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ACE 05L: Basic Electrical & Electronics Theory: Experiment Five

1) The document describes Kirchoff's node method for analyzing electrical circuits containing nodes, branches, loops, and meshes. 2) It provides an example circuit with 8 resistors and defines key terms like nodes, branches, loops, and meshes. 3) The procedure involves selecting a reference node, writing Kirchoff's current law equations for each node, and solving the linear equations to determine the unknown node voltages.

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Darnell Henderson
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96 views12 pages

ACE 05L: Basic Electrical & Electronics Theory: Experiment Five

1) The document describes Kirchoff's node method for analyzing electrical circuits containing nodes, branches, loops, and meshes. 2) It provides an example circuit with 8 resistors and defines key terms like nodes, branches, loops, and meshes. 3) The procedure involves selecting a reference node, writing Kirchoff's current law equations for each node, and solving the linear equations to determine the unknown node voltages.

Uploaded by

Darnell Henderson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACE 05L: Basic Electrical & Electronics Theory

Experiment Five
Kirchoff’s Node Method
Materials: Module EC1-C, multimeter, power supply

In previous modules we found substitution methods for resistors between


two nodes (parallel and series combinations). The case of three nodes will be
considered later under WYE-DELTA transformations. Such circuits are
passive, that is, they contain no energy sources such as batteries or power
supplies. We now move forward to consider active networks, those which
contain one or more energy sources. Although our circuit elements are still
resistors, similar techniques will apply to networks containing inductors and
capacitors as well. In this module you will work with a circuit board as shown
here. It contains eight resistors , R1 to R8, and eight terminals, A to J (with I
omitted, to avoid confusion with the
symbol for current). The various
“removable links” may be replaced
by batteries or power supplies.

In working with such networks


certain terms are in common use:

NODE: Point of connection between


two or more circuit elements.

BRANCH: Portion of a circuit


containing a single element and the
nodes at each end of this element.

LOOP: Any closed path through the


network in which no node is crossed more than once.

MESH: Any LOOP which does not contain within itself another loop.

In the diagram, with the links in place, the network is passive (no power
source) and contains 4 nodes, D, E, F, and (A-B-C). Two connection points,
such as J and H joined by a link do not form a BRANCH, so the two points are
considered to be a single NODE. Point G is not a NODE since only one circuit
element, R3 is connected to it. But if a voltage source is inserted between
points G and J, then G and (J-H) become NODES and the network is active.
We will consider the LOOPS and MESHES of this circuit in a later module.

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With Kirchofff’’s nodal analysis, we assume the values of all resistors and
voltages sources are known. We seek the voltages at each NODE, for from
these values we can determine the magnitude and direction of the current
through each resistor. One NODE is always selected as reference or ground
node, and all other node voltages are measured (positive or negative) with
respect to this node.

The principle of conservation of charge demands that the algebraic sum


of all currents entering (or leaving) any NODE must be zero. This is a
statement of Kirchoff’s NODE LAW. Also, from Ohm’s law, the current, I,
through any resistor, R, equals the voltage, V, between the terminals divided
by the resistance value, R; I = V / R.

To apply Kirchoff’s Node method, start by


selecting one NODE as the ground
NODE. Now suppose we have placed a
voltage source , E1, between NODES G
and J. We then apply the NODE law to
each NODE with 3 or more branches (so
NODE G will be omitted). The diagram at
the left shows the application to NODE D.
This leads to a linear equation with the
unknown NODE voltages all on the left
side.

Next repeat this process for NODES A, E


and F which will involve the node voltages
VA, VD, VE and VF. This gives us four
linear simultaneous equations in the four
unknown NODE voltages. Then use the
short computer program, SIMUL-2.EXE to
solve for the unknown NODE voltages.

This process, Kirchoff’s Node method,


may be applied to networks with more or fewer NODES and voltage sources.
The number of linear simultaneous equations will always equal the number of
unknown NODE voltages

14
Procedure:
1: Measure and record the eight resistance values. Remove all links for this
measurement. It may be convenient to record resistance in units of kilohms
(103 ohms).

2: Place voltage source E1 between G and J and note the polarity. Replace
tightly all other links. Then measure the four other NODE voltages with respect
to the ground NODE, J.

3: Set up and solve the four linear simultaneous equations, using SIMUL-
2.EXE. Compare the calculated NODE voltages with the values measured in
step (2).

4: Move voltage source E1 from points G-J to points A-C, and select the new
ground NODE as C, and measure the other NODE voltages with respect to C.
and repeat step (3),

NOTE: For increased accuracy in resistance measurements, use the range that
gives the greatest number of significant figures, but do not change ranges while
measuring. Follow this same procedure for voltage measurements as well.

15
Data Sheet: Basic Electrical & Electronics Theory
Experiment # 5
Kirchoff’s Node Method

Name: Daniel David V. Harris ______ Date: 09/19/2021__

R1 = 3 kΩ R2 =4 kΩ R3 = 1 kΩ R4 = 1 kΩ
R5 = 1.5 kΩ R6 = 2 kΩ R7 = 3 kΩ R8 = 2 kΩ
Measured Calculated %-Difference
VCJ 3.89 V 3.89 V 0
VDJ 7.06 V 7.06 V 0
VEJ 3.27 V 3.27 V 0
VFJ 1.31 V 1.31 V 0

E1 at G-J, ground node = J E1 = 10 V_

E1 at A-C, ground node = C E1 = 10 V_

Measured Calculated %-Difference


VDC 4.01 V 4.01 V 0
VEC 2.13 V 2.13 V 0
VFC 2.31 V 2.31 V 0
VJC 2.96 V 2.96 V 0

Include with this report (for each trial):

1: Work sheets showing how the equations were set up.

2: Printed results of computer program SIMUL-2.EXE

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E1 at G-J, ground node = J E1 = 10 V_
For Node D (Eq’n 1):

17
For Node E (Eq’n 2):

18
For Node F (Eq’n 3):

19
For Node C (Eq’n 4):

E1 at A-C, ground node = C E1 = 10 V_


For Node D (Eq’n 5):

20
For Node E
(Eq’n 6):

21
For Node F (Eq’n 7):

22
For Node J (Eq’n 8):
23
24

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