite
distance from the diffracting system, then it is Fraunhofer diffraction.

Fresnel Diffraction
The source of light and the screen are at fixed distance from the diffracting system, then it is Fresnel
diffraction.

Diffraction at Single Slit (Fraunhoffer Diffraction) –

Suppose a plane wave front is incident on a slit AB (of

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P
width b).
A 
At point O on the screen, the central maxima is d  O

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obtained. 
Plane B Lens

Secondary minima – For obtaining nth secondary wave Slit Screen

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front
minima at P on the screen, path difference between the

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diffracted waves
𝛥 = 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆
Angular position of nth secondary minima
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𝑛𝜆
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 = 𝑑
Distance of nth secondary minima from central maxima
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𝑛𝜆𝐷 𝑛𝜆𝑓
𝑥𝑛 = 𝐷. 𝜃 = = ;
𝑑 𝑑
where D = Distance between slit and screen. f  D = Focal length of converging lens.
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Secondary maxima – For nth secondary maxima at P on the screen.

𝜆
Path difference 𝛥 = 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = (2𝑛 + 1) 2; where n = 1, 2, 3 .....
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Angular position of nth secondary maxima

(2𝑛+1)𝜆
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ≈ 𝜃 ≈
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2𝑑
Distance of nth secondary maxima from central maxima
(2𝑛+1)𝜆𝐷 (2𝑛+1)𝜆𝑓
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𝑥𝑛 = 𝐷. 𝜃 = 2𝑑
= 2𝑑
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Central maxima : The central maxima lies between the first

minima on both sides.
Linear width of central maxima First minima
2𝜆𝑓 x
= 2𝑥 = 2𝐷𝜃 = 2𝑓𝜃 =  Central
𝑑  x maxima
2𝜆
The Angular width d central maxima = 2𝜃 = 𝑑
First minima

Df

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Intensity distribution – If the intensity of the central maxima is I0 then the intensity of the first and
𝐼 𝐼
second secondary maxima are found to be 220 and 610 . Thus diffraction fringes are of unequal width and
unequal intensities.
Central
Secondary maxima I0
maximum
First Second
Second First
minimum
I0/22 I0/61
minimum

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Central

maxima

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Polarisation of Light

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When the vibration of electric field vectors are confined in one plane, the light is called as
plasne polarized light.
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Malus law : This law states that the intensity Analyzer
Transmission axes

of the polarised light transmitted through the Polarizer


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analyser varies as the square of the cosine of

Intensity = I
a1

the angle between the plane of transmission

Intensity = I0 Amplitude = A
of the analyser and the plane of the polariser.
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Unpolarized light Amplitude = A0

𝑰 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽
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if an unpolarised light is converted into plane polarised light by passing it through a Polaroid or
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anything then its intensity becomes half.

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Doppler effect –
Consider a source of light ‘S’ moving relative to observer 1 and 2.
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When the source of light ‘S’ moves towards observer 1 and away from observer 2, the wavelength
of light appears to be less to observer 1 and more to the observer 2.

The apparent frequency of light as perceived by an observer is given by

𝒗
(𝟏 ± 𝒄 ) 𝒄±𝒗
𝝂 = 𝝂𝟎 = 𝝂𝟎 √
𝒗 𝟐 𝒄∓𝒗
√
[ 𝟏 − (𝒄) ]

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where 𝜈0 is the actual frequency of light,

 is the frequency of light as measured by the observer. v = radial component of velocity of source
relative to the observer. c = speed of light in vacuum.

When v << c, then

𝒗
𝝂 = 𝝂𝟎 (𝟏 ± )
𝒄

Red shift –

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When the source is receding away from the observer, then the frequency of light appears to
be decreasing or the wavelength of light appears to be increasing to the observer. Therefore,
the spectral line gets displaced towards red end, hence it is known as the red shift.

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Blue shift –

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When the source is approaching the observer, then the frequency of light appears to be

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increasing or wavelength appears to be decreasing, i.e., the spectral line in electromagnetic
spectrum gets displaced towards violet end, hence it is known as blue shift.
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GOLDEN POINTS –
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1. Newton’s corpuscular theory failed to explain interference, diffraction and

polarization.
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2. Newton’s corpuscular theory could explain reflection, refraction and inverse square
law.
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3. When rays are parallel then they form plane wavefront.

4. When rays are diverging then they form spherical wavefront with increasing radius.
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5. When rays are converging then they form spherical wavefront with decreasing
radius.
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6. When In interference distribution of energy takes place in form of maxima and

minima.
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7. Central maxima is always formed with zero optical path difference.

8. Two waves with different wavelengths if produces maxima, then the wave with
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smaller wavelength the maxima before the wave with longer wavelength.
9. The wave which has high frequency will have thick fringe compared to low
frequency wave.
10. Blue light will form thick fringe compared to red light.
11. light sources of equal frequency and which are always in same phase or with
constant phase difference are known as coherent sources.
12. A monochromatic source of light is a source which emits light waves of only one
wavelength.

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 13. If a thin transparent plate of thickness 𝑡 and refractive index 𝜇 is introduced in the
path of the interfering waves, it is observed that original path difference is changed
by (𝜇 − 1)𝑡.
14. By introducing a thin transparent plate of thickness t and refractive index 𝜇, the
𝐷
entire fringes pattern is shifted upward through a distance given by 𝑥0 = 𝑑 (𝜇 − 1)𝑡
15. If the central maximum of one falls on the first minimum of the other, then the
images is said to be just resolved.
16. If the separation between the central maximum of the two objects is greater than
the distance between the central maximum and first minimum of any of the two
images then images are well resolved.

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17. If the separation between the central maximum of the two objects is less than the
distance between the central maximum and first minimum of any of the two images,

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then images are said to be unresolved.
18. The smallest angular or linear separation between the two point objects at which

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they appear to be just resolved is called limit of resolution of an optical instruments
and the reciprocal of the limit of resolution is called its resolving power.

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19. Resolving power of microscope, when object suspends an angle 2𝛼 at the aperture
of objective and this microscope is placed in a medium of refractive index 𝜇, is given
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2 μ sin 𝛼
as .
𝜆
𝑎
20. Resolving power of telescope of diameter ‘a’ is given as .
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1.22𝜆

MCQ QUESTIONS SOLVE IT YOURSELF – GO THROUGH MCQ LECTURE FOR EXPLANATION

a1

1 The periodic waves of intensities 𝐼1 (d) diffraction

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3 Interference was observed in

and 𝐼2 pass through a region at the
interference chamber where air was
same time in the same direction. The present, now the chamber is
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evacuated, and if the same light is

sum of the maximum and minimum
used, a careful observer will see
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intensities is (a) no interference

(b) interference with brighter bands
(a) 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
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(c) interference with dark bands

2
(b) (√𝐼1 + √𝐼2 ) (d) Interference fringe with larger
width
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2
(c) (√𝐼1 − √𝐼2 )
4 Ratio of intensities of two waves are
(d) 2(𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )
given by 4 : 1. Then the ratio of the
2 Colours appear on a thin soap film amplitudes of the two waves is
and on soap bubbles due to the (a) 2 : 1
phenomenon of (b) 1 : 2
(a) refraction (c) 4 : 1
(b) dispersion (d) 1 : 4
(c) interference

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5 Interference is possible in within the central maxima of single
(a) light waves only slit pattern ?
(b) sound waves only (a) 0.1 mm
(c) both light and sound waves (b) 0.5 mm
(d) neither light nor sound waves (c) 0.02 mm
(d) 0.2 mm
6 Which one of the following
phenomena is not explained by 10 Two slits in Young’s experiment have
Huygens construction of wave front widths in the ratio 1 : 25. The ratio of
? intensity at the maxima and minima
(a) Refraction 𝐼
in the interference pattern, 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 is :
𝑚𝑖𝑛
(b) Reflection

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121
(c) Diffraction (a) 49
49
(d) Origin of spectra (b) 121

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4
(c)
7 Young’s double slit experiment is 9
9
first performed in air and then in a (d)

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4
medium other than air. It is found

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that 8th bright fringe in the medium 11 In the Young’s double-slit
lies where 5th dark fringe lies in air. experiment, the intensity of light at a
The refractive index of the medium is point on the screen where the path
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nearly difference is 𝜆 is K, (𝜆 being the wave
(a) 1.59 length of light used). The intensity at
(b) 1.69 a point where the path difference is
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(c) 1.78 𝜆
4
,
will be :
(d) 1.25
(a) K
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(b) K/4
8 The intensity at the maximum in a
(c) K/2
Young’s double slit experiment is 𝐼0 .
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(d) Zero
Distance between two slits is 𝑑 = 5𝜆,
12 In Young’s double experiment, the
where 𝜆 is the wavelength of light
slits are 2mm apart and are
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used in the experiment. What will be

illuminated by photons of two
the intensity in front of one of the
wavelengths 𝜆1 = 12000Å and 𝜆2 =
slits on the screen placed at a
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distance D = 10 d ? 10000Å. At what minimum distance

(a) 𝐼0 from the common central bright
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𝐼 fringe on the screen 2 m from the slit

(b) 40
3
will a bright fringe from one
(c) 𝐼 interference pattern coincide with a
4 0
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𝐼0 bright fringe from the other ?

(d)
2
(a) 6 mm
9 In a double slit experiment, the two
(b) 4 mm
slits are 1 mm apart and the screen is
(c) 3 mm
placed 1 m away. A monochromatic
(d) 8 mm
light wavelength 500 nm is used.
What will be width of each slit for 13 In Young’s double slit experiment the
distance between the slits and the
obtaining ten maxima of double slit
screen is double. The separation

8
 between the slits is reduced to half. central fringe, the wavelength of
As a result the fringe width monochromatic light used would be
(a) is doubled (a) 60 × 10−4 𝑐𝑚
(b) is halved (b) 10 × 10−4 𝑐𝑚
(c) becomes four times (c) 10 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
(d) remains unchanged (d) 6 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
14 In Young’s double slit experiment 17 The Young’s double slit experiment is
performed with blue and width
carried out with light of wavelength
green light of wavelength 4360Å and
(𝜆) = 5000Å, the distance between 5460Å respectively. If x is the
distance of 4th maxima from the
the slits is 0.2 mm and the screen is
central one, then

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at 200 cm from the slits. The central (a) x (blue) = x (green)
(b) x (blue) > x (green)
maximum is at x = 0. The third

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(c) x (blue) < x (green)
maximum (taking the central 𝑥(𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒) 5460
(d) 𝑥(𝑔𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛)
= 4360

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maximum as zeroth maximum) will
18 In Young’s double slit experiment,

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be at x equal to
(a) 1.67 cm the fringe width is found to be 0.4
mm. If the whole apparatus is
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(b) 1. 5 cm
(c) 0.5 cm immersed in water of refractive
4
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(d) 5. 0 cm index 3
, without disturbing the

15 If yellow light emitted by sodium geometrical arrangement, the new

a1

lamp in Young’s double slit fringe width will be

experiment is replaced by a
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(a) 0.30 mm
monochromatic blue light of the (b) 0.40 mm
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same intensity (c) 0.53 mm

(a) fringe width will decrease (d) 450 microns
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(b) fringe width will increase 19 The ratio of resolving powers of an

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(c) fringe width will remain optical microscope for two

unchanged wavelengths 𝜆1 = 4000Å and 𝜆2 =
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(d) fringes will become less 6000Å is

intense. (a) 9 : 4
16 In Young’s experiment, two coherent (b) 3 : 2
sources are placed 0.90 mm apart
and fringe are observed one metre (c) 16 : 81
away. If it produces second dark (d) 8 : 27
fringe at a distance of 1 mm from

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20 A beam of light of 𝜆 = 600 𝑛𝑚 from between first dark fringe on either
a distant source falls on a single slit 1 side of the central bright fringe
mm wide and the resulting (a) 1. 2cm
diffraction pattern is observed on a (b) 1.2mm
screen 2 m away. The distance (c) 2.4cm
(d) 2.4mm

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SOLUTIONS

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1 Ans (d) In vaccum, 𝜆 increases very slightly

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The resultant intensity of two periodic compared to that in air. As 𝛽 ∝ 𝜆,
waves at a point is given by therefore, width of interference fringe

gm
𝐼 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼2 + 2√𝐼1 𝐼2 . cos 𝜙 increases slightly.
4 Ans (a)
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Resultant intensity is maximum if cos 𝜙 =
𝐼1 𝑎12 4
−1 = =
𝐼2 𝑎22 1
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i.e. 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2√𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑎1 2

∴ =
Resultant intensity is minimum if 𝑎2 1
a1

5 Ans (c)
cos 𝜙 = +1
Interference is a wave phenomenon shown
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i.e. 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 2√𝐼1 𝐼2 by both the light waves and sound waves.
6 Ans (d)
Therefore, the sum of the maximum and Huygen’s construction of wavefront does
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minimum intensities is 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 not apply to origin of spectra which is

explained by quantum theory.
= 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2√𝐼1 𝐼2 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 2√𝐼1 𝐼2
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7 Ans (c)
= 2(𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) According to question
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2 Ans (c) 8th bright fringe in medium = 5th dark fringe

We know that the colours for which the in air
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condition of constructive interference is

satisfied are observed in a given region of 𝜆𝐷
𝑌8𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 8
the film. The path difference between the 𝜇𝑑
light waves reaching the eye changes when 𝜆𝐷 9 𝜆𝐷
the position of the eye is changed. 𝑌5𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑘 = (2 × 5 − 1) =
2𝑑 2 𝑑
Therefore, colours appear on a thin soap
9 𝜆𝐷 𝜆𝐷
film or soap bubbles due to the ⇒ =8
phenomenon of interference. 2 𝑑 𝜇𝑑
3 Ans (d) 16
or, refractive index 𝜇 = 9
= 1.78

10
 Ans (d) 10𝜆𝐷 2𝜆𝐷
8 So, required condition =
𝑑 𝑎
Let P is a point infront of one slit at which
intensity is to be calculated. From figure, 𝑑 1
⇒𝑎= = × 10−3 𝑚 = 0.2 𝑚𝑚
5𝐷 5
Path difference = 𝑆2 𝑃 − 𝑆1 𝑃 10 Ans (d)
1
The ratio of slits width = (given)
1 𝑑2 25
= √𝐷 2 + 𝑑2 − 𝐷 = 𝐷 (1 + )−𝐷
2 𝐷2 𝐼1 25
∴ =
𝑑2 𝑑2 𝐼2 1
= 𝐷 [1 + − 1] = 𝐼 𝐴2 25 𝐴1 5
2𝐷2 2𝐷 𝐼 ∝ 𝐴2 ⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝐴12 = or =1
2 2 1 𝐴2

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𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 5 + 1 6 3
= = = =
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴1 − 𝐴2 5 − 1 4 2
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴2𝑚𝑎𝑥 3 2 9

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∴ = 2 =( ) =
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 4
11 Ans (c)

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For path difference 𝜆, phase difference =

gm
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
𝑑2 𝑑 5𝜆 𝜆 𝜆
For path difference 4, phase difference =
Δ𝑥 = = = =
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2 × 10𝑑 20 20 4 𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑.
Phase difference, 2

As 𝐾 = 4𝐼0 so intensity at given point

97

2𝜋 𝜆 𝜋
Δ𝜙 = × =
𝜆 4 2 where path difference is 4
𝜆
a1

So, resultant intensity at the desired point

𝜋 𝜋
𝜙 𝜋 𝐼0 𝐾 ′ = 4𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠45o )
‘p’ is 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 4 4
rm

2 4 2
𝐾
9 Ans (d) = 2𝐼0 =
2
Here, distance between two slits,
va

12 Ans (a)
𝑑 = 1𝑚𝑚 = 10−3 𝑚 𝑛𝜆𝐷
∵𝑦=
𝑑
ha

distance of screen from slits, D = 1 m

∴ 𝑛1 𝜆1 = 𝑛2 𝜆2
wavelength of monochromatic light used,
ob

⇒ 𝑛1 × 12000 × 10−10
−9
𝜆 = 500 𝑛𝑚 = 500 × 10 𝑚
= 𝑛2 × 12000 × 10−10
sh

width of each slit a = ?

Or, 𝑛(12000 × 10−10 ) = (𝑛 +
Width of central maxima in single slit
1)(10000 × 10−10 )
2𝜆𝐷
pattern = ⇒𝑛=5
𝑎

Fringe width in double slit experiment 𝛽 = (∵ 𝜆1 = 12000 × 10−10 𝑚; 𝜆2

𝜆𝐷
= 10000 × 10−10 𝑚)
𝑑

11
 𝜆𝐷
𝑥 = (2𝑛 − 1)
2𝑑
2𝑥𝑑
∴ 𝜆=
(2𝑛 − 1)𝐷
2 × 10−3 × 0.9 × 10−3
=
(2 × 2 − 1) × 1

𝑛𝜆1 𝐷
𝜆 = 0.6 × 10−6 𝑚 = 6 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
Hence, 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 = 𝑑 17 Ans (c)
𝐷
5(12000 × 10−10 ) × 2 Distance of nth maxima, 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜆 𝑑 ∝ 𝜆
=
2 × 10−3

om
As 𝜆𝑏 < 𝜆𝑔
(∵ 𝑑 = 2 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 2𝑚)
∴ 𝑥𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 < 𝑥𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛
= 5 × 12 × 10−4 𝑚

l.c
= 60 × 10−4 𝑚 18 Ans (a)

ai
= 6 × 10−3 𝑚 = 6𝑚𝑚 𝛽 0.4
𝛽′ = = = 0.3 𝑚𝑚
13 Ans (c) 𝜇 4

gm
3

Fringe width 𝛽 =
𝜆𝐷
; 19 Ans (b)
𝑑
8@
2𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑 Resolving power of a microscope =
From question 𝐷 ′ = 2𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑′ = 𝜆
2
1
𝜆𝐷1 i.e., 𝑅 ∝ 𝜆
97

∴ 𝐵′ = 1 = 4𝛽
𝑑 𝑅1 𝜆2
or, =
14 Ans (b) 𝑅2 𝜆1
a1

𝐷 Given that the two wavelengths,

= (𝑛)𝜆
𝑑
𝜆1 = 4000Å & 𝜆2 = 6000Å
rm

2
= 3 × 5000 × 10−10 × 𝑅1 6000Å 3
0.2 × 10−3 ∴ = =
va

𝑅2 4000Å 2
= 1.5 × 10−2 𝑚 = 1.5 𝑐𝑚
20 Ans (d)
15 Ans (a)
ha

Given : D = 2m; d = 1mm = 1 × 103 𝑚

𝜆𝐷
As 𝛽 = 𝑑
and 𝜆𝑏 < 𝜆𝑦 , 𝜆 = 600 𝑛𝑚 = 600 × 10−6 𝑚
ob

 Fringe width 𝛽 will decrease Width of central bright fringe (= 2𝛽)

2𝜆𝐷 2 × 600 × 10−6 × 2
sh

16 Ans (d)
For dark fringe = =
𝑑 1 × 10−3
= 2.4 × 10−3 = 2.4 𝑚𝑚

12