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Continuity in Metric Spaces

The document discusses continuity in metric and topological spaces. [1] A function f between metric spaces is continuous at a point p if for any neighborhood of f(p), there exists a neighborhood of p that is mapped within it. This relates the definition to neighborhoods. [2] Continuous functions map convergent sequences to convergent sequences. If all convergent sequences are mapped to convergent sequences, then the function is continuous. [3] In topological spaces, a function f from X to Y is continuous if the preimage of any open set in Y is open in X. A homeomorphism is a continuous bijection with continuous inverse, inducing a correspondence between spaces.

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807 views6 pages

Continuity in Metric Spaces

The document discusses continuity in metric and topological spaces. [1] A function f between metric spaces is continuous at a point p if for any neighborhood of f(p), there exists a neighborhood of p that is mapped within it. This relates the definition to neighborhoods. [2] Continuous functions map convergent sequences to convergent sequences. If all convergent sequences are mapped to convergent sequences, then the function is continuous. [3] In topological spaces, a function f from X to Y is continuous if the preimage of any open set in Y is open in X. A homeomorphism is a continuous bijection with continuous inverse, inducing a correspondence between spaces.

Uploaded by

amrabdelkader
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Real Analysis

Prof.Mostafa ElGendi

Real Analysis Report


"Continuity"

Name : Amr Gamal El-Sayed Shehata Abdel-Kader


Continuity in metric spaces

Q: Give a meaning for the continuity of a function connecting this


.definition with - neighborhood and with topological spaces

1- Continuity of a function definition

Let a be a point in the domain of the function f(x). Then f is continuous at x=a if and
only if

lim f(x) = f(a)


x --> a

A function f(x) is continuous on a set if it is continuous at every point of the set. Finally,
f(x) is continuous (without further modification) if it is continuous at every point of its
domain.

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2- For Metric Spaces
2.1. Connecting the definition of a continuity of a function to the -
neighborhood definition

A map f between metric spaces is continuous at a point p X if


Given > 0 > 0 (which depends on f, p and ) such that dX(p, x) <
dX(f(p), f(x)) < .

Informally: points close to p (in the metric dX) are mapped close to f(p) (in the metric dY).
A continuous function is one which is continuous for all p X.

Note that:-
When one is given a point p and > 0 the one needs for the definition may depend on both f, p and
. Therefore,it is
incorrect to define continuity as:
p X, > 0 > 0 such that x X with dX(p, x) < dX(f(p), f(x)) < .
since this would imply that the same choice of would work for all p.

2.2. Relating the continuity to the convergence :

Theorem
Continuous functions map convergent sequences to convergent sequences. Formally,if f: X Y is a
map between metric spaces which is continuous and (an) is a sequence in X which is convergent to a
point p X them (f(an)) is a sequence in Y convergent to f(p).

Proof
Points close to p are mapped close to f(p).
More rigorously: to prove (f(an)) f(p), given > 0, using the continuity at p X to find > 0 such
that if dX(p, x) < then dY(f(p),f(x)) < .
Then, using the convergence in X to find N N such that if n > N we have dX(xn,p) < For this N
we have dY(f(xn), f(p)) < and so we have convergence in Y.

In fact,there is a converse to this theorem.

Converse to the theorem

If all convergent sequences are mapped to convergent sequences then the function is continuous.

More exactly: If (xn) x (f(xn)) f(p) then f is continuous at p.


Proof
Suppose that f were not continuous at p. Then for some > 0 we cannot find any choice of to
satisfy the continuity condition.
In particular, = 1 will not work. Hence for some point x1 we have dX(x1 , p) < 1 but dY(f(x1), f(p))
.
Similarly = 1/2 will not work and so for some point x2 we have dX(x2 , p) < 1/2 but dY(f(x2), f(p))
, ...
Continue like this to get a sequence (x1 , x2 , x3 , ...) with dX(xn , p) < 1/n but dY(f(xn), f(p)) for each
n. But since (xn) has been constructed so that (xn) p this contradicts the condition given in the
theorem.

Remark
Since "nice behaviour on convergent sequences" is a necessary and sufficient condition for
continuity, this can be used as the definition of a continuous function.

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2.3 Theorem:
3. For Topological Spaces
Continuity for topological spaces definition
Definition
A map f: X Y between topological spaces is continuous if f -1(B) X whenever B Y .

Note that A
-1
continuous map f: X Y "induces" a map from Y to X by B f (B).

Definition
A map f: X Y between topological spaces is a homeomorphism or topological isomorphism if f is
a continuous bijection whose inverse map is also continuous. Such a homeomorphism induces a
one-one correspondence between X and Y.

Examples

1. Let f be the identity map from (R2, d2) to (R2, d ). Then f is a homeomorphism.
Proof
Since every open set is a union of open neighbourhoods, it is enough to prove that the inverse
image of an -neighbourhood is open. This -neighbourhood is an open square in R2 which
is open in the usual metric.
A similar proof shows that the image of an -neighbourhood in the usual metric (an open
disc) is open in d .

2. In general, if X is a set with two topologies 1 and 2 then the identity map (X, 1) (X, 2) is
continuous if 1 is stronger (contains more open sets) than 2 .

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