Analogue and Digital Communication Lab

(EL-323)

LABORATORY MANUAL

ENGR. IHTISHAM KHALID &ENGR. MUHAMMAD ASIM

IMPLEMENTATION OF FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING &

PHASE SHIFT KEYING
(LAB # 14)
Student Name: ______________________________________________

Roll No: ________________Section: ____

Date performed: _____________, 2016

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD

Prepared by: Engr. M. Asim, Engr. Ihtisham Khalid Version: 2.01

Last Edited by: Engr. M. Asim, Engr. Ihtisham Khalid
Verified by: Dr. Shahzad Saleem Updated: Fall 2016
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lab # 14: IMPLEMENTATION OF FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING & PHASE
SHIFT KEYING
Learning Objectives:
1. To understand the operation theory of FSK modulator
2. To understand and implement the FSK modulator by using VCO
3. To understand the operation theory of PSK modulation
4. To understand the signal waveform of PSK modulation
5. To design the PSK modulator by using MC1496
6. To understand the methods of measuring and adjusting the PSK modulation circuit.
Equipment Required:
1. ETEK Function Generator Board
2. ETEK DA-2000-07 Board
3. ETEK DA-2000-08 Board
4. Oscilloscope
FSK Modulator
In digital signal transmission, the repeater is used to recover the data signal, this will enhance the
immunity to noise. So the coding technique can be used to detect, correct and encrypt the signal.
During long haul transmission, the high frequency part of the digital signal will easily attenuate and
cause distortion. Therefore, the signal has to be modulated before transmission, and one of the
methods is frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation. FSK technique is used to modulate the data
signal over two different frequencies to achieve effective transmission. At the receiver, the signal
will be recovered based on the two differnet frequencies of the received signal. The relation of FSK
signal and the data signal is shown in figure-1. When data signal is “high”, the frequency of FSK
signal is f1, and when the data signal is “low”, the frequency of FSK signal is low. Normally the
difference between frequencies f1 and f2 has to be as large as possible. This is because the
corelation of both signals is low, therefore, the effect of transmitting and receiving will be better.
However, the required bandwidth must be increased.

Figure-1: The relation diagram between data signal and FSK signal

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
The technique of FSK is widely used in commercial and industrial wire transmission and wireless
transmission. In the experiments, we will discuss how to produce FSK signal. In certain
applications, the FSK signal is fixed. For example, for wireless transmission, the mark signal is
2124 Hz and space signal is 2975 Hz. For wire transmission, the frequency for space is 1270 Hz and
for mark is 1070 Hz. Also in wire transmission cases, 2225 Hz for space and 2025 Hz for mark is
also used. From the above mentioned, we notice that the frequency gap of FSK is 200 Hz.

In FSK modulator, we use data signal, (square wave) as the signal source. The output signal
frequency of modulator is based on the square wave levels of the data signal. In this chapter, the
frequencies of the carriers are 1070 Hz and 1270 Hz. These are produced by VCO. The output
signal frequencies are varied by the difference levels of the input pulse to produce two different
frequencies. Each output signal frequency corresponds to an input voltage level (i.e. “0” or “1”).

In this chapter we use LM566 VCO to implement the FSK modulator as shown in figure-2. The
oscillation frequency of LM566 is

2 V cc −V ¿
f o= (
R10 C 5 V cc )
Where Vcc is the power supply voltage input at pin 8 of LM566. Vin is the input voltage of LM566
at pin 5.

If Vcc is fixed, then with proper R10, C5 and Vin, the output signal frequencies (f o) of LM566 will
be 1072 Hz and 1272 Hz. The conditions for using LM566 VCO are as follows:

2 KΩ≤ R10 ≤ 20 KΩ

0.75 ≤ V ¿ ≤V cc

f o ≤ 500 KHz

10 V ≤ V cc ≤24 V

Figure-2 is the circuit diagram of FSK modulator. The operation theory is to convert the voltage
level of data signal (TTL levels) to appropriate levels. This voltage will input to the input terminal
of LM566 VCO. Then, the VCO will produce two frequencies with respect to input voltage levels
(1070 Hz and 1270 Hz). The Q1, Q2, R1, R3, R6, VR1 and VR2 comprise a voltage converter. In the
circuit, Q1 will operate as NOT gate. When the input signal to the base of Q 1 is high, then Q1 will
switch on. At this moment, the output signal of the collector will be low (around 0.2 V), so Q 2 will

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Page 3 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
switch off. When input signal to the base of Q 1 is low (0 V), Q1 will switch off. At this moment, the
output signal from collector of Q1 is high (5 V), so Q2 switches on. When Q2 switches off, the input
voltage of VCO is

VR 2
V 1= V
VR 2 + R6 cc

The VCO output signal frequency is f1. When Q2 switches on, the input voltage of VCO is

VR 1 /¿ VR2
V 2=
(VR ¿ ¿1 /¿ VR 2 )+ R 6 V cc ¿

At this moment, the output signal frequency of VCO is f2. So, we just need to adjust VR1 and VR2,
then the output signal frequency of VCO will become f1 and f2 which are 1270 Hz and 1070 Hz
respectively. In figure-2, the U2, U3, R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, C1, C2, C3 and C4 comprise a 4th order low
pass filter. The objective is to remove the unwanted signal from the LM566 VCO output, so that we
can obtain the sinusoidal waveform signal. S

Figure-2: The circuit diagram of FSK modulator

In this experiment, we use the baseband signal as the FSK modulation. If the application is for
wireless transmission, we have to use mixer to convert the signal of baseband to the signal of RF
band, then the signal will be able to transmit from antenna.

PSK Modulator
In communication system, besides AM and FM, there is another type of modulation which is called phase
modulation. In phase modulation, the amplitude and frequency remain the same, the only difference is the

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Page 4 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
phase. The binary signal is used to switch the phase between 0 and 180 degree, which is called phase shift
keying (PSK) modulation.

M-ary PSK can be expressed as

2π
(
x PSK ( t ) =A cos 2 π f c t+
M )m ; m=0 , 1 ,2 , … , M −1

If the data signal is 1-bit, i.e. M=2. So x PSK(t) will transmit binary bits signal and the phase shift of the
modulated signal is 180 degree out of phase. Figure-3 shows the signal waveform of binary phase shift
π
keying (BPSK). The BPSK signal at logic 1 is represented as A cos (ωc t+ ) and the BPSK signal at logic
2
3π
0 is represented as A cos (ωc t+ )
2

Figure-4 shows the block diagram of PSK modulator. PSK modulator converts the unipolar data signal to
bipolar data signal before sending the signal to the balanced modulator. Therefore, phase modulation can be
achieved by using the balanced modulator. The bandpass filter will remove the high frequency signal,
which make the PSK signal waveform more perfect. In this experiment, MC1496 is used to implement the
balanced modulator. Figure-5 is the internal circuit diagram of MC1496. From the circuit diagram, D 1, R1,
R2, R3, Q7 and Q8 comprise the current source, which provide Q5 and Q6 with DC bias current. Q5 and Q6
comprise the differential transistor, which is used to drive the Q 1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 that is dual differential
amplifier.

Figure-3: The signal waveform of BPSK modulation

Figure-4: The basic structure diagram of PSK modulator

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Page 5 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
Pin 1 and pin 4 are for data signal input. Pin 8 and pin 10 are for carrier signal inputs. The gain of balanced
modulator is controlled by the external resistor between pin 2 and pin 3. The bias voltage of the amplifier
can be determined by the external resistor connected at pin 5.

Figure-5: The internal circuit diagram of MC1496

Figure-6: The circuit diagram of PSK modulator by using MC1496

Figure-6 is the circuit diagram of 2-bit PSK which the carrier signal and data signal are single ended input.
Pin 10 is the carrier input and the data signal is passed through the unipolar to bipolar converter which is
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Page 6 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
comprised by 74HCU04, 74HC126, 3904, 3906, D1, D2, D3 and R1 to R8. The converted bipolar signal will
be sent to pin 1 on MC1496. R22 determines the gain of the circuit and R23 determines the bias voltage of
the circuit. If we adjust VR1 or change the amplitude of the data signal, then we can prevent the PSK
modulation from signal distortion. This signal will be sent to filter, which is comprised by uA741, C 4, C6,
R26, R27 and R28. Then the high frequency signals, which are produced by the balanced modulator will be
filtered and a better PSK signal will be performed.

Experiment 1: FSK Modulator

1. Refer to figure 13-2 on ETEK DA-2000-07 module
2. At the data signal output input terminal (I/P), input 0 V DC voltage , then by using oscilloscope,
observe on the output signal frequency of LM566 at pin 3. Adjust VR2 carefully so that the
frequency of signal generator counter is 870 Hz, and then record the measured results in table-1
3. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal of FSK signal output terminal, then record the
measured results in table-1
4. At the data signal input terminal (I/P), input 5 V DC voltage (i.e. connect to GND), then by using
oscilloscope, observe on the output signal frequency of LM566 at pin 3. Adjust VR1 carefully so
that the output signal frequency of LM566 at pin 3 is 1370 Hz and then record the measured results
in table-1
5. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal of FSK signal output terminal, then record the
measured results in table-1
6. Adjust the output voltage of signal generator to TTL level with 200 Hz frequency. Then let this
signal input to the data signal input terminal (I/P). By using oscilloscope, observe on the input
signal, output signal of LM566 at pin 3 and FSK output terminal signal, then record the measured
results in table-2
7. Adjust the output signal frequrncy of signal generator to 5 KHz, the others remain the same. Then
let this signal input to the data signal input terminal (I/P). By using oscilloscope, observe on the
input signal, output signal of LM566 at pin 3 and FSK output terminal signal, then record the
measured results in table-2

Experiment 2: PSK Modulator

1. Refer to figure 15-4 on ETEK DA-2000-08 module

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Page 7 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. At the input terminal of modulation signal, input 2.5 V amplitude, 2.5 V offset (i.e. high is 5 V, low
is 0 V) and 100 Hz square wave frequency. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal of
the unipolar to bipolar converter output terminal T1, then record the measured results in table-3
3. Change the frequencies of modulation signal to 1 KHz and 10 KHz, the others remain the same. By
using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal of the converter output terminal T1, then record the
measured results in table-3
4. At the input terminal of modulation signal, input 2.5 V amplitude, 2.5 V offset (i.e. high is 5 V, low
is 0 V) and 100 Hz and square wave for 50% duty cycle, i.e. data signal streams with “10”. By
using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal of unipolar to bipolar converter output terminal T1,
then record the measured results in table-4.
5. Change the duty cycle of modulation signal to 33% and 66% i.e. data signal streams with “100” and
“110”, the others remain the same. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal of the
converter output terminal T1, then record the measured results in table-4
6. At the input terminal of modulation signal, input 2.5 V amplitude, 2.5 V offset (i.e. high is 5 V, low
is 0 V) and 100 Hz and square wave for 50% duty cycle, i.e. data signal streams with “10”. At the
input terminal of carrier signal, input 400 mV amplitude and 20 KHz sine wave frequency
7. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform of the output terminal of PSK
modulation signal (PSK O/P). Adjust VR1 and observe on the PSK modulation signal waveform
before the waveform distortion occurs. Slightly adjust the VR2 to avoid the asymmetry of the
waveform, then record the output signal waveform in table-5
8. Change the carrier signal frequency to 50 KHz and 10 KHz, the others remain the same. By using
oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform, then record the measured results in table-5
9. At the input terminal of modulation signal, input 2.5 V amplitude, 2.5 V offset (i.e. high is 5 V, low
is 0 V) and 100 Hz and square wave for 50% duty cycle, i.e. data signal streams with “10”. At the
input terminal of carrier signal, input 400 mV amplitude and 20 KHz sine wave frequency
10. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform of the output terminal of PSK
modulation signal (PSK O/P). Adjust VR1 and observe on the PSK modulation signal waveform
before the waveform distortion occurs. Slightly adjust the VR2 to avoid the asymmetry of the
waveform, then record the output signal waveform in table-6
11. Change the carrier signal amplitude to 800 mV and 1 V, the others remain the same. By using
oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform, then record the measured results in table-6
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 8 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
12. At the input terminal of modulation signal, input 2.5 V amplitude, 2.5 V offset (i.e. high is 5 V, low
is 0 V) and 100 Hz and square wave for 50% duty cycle, i.e. data signal streams with “10”. At the
input terminal of carrier signal, input 400 mV amplitude and 20 KHz sine wave frequency
13. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform of the output terminal of PSK
modulation signal (PSK O/P). Adjust VR1 and observe on the PSK modulation signal waveform
before the waveform distortion occurs. Slightly adjust the VR2 to avoid the asymmetry of the
waveform, then record the output signal waveform in table-7
14. Change the duty cycle of data signal to 33% and 66% i.e. data signal streams with “100” and “110”,
the others remain the same. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform, then
record the measured results in table-7

Table-1:
The measured results of FSK modulator
Input VCO Output Signal Waveforms of Output Signal Waveforms of FSK
Signals LM566 at pin 3 Output Terminal

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
0V

5V

Table-2:
The measured results of FSK modulator
Input 200 Hz 5 KHz
Signal

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Page 10 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
Frequencie
s
Input Signal
Waveforms

VCO Output
Signal
waveform of
LM566 at
pin 3

FSK
Modulated
Signal
Waveforms

Table-3:
Observe on the output signal of unipolar to bipolar converter by changing the frequency of data signal
Data Signal Data Signal Waveforms Converter Output Signal Waveforms
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Page 11 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
Frequencie (T1)
s
100 Hz

1 KHz

10 KHz

Table-4:
Observe on the output signal of unipolar to bipolar converter by changing the duty cycle of data signal (f data
= 100 Hz)

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Page 12 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
Data Data Signal Waveforms Converter Output Signal Waveforms
Signal (T1)
Duty Cycle
50 %

33 %

66 %

Table-5:
Observe on the PSK modulation signal by changing the frequency of carrier signal (V c = 400 mV, f data =
100 Hz)
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Page 13 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
Carrier Carrier Signal Waveforms PSK Output Signal Waveforms
Signal
Frequencie
s
20 KHz

50 KHz

100 KHz

Table-6:

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Page 14 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
Observe on the PSK modulation signal by changing the amplitude of carrier signal (f c = 20 KHz, fdata = 100
Hz)
Carrier Carrier Signal Waveforms PSK Output Signal Waveforms
Signal
Amplitude
400 mV

800 mV

1V

Table-7:
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Page 15 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
Observe on the PSK modulation signal by changing the duty cycle of data signal (V c = 400 mV, fc = 20
KHz, fdata = 100 Hz)
Duty Data Signal Waveforms Output Signal Waveforms
Signal
Duty Cycle
50 %

33 %

66 %

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Page 16 of 17
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
14
____________________________________________________________________________________
sStudent's feedback (Try giving useful feedback, e.g. did this lab session help you in learning, how to
improve student's learning experience, was the staff helpful, etc):
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Student'sSignature: _________________________________

Correctness of

TOTAL
AWARDED

Attitude

Neatness

Conclusion
Originality
Initiative
MARKS

TOTAL 10 10 10 20 20 30 100

EARNED

Lab Instructor's Comments:_______________________________________________________

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Lab Instructor's Signature: _________________________________

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