Learning Module/Lecture material #2

BES 15a
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies (CRP)
2nd Semester 2020-2021
Engr. Eduardo C. Borromeo

Problem: (Shearing Stress)

What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25mm

thick? The shear strength of the plate is 350 MN/m 2.

V Fs
τ =stress , shear= = =S s
A As

Given:

Shear strength, Ss = 350MN/m2 or MPa

t = thickness of plate

d = diameter of plate

350 MN F s F s=
350 MN
× As
Ss= = ;
m2 As m2

where A s= Ac , perimeter of the hole ×thickness of plate

A s=( 2 πr ) ( t p )

1000 kN /m 2 2
350 MN
(
F s= )( [2 π (10 mm ) ] ( 25 mm ) 1 m
) ( )
m2 MN 1000 mm

F s=549.78 kN

Problem: (Bearing Stress)

The lap joint as shown on the figure is fastened by four rivets of ¾ in. diameter.
Find the maximum load P that can be applied if the working stresses are 14 ksi for
shear in the rivet and 18 ksi for bearing in the plate. Assume that the applied load is
distributed evenly among the four rivets and neglect friction between the plates.

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Figure 1

Free-Body Diagram:

Equilibrium:

P
V= , shear force
4

Design for shear stress in rivets:

P 7
= (14 ksi x 1000) psi ( x 0.75 in2)
4 4

P = (4) (14) (1000) (0.7854)(0.75)2

P = 24740 lbs

Design for Bearing Stress in the plate:

V= P , bearing force Pb due to the contact between the rivet and the
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plate.

P 7 3
= (18 ksi x 1000) psi ( in) ( in)
4 8 4

7 3
P= (4) (18) (1000) ( )( )
8 4

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 P= 47, 250 lbs

Conclusion:

Maximum safe load P that can be applied to the lap joint is P = 24740 lbs (shear stress
in the rivets being the governing design criterion)

TOPIC: Strain

Stress and strain are two fundamental concepts of mechanics of materials. Strain
is a geometric quantity that measures the dispersion of a body. There are two types of
strain; normal strain and shear strain. Normal strain characterizes dimensional changes
while shear strain describes distortion (change in angles).

δ
Strain, ϵ= = elongation per unit length
L

σ =Eϵ , stress is proportional to strain

where:

E = material property known as modulus of elasticity or Young’s Modulus.

Elastic Limit

- A material is said to be elastic if after being loaded, the material returns to its
original shape when the load is removed. The elastic limit is the stress
beyond which the material is no longer elastic.
Yield Point

- The point where the stress-strain diagram becomes almost horizontal is

called the yield point and the corresponding stress is known as the yield
stress or yield strain.
Ultimate Stress

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 - The ultimate stress or ultimate strength is the highest stress on the stress-
strain curve.
Rupture Stress

- The rupture stress or rupture strength is the stress at which failure occurs.

Working Stress and Factor of Safety

The working stress σ w also called allowable stress is the maximum safe axial
stress used in design.

σ yp σ ult
σ w= or σ w= where N = factor of safety
N N

The yield point is selected as the basis for determining σ w in structural steel
because it is the stress at which a prohibitively large permanent set may occur. For
other materials, the working stress is usually based on the ultimate strength.

For Axially Loaded Bars:

σL PL L = length of bar
δ= =
E EA

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 δ
σ = stress = Eϵ &ϵ =
L
; σ =E ( δL ) ; δ = σLE
P PL VL
and σ = ; δ= or δ s= where: G is modulus
A AE AsG

δ is rigidity

Problem:

Compute the total elongation caused by an axial load of 100 kN applied to a

flat bar 20 mm thick, tapering from a width of 120 mm to 40 mm is a length of 10 m as
shown in the figure. Assume E = 200 GPa.

At section m-n;

y−20 60−20
= or y = (4x + 20) mm v
x 10

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Problem:

Compute the toattall elongation caused by an axial load of 100 kN applied to

a flat bar 20 mm thick, tapering from a width of 120 mm to 40 mm is a length of 10 m as
shown in the figure. Assume E = 200 GPa.

At section m-n;

y−20 60−20
= or y = (4x + 20) mm v
x 10

Area at the section: A = (2y) (20) = (180x = 800) mm2

= (2) (4x + 20) (20)

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 PL
δ=
AE

At sect=ion m-n, in a differential length dx, elongation

( 100 ×103 N ) dx
PL dδ =
δ= N 2
( 160 x +800 ) mm ( 200 ×10 ) (
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AE 1m
1000 mm )
2
2 m

0.500 dx
dδ =
( 160 x +800 )

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∫ dδ=∫ 160 dx
x+ 800
=¿ ¿
0

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dx 0.500 10
δ =∫ = [ ln ( 160 x +800 ) ]
0 160 x +800 160

2400
(
δ =( 3.13 ×10−3 ) ln
800 )=3.438× 10−3 m or 3.44mm

Problem: (For SW/ASS)

The rigid bar BC in the figure is supported by the steel rod AC of cross-sectional
area 0.25 in2. Find the vertical displacement of point C caused by the 2000-lb load. Use
E= 24 x 106 psi for steel.

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Poisson’s Ratio: Triaxial and Triaxial Loading

Another type of elastic deformation is the change is treasure dimensions accompanying

axial tension or compression.

−ϵ y −ϵ z
V = Poisson’s Ration = =
ϵx ϵx

where ϵ x is the strain due only to stress in the x-distance

ϵ y ϵ z are the strains induced in the perpendicular direction

The minus sign indicates a decrease in transverse dimension,

when

ϵ x is positive as in the case of tensile elongation

σx σy
ϵ x= −V Resultant unit deformation or strain in the x
E E
direction

σy σx
ϵ y= −V Resultant unit deformation or strain in the y
E E
direction

In terms of strains, the stresses are:

( ϵ x+ V ϵ y ) E ( ϵ y +V ϵ x ) E
σ x= σ y=
1−v 2 1−v 2

Also,

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 E
G=
2(1+ v)

Problem:

A solid aluminum shaft of 80 mm diameter fits concentrically in a hollow steel tube.

Compute the minimum internal diameter of the steel tube so that no contact pressure exists
1
when the aluminum shaft carries an axial compressive load of 400 kN. Assume V = , and Eal =
3
70 GPa.

Solution:

Given:

Diameter of aluminum shaft = 80 mm

Axial load of shaft = 400 kN or 400,000 N

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V=
3

Eal = 70 GPa

Axial Compressive Stress in the aluminum;

P −400 × 103 N
σ= =σ x = =−79.6 MPa
A π
4() 2 2
( 0.080 ) m

For uniaxial stress, the transverse strain

σx
ϵ y =−V ϵ x =−V
E

−1 −79.6 MPa ×106

ϵ y=
3 ( 10 ×10 9 )
=0.379047 ×10−3∨0.000379047

m
¿ 379 ×10−6
m

The required diametral clearance;

δ =ϵL δ y =( 379 ×10−6 ) ( 80 mm )=0.03032 mm

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The required internal diameter of the tube is found by adding this clearance to the original
diameter of the aluminum shaft,

D=80+0.03032 mm=80.03032 mm

Thermal Stresses

Changes in temperature cause bodies to expand or contract the amount of linear

deformation, ∝T =∝ L ( ∆ T )

Where: ∝=¿ is the coefficient of linear expansion

L = is the length

∆ T =¿ temperature change

Problem:

A steel rod 2.5 m long is secured between two walls. If the load on the rod is zero at 20
℃ , compute the stress when the temperature drops to -20 ℃ . The cross-sectional area of the
μm
rod is 1200 mm2, ∝=11.7 and E = 200 GPa. Solve assuming a) that the walls are rigid and
m℃
b) that the walls spring together a total distance of 0.500 mm as the temperature drops.

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Solution:

Case 1(rigid walls). Imagine the rod is disconnected from the right wall. Temperature
deformations can freely occur.

δ T =δ p

PL σL
∝ ( AT ) L= =
AE E

μm
σ =E ∝ ( ∆T )=( 20GPa × 109 ) 11.7 ( m℃ )
( 40 ℃ )

= 9306 MPa

Case 2(non-rigid walls)

δ T =δ P + yield

σ ( 2.5 )
( 11.7 × 10−6 ) ( 2.5 ) ( 40 ) = 9
+ ( 0.5× 10−3 )
200 × 10

σ =53.6 MPa

Problem: (For SW/ASS)

At 20℃ , a rigid slab having a mass of 55 Mg is placed two bronze rods and one steel
rod as shown. At what temperature will the stress in each steel rod be zero? For steel rod A =
N mm
600 mm2 E=83x109 2 and ∝=19 .
m m℃

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Assignment:

a) Prepare 3 problems with solutions on simple stresses shear, compressive bearing

stresses
b) 3 problems on simple strain and elongation
c) 3 problems on thermal stresses

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