Turn on your microphone, say

PRESENT when I call you then

turn it off right after.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Describe the historical development of the theories that explain

the origin of the universe.
2. Compare the different hypothesis explaining the origin of the
solar system.
3. Devise ways to facilitate own learning
4. Display scientific values and attitudes.
WHAT IS UNIVERSE? The Structure of Everything

• IN PHYSICS, IT IS DIVIDED Quarks: SN

(10-16 meters)
p+ = 2 up + 1 down
Subatomic Particles: SN

INTO TWO : (10-15 meters)

Atoms: EM
(10-13 meters)
n = 2 down + 1 up

There are four fundamental forces in nature

1. Gravity

1. The observable, which is Molecules: EM

(10-9 meters)
2. Electromagnetic (EM)
3. Strong Nuclear (SN)

everything whose existence we’ve Matter (stuff): Gravity 4. Weak Nuclear

(100 meters)
Planets: Gravity

far been able to confirm or (107 meters)

Solar System: Gravity
(1014 meters)
observe. Star Clusters: Gravity
(1018 meters)

2. Universe with the capital “U” or Galaxies: Gravity

(1020 meters)
Galaxy Clusters: Gravity

the WHOLE UNIVERSE, which (1021 meters)

Super Clusters: Gravity
(1023 meters)
is everything that exists, has Universe: Gravity
(1025 meters)

existed, anytime, anywhere,

regardless of whether or not we’re
aware of it YET (or ever will be).

• As far as we know, the universe

had a beginning and is now
around 13.8 Billion years old.
 It explains the origin, history and evolution of
the universe based on the creation mythology of
a specific tradition.

 It includes an act or process of creation by a

creator. The creator maybe a deity or a larger
pantheon.
 Religious Cosmology

Biblical Mormon Buddhist Islamic Hindu

Cosmology
Cosmology Cosmology Cosmology Cosmology
 Biblical Mormon
Cosmology Cosmology
It suggests that the world According to Mormon
had been created by God cosmology, there was a
as a dwelling-place for preexisting or pre mortal
man, and all was arranged life. Mormon cosmology
for the conservation of believes that human
mankind. spirits are literal children
This represented the of heavenly parents.
existence of the earth was These spirits have created
conceived only in relation an essential “intelligence”
to the existence of man. that is considered eternal
The history of the world and without beginning. It
was narrated in the is also considered that
Scriptures and it was to the Earth`s creation was not
Scriptures that it had to be ex hilo (creating from
necessarily referred. nothing), but organized
from existing matter.
 Islamic
Cosmology
The Islamic view of the origin
of the universe is one where
God created the universe,
including Earth`s physical
environment and human
beings. It teaches to visualize
cosmos as a book of symbols
for meditation and
contemplation to be used for
spiritual upliftment.
 Hindu
Cosmology
The Hindus believe that
creation is timeless; it has no
beginning. The universe is
created, destroyed and
reverted in an eternally
repetitive series of cycles.
There are many universes
which all allow the same
rhythm: creation and
dissolution. It was believed
that the creation and
dissolution recur at a period
of 1000 Mahaga Yuga
(“great year: or cycles), or in
a modernist view, 4.32 billion
years.
 Scientific Theories

Steady Multiverse
Big Bang Inflation String
state
theory Theory Theory Theory
Theory
 Although various beliefs
attempted to explain the nature and
origin of the universe, humankind`s
quest for truth and enlightenment on
how and when the universe began
continued.

The discoveries of tools and the

use of scientific method began to
undermine religious beliefs.
Scientific cosmology began in
1915 with the development of the
General Theory of Relativity
published by Albert Einstein
 Followed by a major discovery in the 1920`s by Edwin Hubble (1889-1953).
Hubble announced that the universe contained a number of external galaxies other than
Milky Way and he observed that the universe was continuously expanding.
Scientific Theories

Steady
state
Theory
This theory was proposed by Fred Hoyle,
Thomas Gold and Hermann Bond in 1948.
It is also known as
CONTINUOUS
CREATION THEORY and
INFINITE UNIVERSE
THEORY.

This theory states that

the density of matter
remains unchanged due to
the continuous creation of
matter.
a view that the universe is always expanding
but maintaining a constant average density,
with matter being continuously created to
form new stars and galaxies at the same rate
that old ones become unobservable as a
consequence of their increasing distance and
velocity of recession.
Scientific Theories

Big Bang theory

 BIG BANG THEORY
(Friedman and Lamaitre, 1927)

• Scientists now “believe” that the universe had a definite

beginning, and it will have an end.
• Currently, the “best” explanation for the existence of the
universe.
• It states that there was an infinitely small, infinitely
dense point called singularity that contained everything
that is the universe. Suddenly , from nothingness and
nowhereness 13.7 billion years ago, random
fluctuations in that empty void causes a great explosion
or expansion called the BIG BANG.
• Where did it come from? We do not know.
• Why did it happen? We do not know.
• WHAT WE KNOW ARE THE EVENTS DURING AND
AFTER THE BIG BANG .
Four basic forces explain all the interactions observed in the universe
• Grand unified theories (GUTs) are attempts to explain three of the forces in
terms of a single consistent set of physical laws.
• A super grand unified theory that would explain all four forces.
• GUTs suggest that all four physical forces were equivalent just after the Big
Bang.
 Time Era Temperature Characteristics of the Universe
0-10-43 s Big Bang Infinite  Infinitely small, infinitely dense
primeval fireball
SINGULARITY  Superunified force; all forces
(gravity, strong, electromagnetic,
weak ) are unified

10-43 s Planck Time 10 32 K  Earliest known time that can be

describe by modern physics
 Gravity separates; unified forces
include strong, electromagnetic,
weak known as Grand Unified
Theory (GUT)
VACUUM ERA

10-35 s End of GUT 10 27 K  Strong force separates; unified

force consists of electromagnetic
and weak
 Quarks and leptons form, along
with their anti-particles
10-35 to 10-33 s Inflation 10 27 K  Size of the universe drastically
increased, by factor of 1030 to 10 40
 10-12 s End of Unified 10 15 K  Split of weak and
Forces electromagnetic forces; none
of unified forces exists
 Protons and neutrons start
forming from quarks
10-7s RADIATION Heavy Particle 10 14 K  Proton, neutron production in
ERA full swing
10-4 s Light Particle 10 12 K  Electrons and positrons form
100 s ( a few Nucleosynthesis 109 K- 10 7 K  Helium, deuterium and a few
minutes) Era other elements form
Recombination 3000 K  Matter and radiation separate
(Decoupling)  End of radiation domination,
500 million MATTER start of matter domination of
years DOMINATION the universe
ERA
Galaxy 10K  Galaxies and other large
Formation structures form in the universe

14 billion Now 3K  You are reading this table.

years or so That’s what’s happening
DEGENERATE DARK ERA
VACUUM ERA

• The Inflationary Epoch

 The universe expanded

from the size of an
atomic nucleus to 1035
meters in width.

Inflation was one of several

profound changes that occurred
in the very early universe.
RADIATION ERA

(FORMATION OF BASIC ELEMENTS,

FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE)
• Creation of light
• Creation of baryonic matter
• Electroweak epoch
• Strong epoch
• Decoupling of weak
interaction
• Creation of nuclei of the light
elements
When the temperature of the radiation fell
• Decoupling of radiation below 3000 K, protons and electrons could
spectrum combine to form hydrogen atoms and the
universe became transparent.
MATTER ERA

• Transition from radiation

domination to matter domination
• Last scattering
• Galaxy Formation Epoch
• Birth of Stars
What supporting evidence is there?
• FIRST PIECE OF EVIDENCE

• Stars and galaxies are moving further away from

each other at a known rate of speed – ‘Red Shift’

• This implies they were once MUCH closer.

(If you imagine everything rewinding you get to a
point where everything must have exploded).
 Edwin Hubble noticed that the
spectrum of the galaxies he was
studying showed spectral lines
that were shifted toward the end
of the spectrum. The « red shift
» happens because of the light’s
wavelengths becoming longer. It
indicates that an object is
receding from us (or that the
distant galaxies are moving away
from us).

This idea provoked the idea that

space itself was expanding.
The further away a galaxy is, the greater its recessional velocity and
the greater its spectral red shift (shift to the red end of the spectrum
of a light or electromagnetic radiation)
V= H0 d
There is a simple linear
relationship between the
distance a galaxy is from
the Earth, and the redshift
of that galaxy (which is a
measure of the speed with
which a galaxy is moving
away from the Earth)

The value of the Hubble constant, H0, is not

known with certainty but best value today is
approximately 67 km/s/Mpc.
 What supporting evidence is there?
• SECOND PIECE OF EVIDENCE
Presence of CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background)
Background radiation from the Big Bang is still around
now (it’s the fuzzy noisy stuff you get on TV sets that
don’t have digital).
 COBE WMAP
• In June 2001,
• Cosmic Background Wilkinson Microwave
Explorer (1989) Anisotropy Probe
(WMAP) captured the
• Probe that looked 15 “glow” of the Big
billion light years into Bang by detecting
space to detect tiny temperature changes
temperature changes. just like COBE.
• These temperature • WMAP was much
changes were evidence more precise.
of the heat left over
from the Big Bang.
What supporting evidence is there?
• THIRD PIECE OF EVIDENCE
The relative abundance of elements
everything we need to make the universe seems to
have been created with the Big Bang
e.g. the proportion of Hydrogen and Helium is exactly
what it should be if there was a Big Bang.
Evidence: The abundance of light elements

• The Big Bang theory

predicts that the presence of
light elements such as Hydrogen
and Helium should have been
fused from protons and
neutrons in the first few minutes
after the Big Bang.
• Predicted abundance of elements
heavier than hydrogen, as a function
of the density of baryons in the
universe (expressed in terms of the
fraction of critical density in baryons,
Omega_B and the Hubble constant)
Limitations and unresolved problems of the Big Bang Theory
1. Structure in the universe
• Flatness- the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy ( WMAP) revealed that the geometry
of the universe to be nearly flat. However, under the big bang theory , there should
be curvature as time grows.
2. Fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation
• The temperature of the CMB is observed to vary slightly across the sky. What
produced these fluctuations?
3. Monopole
• The big bang theory predicts the production f heavy stable magnetic monopoles in
the earl universe. However , no magnetic monopoles have been observed.
 Scientific Theories

Multiverse
Inflation Theory String Theory Theory
 Inflation Theory String Theory
-This theory was proposed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde,  The assembly of particle type is
Paul Steinhart and Andy Albrecht in 1980. replaced by a fundamental block
-The theory proposed a period of exponential expansion called string.
of the universe prior to the more gradual big bang  This theory was proposed by Brian
expansion. Greene

-During this rapid expansion, the energy density of the  It is consistent with quantum
gravity. It is able to describe
universe is dominated by cosmological constant-type of
interactions of strings. It was at
vacuum energy. this point that there is a great
-Later, this decayed to produce the matter and radiation hope that it will be able to unite all
that filled up the universe. known forces and particles into a
“single theory of everything”
-Offers solution to the unresolved problems of the Big
Bang theory like in flatness by which inflation stretches
any initial curvature of the universe to near flatness. o Theory combined with Einstein`s
General Theory of Relativity.
 M-theory
MULTIVERSE
(Hawking and Mlodinow)

- a theory in physics that

unifies all consistent
versions of
superstring theory.
- states that the origin of the
universe occurs as a result of
the contact of two hyper
dimensional branes.
- considers 11 space
dimensions.
- states that there may be
multiple or even an infinite
number of universes
(including the universe we
consistently experience) that
together comprise
everything that exists: the
entirety of space, time,
matter, and energy as well
as the physical laws and
constants that describe
them.
HOME WORK:
Research/ gain insights about the following
topics:
1. Features and history of Solar system
2. Theories on the origin of the solar system
2.1 Vortex Theory
2.2Encounter Hypothesis
2.3 Nebular Hypothesis
2.4 Solar Nebular Model
3. Formation of Terrestrial And Jovian Planets
4. Celestial objects in the solar system
REFERENCES:
http://web.mit.edu/demoscience/StringTheory/actors.html

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/College_of_Marin/CHEM_
114%3A_Introductory_Chemistry/01%3A_The_Chemical_Worl
d/1.03%3A_Hypothesis%2C_Theories%2C_and_Laws

https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-
content/origin-universe/

https://www.infoplease.com/math-
science/space/universe/theories-of-the-universe-scientific-
origins-of-the-universe