SETS, RELATIONS &FUNCTIONS

2.2.3 Inverse ofa relation: LetA, B be two sets and let R

RELATION &FUNCTION- be a relation from a set A to set B. Then the inverse
denoted by R ,1sa relation fromB and i
1.INTRODUCTION of R,
defined by
to A
In this chapter, we will learn how to create a relation between R-(b,a):(a, b)e R)
two sets by linking pairs of objects from two sets. We will Clearly, (a, b) e Res(b, a)e R
learm how a relation qualifies for being a function Finally, Also, Dom (R)=Range (R ) and Range (R)=Dom (R ).
we will see kinds of function, some standard functions etc.
3. FUNCTIONs
2. RELATIONS
3.1Definition
| 2.1 Cartesian product ofsets A relation f from a set A to set B is said to be a function if
every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.
Definition : Given two non-empty sets P &Q. The cartesian
product P x Qis the set of all ordered pairs of elements from
Notation
P&Qie

PxQ={(p, q): pe P;qe Q}

Domain) input output (Range)
2.2 Relations undependent variable) (dependent variable)

2.2.1 Definition : LetA &B be two non-empty sets. Then

any subset R ' ofA x B is a relation from A to B. Domain

If(a, b)e R, then we write it as a Rbwhich is read as co-donain.

a is related to b' by the relation R', 'b' is also called
(read as
fisfrom function
a
image of "a under R. set A to set B)

2.2.2 Domain and range of a relation: IfR is a relation

from A to B, then the set of first elements in R is

called domain & the set of second elements in Ris Kange of

called range of R. symbolically.

Domain ofR={x:(x, y)E R} Domain

of f
RangeofR{y: (x y)e R) (set A)
The set B is called co-domain of relation R.
Co-domain
Note that range c co-domain. (set B)

3.2 Domain, Co-domain and Range ofa function

Note Domain: When we define y=f() with a formula and the domain
is not stated explicitly, the domain is assumed to be the largest set
Total number of relations that can be defined from a setA of x-values for which the formula gives real y-values
to a set B is the number of possible subsets of A * B. If
The domain of y =f(x) is the set of all real x for whichf (x) is
n[A) p and n(B) - q , then n(A * B) - pq and total
defined (real)
number of relations is 2"
 SETS, RELATIONS&FUNCTIONS
Algo Check : Rules for finding Domain:

0 Expression under even root (1.e. square root, fouth root ete.) Note.
should be non-negative.
Two functions./& g are said to be equal iff
(i) Denominator 0,
1. Domain otf Domain of g
(in) logx is defined when x>0, a >0 and a 1.
2. Co-domain off- Co-domain of g
(iv) Ifdomain of y =f()and y -g(x) are D, and D, respectively
then the domain off (x)+ g(s) or f(x). g() is D, nD,. While 3. x)-g(x) V xE Domain.

domainof i s D,D -{x:gl)=0}. |3.3 Kinds of Functions

Range : The set of allf-images of elements of A is known as the

range of f & denoted byf(A).
Range= Co-domain Range c Co-domain

Rangef(A) -S):xeA}:
SA)sB {Range =Co-domain).

Algo Check : Rule for finding range :

First of all find the domain ofy -f(x)

Ifdomain e finite number of points (one-to-one) &(onto) (one-to-one) &(into)

of corresponding/ (x)
rangee set
values Range Co-domain Range c Co-domain
(i) Ifdomain e R or R-{some finite points)

Put y J(X)

Then express x in terms of y. From this find y for x to be

detined. (i.e., find the values ofy for which x exists).
B
(i) Ifdomain e a finite interval, find the least and greater value
for range using monotonocity. (many-to-one) &(onto) (many-to-one)& (into)

Nlo.

I. Question of format :
Nte.
Linear
(a) One-to-One functions are also called Injective

Range is found'x'&
out by cross-multiplying
D20 (as
&
R)
creating functions
a quadratic in making xe
(6) Onto functions are also called Surjective
2 Questions to find range in which-the given (C) (one-to-one) & (onto) functions are also called

expression y)can beconverted into x (or some Bijective Functions.

in
Tunctionofx) expression 'y.
Do this & apply method (i).
SETS,RELATIONS &FUNCTIONS
Relations which can not be catagorized as a funetion 3.4.2 Constant Function : The functionf: R >R defined
by y x ) - c , V xE R where c is a constant is
called constant function

NOT Tuncuon
As not all elements of set A are associated with some
elements of set B. (violation of-poimt 0- definition 2.1)
8-6 6 8

one-to-many
Not afunction S)-3
An element of set A is not associated with a unique
element of set B, (violation of point( ) definítion 2.1) 3.4.3 Modulus Function: The functionf: R->Rdefined by

Methods to check one-one mapping8 (x)= x20

-x; x<U
1. Theoretically: 1ff(%)-S6)
X , then f(8)i5 one-one is called modulus function. It is denoted by y

2. Graphically: A function is one-one,iff no line parallel Ax) =jx

to Xx-axis meets the graph of function at more than one
point
3. By Caleulus : For checking whether f (x) is One-One,
find whether function is only increasing or only
decreasing in their domain. If yes, then function is

one-one, i.e. if f'(x)2 0, V xe domain or ie., -8-64-2

if f'(x)s0, V xe domain, then function is one-one.

3.4 Somestandard real functions &theirgraphs

)=|
3.4.1 Identity Function: The functionf: R->R defined
by y-fx)-x V xe Riscalled identity function. Tts also known as "Absolute value function
Properties of Modulus Function:
The modulus function has the following properties:

I. For
any real number x, we have
x =
|x|
-8-6 4

3. x+ys|s|+lsl
triangle inequality
f)=x 4 x-yl2||-li
 SETS, RELATIONS&FUNCTIONS
3.4.4 Signum Function: The function f: R-Rdefined by Propertiesof GreatestInteger Function
Ifn is an integer and x is any real number between n and n + 1,

x>0 then the greatest integer function has the following properties

f(x)=}0,x=0 ) Fn]- - [n]

-1 x<0
2 xn
-
[s]+ n

) ---N-1
is called signum function. It is usually denoted by

y-fx)sgn)

axus

Na..

Fractional part of x, denoted by {x} is given by x- [x]. So,

X-axis
x- 1sx<2

x-x-x]-x;0Sx<
x+1 -1sx<0

3.4.6 Exponential Function:

a>0, a 1

Noto Domain: * E R

Range: fx) E (0,0o)

x0
Sgn(x)=3 x
x=0
(0, 1
3.4.5 Greatest Integer Function: The function f: R R >Xaxis
defined as the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Itis usualy denoted as ytx)=[x

fo) =a, when a>1

INS J)

A-aXIS
>X*axIS

Sa)=a, when 0 <a<1

SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

3.4.7 Logarithm Function: (b) Propertices of Monotonocity of Logarithm

f) = logx
a0, a *1 I f a > 1, log,x < logy
0<X <y
Domain: XE (0,0) x>y>0
Range : yER
fo <a1, og,X og,y
( Ifa >I then logx<p
0<x <a
(Iv) Ifa> I then logx P Xa
Y-axis
X>a
( Ir0 <a<lthenlogx <p
(V1) f 0 < a < then /ogx>P 0<x<a

X-axis
a.0)
J l o g , x, when a > 1 If the exponent and the base are on same side of the
unity, then the logarithm is positive

If the exponent and the base are on different sides of

unity, then the logarithm is negative.
-axis

4. ALGEBRA OF REAL FUNCTION

(1,0)
O -axis In this section, we shall learn how to add two real functins,
subtract a real function from another, multiply a real function
by a scalar (here by a scalar we mean a real number), multiply

l o g , x, when 0 < a<l two real functions and divide one real function by another.

|4.1 Addition oftwo real functions

(a) The Principal Properties of Logarithms
Letf: X-> R and g: X->Rby any two real functions, whre
Let M & N
are arbitrary positive numbers, a > 0, a
1,| XcR.Then,we define (f+ g: X>Rby
b0,b 1. +g))-/)+g(), for allxe X.
) log,a c a b
(i) log,(M. N) - l o g , M + log,N |4.2 Subtraction of a real funetion from another
(11)
log,(M/N)- log, M-log,N Letf: X>R be any two any two real functions, whre XcR
(iv) log, M - N og, M Then, we detfine -g): X->Rby
-g()-f()-g(x), for allxe X.
, c>0, c# .
(v)
loga1log, b 4.3 Multiplicationby ascalar
(vi) a = b , a, b, c>0, c*1. Let f:XR be a real valued function and a be a scalar. Here
by scalar, we mean a real number. Then the product afis a
function from X to R defincd by (af) (x)=af),xe X.

Noto 4.4 Multiplicationoftwo real functions

()log,a1 The product (or multiplication) of two real functions
(6) og,a log,b.log,c f:X~Rand g: X>Risa functionfg: X~Rdetinedby
V9) (x)=x) g(N), for all xe X.
C) log, 0
This is also called pointwise
(d) e = e * = a* multiplication.
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
4.5 Quotientoftwo real functions 5.PERIODIC FUNCTION
Letfand g be two real functions detincd from X>R where Definition: A function fC) is said to be periodicfunction, ifthere
XcR The quotient of fby g denoted by flg is a function exists a positive real number 1, such that

defined by
sx+T)= s(x), vxe R.

Then, f(x) is a periodic functionwhere least positive

value ofT is called fundamental period
provided g(x) =0, xe X.
Graphically: If the graph repeats at fixed interval, then function
is said to be periodic and its period is the width of
that interval.
4.6 Evenand Odd Functions Some standard results on periodic functions :

Even Function :f-x)=f(), Y xe Domain Functions Periods

The graph o f an even function y J ( x ) i5 symmetric about the 0 Sin x, cos" x, secX, cOSee' x T , n s even.

y-axis. ie., &y) lies on the graph > (-x, y) lies on the graph. 2;(ifn is odd or fraction)
() tan"x, cot"x T,nis even or odd.
q)sin x, cOS XI, |tan x

y=x cot x, sec x, |cosec x

Y-axis
(iv) x-[x],.[represents
greatest integer function
) ()Algebraicfunctions period does not exist

eg. vx,x,*+5,...etc
X-axis
Properties of Periodic Function

Graph of an even function Iff(x) is periodic with period T, then

with
(a) .f8) is periodic period T.
(b) fxtc)is periodic with period T.
(C) (x)t cis periodic with period T.
Odd Funetion :f-x)f), V xe Domain
where c is any constant
The graph of an odd function y -f() is symmetric about origin
ie. if point (x, y) is on the graph of an odd function, then () If f(x) is periodic with periodT, then
R,-y) will also lie on the graph. kf(ex+ d) has period T/¢l,
i.e. Period is only affected by coefficient of x
where k, C, de constant.
Y- axis yx (i) Iff(x).f() are periodic functions with periods T,T,
) then we have, h{x) a/{3)+b/{x) has
respectively
=

period as, LCM of {T,. T,}

X-axis

- ) Gruph of an odd function (a)LCM of -LM of(a, c,d, e)

HCF of (b, f)
6)LCM of rational and rational always
exists.s
LCM ot irrational and irational sometume exists.

But LCM of rational and irrational never exists

eg, LCM of (2 7, 1,67) is not possible as
2n, 6TE irrational and le rational