UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Topic Outline
• Introduction to Computers and Logic
• Hardware
• Software
• How computers store data
• Machine Cycle
• How a program works
• Programming Process
• Introduction to Java
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Intended Learning Outcomes
• Define what is computer
• Understand computer components and
operations
• Enumerate and describe different
computers
• Explain how the computer works and how
data is stored and manipulated.
• Describe the steps involved in the
programming process
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What is computer?

- is an electronic device that manipulates information, or

data, typically in binary form, according to instruction
given.

- has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

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Uses of Computers

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Uses of Computers

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Uses of Computers

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 2 Main Parts of a Computer
• hardware
- is any physical device used in or with your
machine.
- is something you can hold or touch in your
hand.

• software
- is a collection of programming code
installed on your computer's hard drive.
- cannot be held in your hand.
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 Hardware
• Input devices
- An input device is any hardware device that sends data to the
computer.

- Without any input devices, a computer would only be a

display device and not allow users to interact with it

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 Hardware
• Output devices
- An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment used to communicate
the results of data processing carried out by
a computer to the outside world.

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 Hardware
• System Unit
- The system unit is the core of a computer system.
- Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk.
- The most important components are:
Central processing unit (CPU)
Random access memory (RAM)
Hard disk – Etc.
- Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called
peripheral device or device.

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 Software
• System Software
- is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to
provide and maintain a platform for running application software.

Example:

1. Operating System
- is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer
by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in
a computer.

- The application programs make use of the operating system by

making requests for services through a defined application program
interface (API).
- In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system
through a user interface, such as a command-line interface (CLI) or a
graphical UI (GUI).

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 Software
• System Software

Example:

2. BIOS

BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a

personal computer's microprocessor uses to get the
computer system started after you turn it on.

It also manages data flow between the computer's

operating system and attached devices such as the
hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.

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Software

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Software

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Software
• Application Software

Applications software is capable of dealing with user inputs

and helps the user to complete the task.

It is also called end-user programs or only an app.

Example:

1. Presentation Software
2. Spreadsheet Software
3. Database Software
4. Multimedia Software
5. Simulation Software
6.Word Processing Software

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Basic Computer Operations

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 How Computers Store Data?

All data that is stored in a

computer is converted to
sequences of 0s and 1s.

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How Computers Store Data?

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 How Computers Store Data?

Determining the value of The bit pattern

10011101

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Storing Numbers

The values of binary

digits as powers by 2

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Storing Numbers

Two bytes used for a large number

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Storing Characters

The letter A is stored in memory as the number 65.

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Storing Characters

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Advanced Numbers Storage

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Other Data Types

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 How a Program Works
• A computer’s CPU can only understand instructions that
are written in machine language. Because people find it
very difficult to write entire programs in machine
language, other programming languages have been
invented.

CPU is the most important component in a computer.

CPU is not a brain.
CPU is not smart.
CPU is an electronic device that is designed to do specific
things.
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 How a Program Works
• CPU is designed to perform the following operations:
1. Read a piece of data from main memory
2. Adding two numbers
3. Subtracting one number from another number
4. Multiplying two numbers
5. Dividing one number by another number
6. Moving a piece of data from one memory location to
another
7. {{{{{{{{{{{{{{

8. Determining whether one value is equal to another value

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How a Program Works

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 Machine Cycle
Machine cycle is the basic operation cycle of a computer processor.

It is the process by which a computer processor retrieves a program instruction from its
memory, determines what actions the instruction requires, and carries out those actions.

This cycle is repeated continuously from bootup to when the computer is shut down.

There are four steps in machine cycle:

Instruction Phase:
• Fetch - get an instruction from Main Memory
• Decode - translate it into computer commands
• [

Execution Phase
• Execute - actually process the command
• Store - write the result to Main Memory

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Machine Cycle

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Machine Cycle

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How a Program Works

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How a Program Works

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 How a Program Works
Assembly language is referred to as a low-level language

High-level languages allow you to create powerful and complex programs without knowing how the CPU
works, using words that are easy to understand.

Example:
1. Ada
2. BASIC
3. FORTRAN
4. COBOL
5. Pascal
6. C and C++
7. C#
8. Java
9. JavaScript
10. Python
11. Ruby
12. Visual Basic
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How a Program Works

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How a Program Works

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How a Program Works

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How a Program Works

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 Program Development Life Cycle

• Basic steps in trying to solve a

problem on the computer:

1. Problem Definition
2.Problem Analysis
3.Algorithm design and representation
(Pseudocode or flowchart)
4.Coding and debugging
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 Program Development Life Cycle

1. Problem Definition
● A clearly defined problem is already half
the solution.
● Computer programming requires us to
define the problem first before we even try
to create a solution.
● Let us now define our example problem:
“Create a program that will determine the
number of times a name occurs in a list.”
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 Program Development Life Cycle

• 2. Problem Analysis
● After the problem has been adequately defined, the
simplest and yet the most efficient and effective approach
to solve the problem must be formulated.
● Usually, this step involves breaking up the problem into
smaller and simpler subproblems.
● Example Problem: – Determine the number of times a
name occurs in a list
● Input to the program: – list of names (let's call this
nameList) – name to look for (let's call this keyName)
● Output of the program: – the number of times the name
occurs in a list CpE 112 – Programming Logic and Design 42
 Program Development Life Cycle

3. Algorithm Design and representation

● Algorithm – a clear and unambiguous

specification of the steps needed to solve a
problem.
● Pseudocode – is an informal language that
helps programmers develop algorithms
without having to worry about the strict
details of Java language syntax.
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 Program Development Life Cycle

• 4. Coding and Debugging

● After constructing the algorithm, it is now

possible to create the source code. Using
the algorithm as basis, the source code can
now be written using the chosen
programming language.
● Debugging – The process of fixing some
errors (bugs) in your program
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 Types of Errors
● Compile-time error or syntax errors
– occur if there is a syntax error in the code.
–The compiler will detect the error and the
program won't even compile. At this point,
the programmer is unable to form an
executable program that a user can run until
the error is fixed.
● Runtime Errors
– Compilers aren't perfect and so can't catch all
errors at compile time. This is especially true for
logic errors such as infinite loops. This type of error
is called runtime error.
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 Introduction to Java
• Java Background: History
● Java – was created in 1991
– by James Gosling et al. of Sun
Microsystems.
– initially called Oak, in honor of
the tree outside Gosling's window, its
name was changed to Java because
there was already a language called
Oak.
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 Java Background: History
● Java – The original motivation for Java
● The need for platform independent language that could
be embedded in various consumer electronic products like
toasters and refrigerators.
– One of the first projects developed using Java
● a personal hand-held remote control
named Star 7.
– At about the same time, the World Wide Web and the
Internet were gaining popularity. Gosling et. al. realized
that Java could be used for Internet programming.
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 Java Background: What is Java Technology?

● The Java technology is:

– A programming language
– A development environment
– An application environment
– A deployment environment

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 Java Background: What is Java Technology?

● As a programming language
- Java can create all kinds of applications
that you could create using any conventional
programming language.
● As a development environment
- Java technology provides you with a
large suite of tools: – A compiler – An
interpreter – A documentation generator –
A class file packaging tool and so on...

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 Java Background: What is Java Technology?

• An Application and Runtime Environment

- Java technology applications are typically general-

purpose programs that run on any machine where the Java
runtime environment (JRE) is installed.

● There are two main deployment environments:

1. The JRE supplied by the Java 2 Software Development Kit
(SDK) contains the complete set of class files for all the Java
technology packages, which includes basic language classes,
GUI component classes, and so on.
2. The other main deployment environment is on your web
browser. Most commercial browsers supply a Java technology
interpreter and runtime environment.

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 Java Features:
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM) – an imaginary machine
that is implemented by emulating software on a real
machine – provides the hardware platform
specifications to which you compile all Java
technology code

• Bytecode – a special machine language that can be

understood by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) –
independent of any particular computer hardware, so
any computer with a Java interpreter can execute the
compiled Java program, no matter what type of
computer the program was compiled on

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 Java Features:
• Garbage collection thread – responsible for
freeing any memory that can be freed. This
happens automatically during the lifetime of the
Java program. – programmer is freed from the
burden of having to deallocate that memory
themselves

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 Java Features:
• Code security is attained in Java through the implementation of its Java
Runtime Environment (JRE).

• JRE – runs code compiled for a JVM and performs class loading (through the
class loader), code verification (through the bytecode verifier) and finally
code execution

• Class Loader – responsible for loading all classes needed for the Java program
– adds security by separating the namespaces for the classes of the local file
system from those that are imported from network sources – After loading
all the classes, the memory layout of the executable is then determined. This
adds protection against unauthorized access to restricted areas of the code
since the memory layout is determined during runtime

• Bytecode verifier – tests the format of the code fragments and checks the
code fragments for illegal code that can violate access rights to objects

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 Phases of a Java Program
● The following figure describes the process of
compiling and executing a Java program

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Phases of a Java Program

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 Summary
• Introduction to Computers and Logic

- What is computer?

- Uses and Parts

• Hardware

- Input devices, Output devices, System Unit

• Software

--System, Programming, Application

• How computers store data

- Storing Numbers, Storing Characters

• Machine Cycle

- Instruction Phase, Execution Phase

• How a program works

• Programming Process

• Introduction to Java

- History
- What is Java Technology?

- Java Features

- Phases of a Java Program

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 References
• Farell, J. 2009. Java Programming Concepts
and Application
• JEDI Compilation
• Gaddis, T. 2013. Starting out with
>>>Programming Logic and Design. 3rd
Edition
• Deitel, H.M & Deitel P.J. 2005. Java How to
Program. 6th Edition

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