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Chapter 1
1. (i) A0 = 4, A1 = 3, A2 = 2, A3 = 1
Ai = ηik Ak ⇒ A0 = 4, A1 = −3, A2 = −2, A3 = −1
Ai Ai = 42 − 32 − 22 − 12 = 2 > 0 ⇒ Ai is timelike.

(ii) x2 + y 2 = 1 ⇒ xdx + ydy = 0 ⇒ dx = −λy, dy = λx

z = 0 ⇒ dz = 0, t = 0 ⇒ dt = 0.
c2 dt2 − dx2 − dy 2 − dz 2 = 0 − λ2 x2 − λ2 y 2 − 0 = −λ2 < 0
Hence the tangent vector is spacelike.

(iii) φ ≡ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − c2 t2 = 1.
Normal vector is ( ∂φ , ∂φ , ∂φ , ∂φ ) ≡ (−2c2 t, 2x, 2y, 2z) = Ai (say).
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

Ai = −2t, −2x, −2y, −2z

⇒ Ai Ai = 4c2 t2 − 4x2 − 4y 2 − 4z 2 = −4 < 0.
Hence the normal vector is spacelike.
dx1 2 3 0 √
(iv) We have dλ
= r sinθ, dx
dλ
= r cosθ, dx
dλ
= z, dx
dλ
= r2 + z 2 .

dxi dxk
nik = −r2 sin2 θ − r2 cos2 θ − z 2 + r2 + z 2 = 0.
dλ dλ
⇒ The vector is null.

2. Using the electromagnetic field tensor Fik , where

F01 = E1 , F02 = E2 , F03 = E3

F32 = B1 , F13 = B2 , F21 = B3

E = (E1 , E2 , E3 ), B = (B1 , B2 , B3 ) being the electric and magnetic
field vectors in 3 dimensions, we use the special Lorentz transformation
in the form

x
i = Li k xk
with the non-zero components of Li k as L00 = γ , L01 = −γv , L10 =
−γv , L11 = γ , and L22 = L33 = 1.
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The tensor transformation law gives Fik → Fik
, where

Fik
= Li m Lkn Fmn .

We also have L00 = γ, L01 = γv = L10 , L11 = γ, L22 = L33 = 1.
So, for example

F01 = L00 L11 F01 + L01 L10 F10
= γ 2 (1 − v 2 )F01 = F01 ,

i.e., E1
= E1 .
It can be easily verified that the other components transform as :

E2
= γ(E2 − vB3 ), E3
= γ(E3 + vB2 ),

B1
= B1 , B2
= γ(B2 + vE3 ), B3
= γ(B3 − vE2 ).

3. Let in its rest frame the two components of the length vector of the
rod along and perpendicular to the direction of motion be (l1 , l2 ). Then
l2 √
= tan 600 = 3.
l1
In the frame S, the component l2 has the same apparent length l2

as before. The length l1 , however, appears contracted to


  2
v2  3 4l1

l1
= l1 1 − = l1 1 − = .
c2 5 5
Since l2
= l2 , we have the apparent angle of inclination of the rod as θ,
where

l1
4l1 /5 4 1
cot θ =

= = ×√ ,
l2 l2 5 3
√
i.e., θ = cot−1 (4/5 3).

4. Let the 4-momentum of the photon in the laboratory frame be

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pi = (E, E cos θ, E sin θ, 0)

After Lorentz transformation in the rest frame of the mirror it be-
comes

p
i = [γE(1 + v cos θ), γE(υ + cos θ), E sin θ, 0].

After reflection it will be

p
iref = [γE(1 + υ cos θ), −γE(υ + cos θ), E sin θ, 0].

Transforming back to the laboratory frame this becomes

p
iref = [γ 2 E{(1 + υ cos θ) + υ(υ + cos θ)}, γ 2 E{−υ(1 + υ cos θ) − (υ + cos θ)},
E sin θ, 0]

So cos θ̄ after reflection will be

| p2 | (1 + v 2 )cos θ + 2v
cos θ̄ = =
| p0 | 1 + 2υ cos θ + v 2
cos θ + 2v 2
= 1+v
2v
1+ cos θ
1 + v2
cos θ + cos α
= .
1 + cos θ cos α

5. The Compton scattering formula in section 1.7.4 tells us that the

wavelength change is given by
h
∆λ = (1 − cos θ)
m0 c
1
For θ = 600 , cos θ = 2
and ∆λ = h/2m0 c.

6. Going back to the definition of Fik , we use the fact that the expres-
sions

Fik F ik and ijkl F ij F kl

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are invariants. Substituting the values of the components we find that

the first is proportional to B 2 − E 2 and the second to B · E.

7. Fik F ik and ijkl F ij F kl are invariants and as shown in Q.6, they are
B 2 − E 2 and B · E.
Now by a Lorentz transformation we can give arbitrary values to B
and E subject to the above invariants.
Consider the Lorentz frame in which B and E are parallel. Then
B · E = 0 gives BE = 0. Hence either B = 0 or E = 0. That is, either
the magnetic or the electric field is zero.

8. The equation of motion of the charge is

dui
m = qF ik uk
ds
Let the orbit be in x1 − x2 plane with the magnetic field in the x3 -
direction.
Then
 
0 0 0 0
 0 0 B 0 
Fik = 



 0 −B 0 0 
0 0 0 0
The 3-velocity of the charge is v = (Rω cos θ, Rω sin θ, 0). This corre-
sponds to a 4-velocity

1
ui = √ (1, Rω cos θ, Rω sin θ, 0)
1 − R2 ω 2
The equation of motion then has these components:
 
m d Rω cos θ Rω sin θ
√ √ = −qB √
1 − R ω dt
2 2 1 − R2 ω 2 1 − R2 ω 2
 
m d Rω sin θ Rω cos θ
√ √ = qB √
1 − R2 ω 2 dt 1 − R2 ω 2 1 − R2 ω 2
Both these equations lead to
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mRω Rω
θ̇ = qB √ ,
1−R ω
2 2
1 − R2 ω 2
Since θ̇ = ω,
mω
B= √ .
q 1 − R2 ω 2

9. The Doppler spectral shift is given by

1 + v cos θ
1+z = √ .
1 − v2
For zero shift z = 0 and
√
1 − v 2 = 1 + v cos θ,

√
1 − v2 − 1
i.e., θ = cos−1 .
v

10. We need to estimate v, the orbital velocity of the Earth. The Earth–
Sun distance is ≈ 150 million km ≈ 1.5 × 1013 cm. The circumference
of the orbit is (assuming circular shape)

l = 2π × 1.5 × 1013 cm.

This distance is covered by the Earth in time T = 1 year.

T ∼
= 365 × 24 × 3600 second ≈ 3.15 × 107 s
Therefore

2π × 1.5 × 1013 ∼
v= = 3 × 106 cm s−1
3.15 × 10 7

The order of magnitude of the effect, assuming sin θ = 0(1), is

2v 6 × 106
α∼
= ≈ radians = 2 × 10−4 radians ≈ 40 arsec.
c 3 × 1010
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11. The answer is “no”. For, if it were “yes”, in the rest frame of
the electron its 4-momentum vector would be (mo c2 , 0, 0, 0). This must
equal the sum of 4-momenta of decay products. If the energy of the
emitted photon were hν and the electron, after decay, had a γ-factor
≥ 1, we would have

mo c2 = γmo c2 + hν.
Since the right hand circle exceeds the left hand side for γ ≥ 1, ν ≥ 0,
we get a contradiction.

12. The 4-momentum of the original particle is (M0 , 0, 0, ). The decay

products have γ- factors, γ, γ2 , γ3 releated by

γ2 M2 = γ3 M3 = X(say).
Choose the x-axis along the direction of M2 and y-axis along the direc-
tion of M3 . Then the 4-momenta of M2 , M3 are (γ2 M2 , γ2 v2 M2 , 0, 0)
and (γ3 M3 , 0, γ3 v3 M3 , 0), respectively. The third decay product will
move at an angle π + α with the x- axis, say, with velocity v1 . Then its
4-momentum is (γ1 M1 , −γ1 M1 v1 cos α, −γ1 M1 v1 sin α, 0). The conser-
vation of momentum then gives these three relations:

M0 = γ1 M1 +γ2 M2 +γ3 M3 = γ1 M1 +2X where X = energy of M2 and M3 .

0 = −γ1 M1 v1 cos α + γ2 M2 v2

0 = −γM1 v1 sin α + γ3 M3 v3 .
We also have the identity γ 2 − γ 2 v 2 = 1 for all γs.
Thus γ22 M22 − γ22 M22 v22 = M22 ⇒ X 2 = M22 + X 2 v22 .
From the second and third momentum equations we get

γ12 M12 v12 = γ22 M22 v22 + γ32 M32 v32 = 2X 2 − (M22 + M32 ),

i.e., M12 (γ12 − 1) = 2X 2 − (M22 + M32 ),