HIGHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

LEARNING MODULE 2 IN PATH FIT 4

Mrs. Haidee S. Calumpang, M. Ed.

Module Number 1
Module Title PATH FIT 4 (Physical Activity toward Health & Fitness)
Duration 2 ½ hours per week
Week Number 2
Date August 30- September 3, 2021
 Topic:
HISTORY and DEVELOPMENT OF BASKETBALL and FACILITIES and EQUIPMENT

Objectives:
After studying this lesson, you will be able to:

1. identify the different equipment first used and the way the game was first played.
2. state how the game developed and was adapted across the different countries including the Philippines
3. provide information regarding international participation of basketball
4. trace and explain the historical development of basketball.
5. identify the sidelines, center line, three-point field goal area, and free throw line
6. examine the board, the ring and the net
7. feel the ball’s weight and circumference

INTRODUCTION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Characteristics of the Game
Basketball is a game played by two teams of five players. Each team tries to score points by tossing the ball into the
opposing team’s basket. They may use only their hands to control the ball, and are not allowed to run while holding it. A field
goal counts 2 points, 3 points if it is thrown from outside the 3-point line. A free throw is worth 1 point. The team with
possession of the ball must launch an attack within the following time limits.
● After taking possession of the ball, they have 10 seconds to move the ball forward across the mid-court line,
and 30 seconds to take a shot at the basket.
● A player who is hemmed in by an opponent must move the ball by dribbling, throwing, or passing it within 5
seconds.
Basketball is played on a hard court, which is rectangular in shape with sidelines, end lines, center-circle, and
centerline drawn, parallel to the end lines.
A team’s front court is that part of the court between the end line behind the opponent’s basket and the nearer edge
of the centerline. The other part of the court, including the centerline, is the team’s backcourt. A free throw line is drawn
parallel to each line.
The basket is composed of the ring and the net. A game consists of two halves of 20 minutes each, with an interval of
10 minutes between halves. The game is started by the referee who tosses the ball up for a center jump between two
opponents in the center circle.
If the score is tied at the end of the game, play is continued for an extra period of 5 minutes. A goal is made when live
ball enters the basket from above and passes through.

DISCUSSION

History and Development of Basketball

THE BEGINNING
The history of basketball dates back more than a hundred years to 1891, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.

 
   At that time Dr. James Naismith (born November 6th, 1861 – died November 28th, 1939) was a
physical educator in the School for Christian Workers (now Springfield College). As the coach of the
school football team he was given the task to create an interesting indoor game to occupy the student
during the winter months. In a fortnight he came up with the basic rules of a new game.

Mr. Naismith evolved 5 basic principles when he created the rules.

1. The game is played with a round ball and with the hands.
2. A player cannot run with the ball.
3. Any player can take up any position on the playing court at any time.
4. There shall be no physical contact between players.
5. The goal (basket) shall be placed horizontally above the floor of the court.

 
He chose two wooden peach baskets and nailed them to the side of the balcony of the hall. The height where the baskets were hung
was dictated by the height of the balcony. This height (10 feet) was so ideally selected that it has never been changed.

The first games were played with a football and a janitor sat on a ladder to retrieve the ball from the basket when a player made a goa

He was now ready to try the game out to his students, but before that he left a set of rules was necessary. He wrote thirteen
rules which governed the first game of basketball. Thus in late December 1897, James Naismith invented basketball and
brought to his class a game completely planned and designed. Here are Dr. Naismith’s original rules:
1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one hand or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one hand or both hands (never with the fist).
3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it; allowance is to
be made for a man who catches the ball when running at good speed.
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping, striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed. The
first infringement of this rule by any person shall could as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next
goal is made, or, if there was evident intent to injure the person for the whole game. No substitute is allowed.
6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules, 3,4, and such as described in Rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it counts a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the
opponents in the meantime making a foul).
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there,
providing those defending the ball do not touch or disturb the goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the person first touching it. In
case of dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The throwing in is allowed for five seconds by the
thrower. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire
shall call a foul on them.
10. The umpire shall be judge of the men and shall note the foul and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls
have been made. He shall have power to disqualify men according to Rule 5.
11. The referee shall be judge to the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs,
and shall keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.
12. The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five-minute rest between them.
13. The side making the most goals in the time shall be declared winners. In case of draw, the game may, by
agreement of the captains, be continued until another goal is made.

The new game became a big success. Naismith’s 13 original rules were based on the principle that the points are to be attained by skill rather
than force. The rules were published in 'Triangle' magazine on 15th January 1892 under the title 'A New Game'.

The first publicly played game of basketball was played on March 2nd, 1892 between students and teachers at the
Springfield Collage. The students won 5-1 before a crowd of over 200.
Basketball began its worldwide movement as the game was then introduced in Mexico.

In the same year Lew Allen of Hartford, Connecticut made cylindrical baskets of heavy woven wire to eliminate Naismith's
peach baskets.

The ball itself outgrew the football ball and was replaced by an official basketball in 1894. In the next year a  
1.80x1.20 m backboard was approved. Free throws were introduced.

The rims were hung at the balcony and some spectators amused themselves by diverting the ball away from the
hoop. To protect the ball from spectators, first backboards (3.60x1.80m) were introduced.

A new basket was invented. It consisted of a net suspended on a ring and with a rope attached to the bottom of the net.
When the rope was pulled the ball was released and the days of the stepladder came to an end.

On March 22nd, 1893 the first women's match took place in Northampton. No men were allowed to watch the game.
From 1896 field goals were changed to 2 points, free throws to 1 point.
The same year Chicago and Iowa competed in the first college match. Five players were allowed on each team. Chicago won
15-12. Neither team used substitute players.
Dr. James Naismith controlled the rules until 1896. Since 1896 the Amateur Sports Federation had been in charge of the rules
and any changes.

The Federation ruled in 1897 that a team should consist of five players and it was universally accepted. Before this ruling
occasionally up to 50 players from each side were on the floor.
By 1905 basketball had become widely spread in secondary schools, universities, church clubs and military barracks.
Many students from abroad studied at the Springfield Sports School at the time when basketball was being born. They
spread the new game across the world. Basketball was brought to Europe, more specifically to France, by a Springfield
student named Mel Rideout.
In 1909-1910 glass backboard was first approved. A player was disqualified upon committing his fourth personal foul.
With the arrival of the First World War the game's growth slowed. During that time the American soldiers and sport
coaches, including Naismith himself brought to Europe the innovations of the game.
The first Inter-Allied Games were played in 1919 in Paris. This competition was won by the USA who defeated France
and Italy. It is considered to be the first international basketball tournament and paved the way for World Championship
and Olympic recognition. In 1923 the designated foul shooter was eliminated, the person fouled had to shoot the free
throw. At the Olympic Games in Paris in 1924 basketball was played as exhibition.

In 1927 Abe Saperstein organised the Harlem Globetrotters. The players were from Chicago and they played their first
game in Hinckley, Illinois. Since that time they have contributed greatly to increase the popularity of basketball
throughout the world, playing in about 100 different countries.

1932-1948
Until 1932 we can mainly speak about American basketball rules. The rest of the world was developing under the
influence of local enthusiasts with certain fashionable additions coming from the States.
The rules were not standardised internationally. The World YMCA Committee in co-operation with Springfield College
established an International School for Physical education in 1927 in Geneva. It convened a conference of the
representatives of basketball associations on 18th June 1932 in Geneva and the International Amateur Basketball
Federation (FIBA) was founded by eight countries. The first President of FIBA: Leon Bouffard (Switzerland), Secretary
General: Renato William Jones (Great Britain).

Leon Bouffard (Switzerland)

Renato Williams Jones (Great Britain)

At the FIBA Founding Congress the first international rules were elaborated.
Each team consisted of five players and 2 substitutes who could come into play twice during the game. Following every
point scored from the field or from a free throw the game continued by a jump ball at the centre. The rules were basically
the same as in the USA with a few changes. It was decided that the rules would be revised every four years, connecting
with the Olympic Games. This revision would be carried out by the Technical Commission.

A game in the 30’s. The basket support is inside the court. The keyhole shape area is not the restricted area against tall players
where they may not remain for more than 3 seconds, it is only a lane for free throw rebounds. However, here 5 players play
against 5.
The first European Championship for Men was held in 1935 in Geneva. Ten nations took part and the first European Champion was Latvia,
defeating Spain 24-18 in the final.

Dr. James Naismith inventor of basketball died in Lawrence, Kansas on 28th November 1939.

1948-1960
The professional NBA league was founded in 1949.

In 1950 the first World Championship for Men took place in Argentina and the first World Championship for Women in 1953 in Chile.
On 2nd March 1951, the first NBA All-Star Game was played in Boston; East 111–West 94. The same year a crowd of 75,000 people fill
Berlin's Olympic Stadium – the all time basketball attendance record to see the Harlem Globetrotters’ play.

In 1952, after the Helsinki Olympic Games, very few rule changes were made. Fouls committable by a player were increased to five inste
four. The games sometimes became boring, because the team that was ahead often froze the ball producing long moments of stagnant
Against this type of play a wider application of pressing was required, as first developed by the Soviet team in an impressive manner in
Helsinki. Everybody knew, it was necessary to do something but no one had any idea. The game was in danger.
In 1954 a brilliant solution was suggested by Danny Biason and the NBA introduced a new rule: the team must shoot within 24 second
possession.
Almost the same rule was accepted in Melbourne in 1956. The time for offence was limited to 30 seconds and the problem of freezing t
ball was solved. The free throw area was enlarged to the current trapezium shape, to take the giants still further away from beneath th
basket. The Technical Commission re-established the equilibrium between defence and offence by requiring that the ball leave the han
the dribbler before lifting the pivot foot at the start of a dribble.

The jump shot became the most frequent way of shooting. A great variety of shooting passing and  
dribbling was employed. Screening tactics were known to all.
The Cup of the European Champion Clubs was introduced for men in 1958, and for women in 1959.

1955, Budapest Thirty-thousand people celebrate the victory of Hungary over Sovietunion in the
European Championship final in the Nepstadion.

1960-1972
In 1960 the Congress in Rome eliminated the line at mid-court that was duly re-established in Mexico  
1968. During the last five minutes every personal foul was punished by two free throws, provided the
fouled player did not score a valid basket. If both teams had committed fouls, which carried the same
penalty, no free throws would be taken in order to reduce those situations when there were free
throws at both baskets. When the penalties could not be cancelled the total penalty awarded in one
play should not exceed 2 free throws and possession of the ball. The variety of penalties complicated
the life of the officials, and they were sometimes in a difficult situation when calculating the
cancellation and the number of the remaining free throws. The rule seemed to be so complicated that
often the decision made by the referee was not understood by neither the players nor the spectators.

  
  Ervin Kassai (HUN) officiated
finals (1960, 1968)

 In 1964 in Tokyo the term of play phase was introduced to define what was considered to be one play concerning
calculation of the number of free throws. These rules have never solved all possible situations, but it was necessary to
wait for twenty years to eliminate them. In the Tokyo Congress the Technical Commission re-arranged the Rulebook to
make it much easier to read and understand.

By this time the jump shot was used by everyone. The game became more individual, counter offence was apparent
more often and scores were increasing. The physical capabilities of players were improving, basketball was moving
towards a greater mobility.

Four years after Mexico 1968, the imaginary cylinder above the basket, in which a defensive player could not touch the
ball but the offensive could, was deleted. From this time onward once the ball has bounced off the ring, both defensive
and offensive players could touch it. In the last 3 minutes each foul was penalised by 2 free throws and the fouled team
had the right to opt for having a sideline throw-in instead of taking free throws.

In Munich, 1972, the 3-minute rule at the end of the game was eliminated. There was no difference anymore between
the last minutes and the other part of the game. At the same time, a foul on an opponent not shooting was only penalised
with a throw-in from the sideline; no real penalty. The result of this rule change was that the defensive team could
commit fouls in order to make it impossible for the offence to get into scoring position. The 1972 Munich Olympics Final
is particularly memorable. The USA-Soviet Union brings a unbelievable excitement and protest. The last 3 seconds was
twice played. After the first one the Americans celebrate the victory, but the referees, due to timing error, order to play
it again. The Soviet team passes the ball from under his own basket end line to the other end of the court where Bjelov,
with Americans in the neck, grabs it and scores. Soviet Union wins. The Americans can not endure the defeat, and do not
take the silver medal.

1973-1990
At the 1973 European Championship in Barcelona the number of fouls committed especially at the end of the game
increased dramatically. The average fouls per game was more than 61. This presented a danger and demanded quick
action. There was no time to wait for the next Congress, so while still in Barcelona a proposal was tabled: 'If within a half
a team commits 10 fouls each additional player foul shall be penalised by two free throws'. At the same time a player
foul when his team had control was punished by a sideline throw-in. The new rule went into effect in 1974 and it was a
big success. The 10 team foul rule reduced the number of fouls and the Montreal Congress ratified it in 1976. At the
same time, after ten team fouls, there was no difference in the penalties if a player was fouled in the field or in the act of
shooting. To eliminate this problem the 'three for two' rule was introduced whereby a player who had been fouled in
the act of shooting, and his shot was unsuccessful, had the opportunity to shoot a third free throw if one of the first two
missed. In cases when the shot had been successful the fouled shooter was awarded an extra free throw.
The Moscow Congress in 1980 allowed 8 personal fouls instead of 10 in order to better reduce the fouls in the game.
The technical fouls on the bench increased. It was decided that the coach would be automatically disqualified when
three technical fouls had been called against him.
For the first time the rulebook commented on how personal contact should be judged and how to determine the player
responsible for the contact: (The principle of verticality that says that the space above the player's cylinder is protected;
the right of a player in the air to arrive to a place that has not been occupied before taking his jump; what are legal and
illegal guarding positions; judgement of charging and blocking, etc.)

In 1979 the NBA introduces the three point shot. The same idea was accepted by FIBA in 1984, but the distance of the
line from the basket was 6.25 m comparing with 7.24 m of the NBA. This rule opens a new era in basketball. The smaller
players had a better chance to score. The game was no longer only for the centres. The number of team fouls was
reduced from 8 to 7. The penalty, after seven team fouls became a 1+1 free throw, that is if a player misses the first free
throw he is not entitled to the second one. The 'three for two' rule was deleted. If a foul was committed on a 2-point
shooter 2 free throws, if on a 3-point shooter 3 free throws are awarded. The penalty for a technical foul by the coach
was also made stiffer: two free throws plus the possession of the ball by the other team..

In 1986 the World Congress decided that each intentional or disqualifying foul committed by a player – above the two
or three free throws – was additionally penalised by awarding possession of the ball to the other team. This rule aimed
at reducing the number of this type of foul, which was occurring frequently.

In 1990 the right of option and play phase were deleted. There was no limit anymore on free throws to be taken in one
sequence of play. In the case when more fouls were committed the official should determine the order of fouls and
administer them in the order they occurred. No more complicated calculation of penalties, it was much easier to
understand for everyone. The fouled player has no right to opt for a throw-in instead of taking free throws.
During this era coaches and team followers were leaving the vicinity of the court to discuss decisions. The team bench
area was introduced in order to keep the coach and the bench personnel in their place. In case someone leaves the
bench area without a valid reason a technical foul can be called on the coach. Moreover, if someone leaves the team
bench area when a fight is breaking out on the court, he must be immediately disqualified. At this time the officials
began handling the ball all over the court. The thrower-in shall not move along the sideline more than one normal step.
At the last free throw the players lined up may enter the restricted area the moment the free throw shooter has released
the ball. A new rule is introduced: the referee may correct some errors concerning administration of free throws and
scoring.

1990-2010

It was a historical decision when FIBA opened the Olympic Games for the American professional players in Barcelona,
1992. The games played by the 'Dream Team' were the most popular event during the Games. 

2010 – Up to now
2010 brings also changes to the court markings.
The 3-point line is moved 0,5 m away from the basket (instead of 6,25 m it is 6,75 m)
The restricted (3-second) area is a rectangle as in the USA (not anymore a trapezoid shape).
No-charge semi-circles are marked under the baskets. The distance of the inner edge of the semicircles is 1,25 m from the
centre of the basket (on the floor).
2 small lines, called throw-in lines, are marked outside the court, on the opposite side of the scorer’s table, level to the top
of the 3-point line.

At the end of the game (or any period), a fraction of second can decide if a goal was in time or not. To simplify making
decisions at such situations a new paragraph is introduced to better define how much time can pass during a shot, tap or
dunk.
The game clock must indicate 0:00.3 (three tenths of a second) or more for a player to gain control of the ball on a throw-
in or on a rebound after the last or only free throw in order to attempt a shot for a field goal. If the game clock indicates
0:00.2 or 0:00.1 the only type of a valid field goal made is by tapping or directly dunking the ball.
To make more exciting the end of a close game the throw-in spot in the frontcourt is introduced. This means that during
the last 2 minutes of the game, following a time-out granted to the team that has been entitled to the possession of the
ball from its backcourt, the subsequent throw-in will be taken on the opposite side of the scorer’s table from the new
“throw-in line” and not as before from the centre line extended.
There is an important modification in the backcourt rule. When the ball touches an offensive player at the centre line the
offensive player must have both feet in the frontcourt when the ball touches him in order that the ball is considered to be
in the frontcourt.
The consequence of this ruling is: The player straddling the centre line is considered to be in his backcourt. This player
may pivot backwards, until both feet are placed to the frontcourt or start a dribble or pass the ball also backwards, but
the eight second count continues. The intent of this ruling is to create the same principle for any offensive player as for
the dribbler, and by this, to allow normal movements for players who are straddling the centre line.
On a throw-in, the 8 or 24 second count starts when the ball touches or is legally touched by any player on the playing
court. This means that the game clock and the shot clock start simultaneously. By the old rule the 24 second clock could
start later because it started when the first player gained control of the ball on the court. At the end of the game some
 smart players tried to gain some seconds by not catching but only touching the ball. This ruling eliminates this possibility.
No charge semi-circle is introduced not to reward a defensive player who has taken a position under his own basket in
order to draw a charging foul against an offensive player who is in control of the ball and is penetrating towards the
basket.
The rule says: On any penetration play situation into the no-charge semi-circle area a contact caused by an airborne
offensive player with a defensive player inside the no-charge semi-circle shall not be called as an offensive foul, unless the
offensive player is illegally using his hands, arms, legs or body, when the offensive player is in control of the ball whilst
airborne, and he attempts a shot or passes off, and the defensive player has both feet inside the no-charge semi-circle
area.
During a last or only free throw, if a defensive player commits a violation a technical foul shall be given only in case of
goaltending but not anymore for interference.

2012 brings very slight changes.

2014
To provide the offensive player with more protection while he is in the air on the shot for goal the semi-circles become
part of the no charge area. This means that the area is larger and the defensive player is considered inside the area when
he stands on the semi-circle line. In the last 2 minutes only 2 time-outs may be granted to a team.
To speed up the game and allow more attacks and shots during the game, when the offensive team gains control of a
rebound the shot clock is reset only to 14 seconds.
The penalty for the technical foul has been found too excessive and it is reduced from 2 free throws plus possession to 1
free throw plus possession. However to discourage unsportsmanlike behaviour of the players, they will be disqualified
when charged with 2 technical fouls.
The use of instant replay becomes wider. The referees can review play situation in many new cases.
Players are allowed to use numbers 0 and 00 and from 1 to 99.
Some new officials’ signal is introduced.

At the beginning of the 21st century, basketball is played and enjoyed by an estimated 400 million registered players all
over the world. Basketball is one of the largest sporting families with 214 nations joined to FIBA.

Basketball is fast, dynamic, attractive and spectacular game. The score changes every minute making the game exiting.
Thanks to these features basketball is one of the most popular games in the world and it has become the game of modern
times.

In 1994 the whole rulebook was re-arranged. Games played in 2x20 minutes or in 4x12 minutes were accepted. The
throw-in from out-of-bounds was always at the closest point to the infraction, including the end line. The act of shooting, in
case of an airborne shooter, continues until the player's feet return to the floor. The travel rule is completely re-written.
The first foot to touch the floor becomes the pivot foot instead of the rear foot. Alley-oop is allowed, that is the offensive
player may also touch the ball during a pass in its downward flight above the level of the ring. The term ‘intentional’ foul is
changed to unsportsmanlike foul. The referee cannot call an unsportsmanlike foul only because it was committed in the last
minutes of the game, presumably to stop the clock. It shall be judged the same way from the first to the last minutes of the
game. The one and one rule is deleted. Instead of one and one, 2 free throws are awarded if a team is in the penalty
situation. If a player, coach or any member of the team bench is disqualified, he must go to and remain in his team's
dressing room for the duration of the game or, if he so chooses, he shall leave the building. During free throws only six
players may jump for a rebound: three defensive and two offensive players at the restricted area and the free throw
shooter. The players not lined up at the restricted area must remain behind the free throw line extended and behind the
three-point line. In 1998 the term of ball ‘in play’ was deleted. The beginning of a live ball is changed in the case of a throw-
in and in the case of a jump ball. Three time-outs may be granted to each team during the second half. In the last two
minutes of the second half or any extra period the game clock shall be stopped following a field goal. An offensive or a
defensive player may not touch the ball above the level of the ring during a shot for field goal after it has hit the backboard.
The penalty for a double foul has been changed: if a team is in control of the ball when a double foul occurs this team does
not lose the ball, that is, instead of a jump ball this team is entitled to a throw-in. A new type of technical foul has been
introduced: the unsportsmanlike technical foul. Its penalty is the same as that of the unsportsmanlike foul (2 free throws
and possession of the ball).

2000-2010
In 2000

 the rules are slightly re-arranged. Cases and rulings which are not typical in a standard basketball game, and which happen
very rarely, are deleted. The games are played in 4x10 minutes. One time-out may be granted in each period except the
fourth period when two. In each quarter when a team commits four fouls the team reaches the penalty situation. In order to
make the game more dynamic the 30-second rule is reduced to 24, and the 10-second rule to 8 seconds. In the case of a shot
the 24-second clock shall only be reset when the ball has hit the ring or the ball becomes live again following a successful
basket. The penalty for a technical foul by a player has been changed to one free throw plus possession at mid-court. The
‘Unsportsmanlike technical foul’ is therefore now deleted. FIBA has decided that the three-man system (the NCAA three-
man officiating mechanic system) may be used in major FIBA competitions and that the Zones of FIBA and National
Federations may also use this system in their competitions. From 2003 there are jump balls only at the start of the halves
and eventual extra periods. When any jump ball situation occurs the alternating possession rule comes into effect. When
the 24-second signal sounds it does not stop the main clock, and if no violation occurred, the game is not stopped.

In 2004 

there are some minor changes. In all games 12 players are entitled to play. There is one jump ball only at the start of the
game. Both teams are allowed to substitute after a violation. A player who commits his second unsportsmanlike foul shall
be disqualified. The penalty for all technical fouls (against either player or coach or any bench personnel) is 2 free throws
plus possession of the ball.

In 2006

 there are some editorial changes for better understanding of the rules text and to minimize misinterpretation and for the
sake of simplification. There are wider possibilities for substitution.
The referee is now authorized to use the technical equipment to decide if a last shot at the end of each period or any extra
period was released during playing time before he signs the scoresheet. This can only be applied when the technical
equipment is available.

In 2008 

there are some changes which help the game but are not very crucial. A player falling to the floor may slide with the ball
in the hands. The ball returned to backcourt rule becomes much more according to the spirit of the game but it does not
simplify the life of the referees. The rule does not want to penalize anymore a player who makes his normal movement
but he is unluckily at the centre line and therefore commits a backcourt violation. Allowance is given to a player who
steals the ball or gains a new control at the centre line and also to a player who dribbles the ball.
There are some minor changes at plays above the ring. The player grasping the ring to play the ball is a violation not
necessarily a technical foul. Reaching through the ring and touching the ball is now interference and if it is by defense a
basket shall be awarded.
The fast break tactic fouls in case of the last player are called unsportsmanlike fouls. In order to stop dangerous actions
by players, excessive swinging of elbows without contact may be called as a technical foul.

REFERENCE

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ball Sports for Fitness, Edgar C. Jimena, First Ed. 2006