BASIC CHEMSITRY SKU1023

EXPERIMENT 3 :
DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANT
FOR A SPARINGLY SOLUBLE SALT

NAME OF STUDENTS POOJAVINI A/P GOPIKRISHNAN

SHALINI A/P SUBRAMANIAM

MATRIX NUMBER E20202027313

E20202027308

LECTURER NAME DR.NORLINDA BINTI DAUD

GROUP D
INTRODUCTION

Any solid salts are either soluble or have a low solubility. Solubility is the maximum amount of
solute that can be dissolved in a given volume of solvent before it becomes saturated. Temperature
usually increase the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a give volume, however, this doesn't
apply to all the compounds. The solubility product constant (Ksp) is a special kind of equilibrium
constant that describes the equilibrium that exists in a saturated solution which could also be
changed by the temperature. Precipitate forms when the trial Ksp from the experiment (Q) is equal
to or greater than the Ksp from the data book. Pb(NO3) (aq) + 2KI (aq) ⇌ PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3 As
the equation above, Solid lead (II) iodide is created as a precipitate by mixing potassium iodide
and lead (II) nitrate. Based on the data book, lead (II) iodide has a low solubility, therefore we
expected that the change in solubility caused by the temperature would be larger and easier to
observe and (similarly)calculate the solubility product constant. The solubility is increased when
the amount of solid that gets dissolved is greater. This happens when the equilibrium shifts to the
side with dissolved ions, which could be caused by the change in temperature. Thus, we
hypothesized that the increased temperature dissolves solids faster and is necessary for a
precipitate with higher concentrations to dissolve.
𝑃𝑏𝐼2 (s)  𝑃𝑏 2+ (aq) + 2 𝐼− (aq)

A dynamic equilibrium exists between the solid salt on the left and the dissolved ions on the
right, as indicated by the double-headed arrow and the solubility product expression associated
with this reaction is:
Ksp = [𝑃𝑏 2+ ] [𝐼 − ]2
Knowing that acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. We will also measure the
solubility of this salt in pure water, which will allow us to determine the effect of a common ion.
In the first part of the experiment, known volumes of standard 𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂3 )2 and KI solutions will be
mixed in various proportions. The formed yellow precipitate of 𝑃𝑏𝐼2 will be allowed to reach
equilibrium with the solution. The concentration of [𝐼 − ] in the solution will be determined
experimentally. The [𝑃𝑏 2+ ] will be calculated based on the system's initial composition, the
measured value of [𝐼 − ] and the stoichiometric relationship between 𝑃𝑏 2+ and 𝐼 − in Equation 1.
OBJECTIVE
1. To determine the solubility product constant Ksp for lead (II) iodide (𝑃𝑏𝐼2 ).

2. To measure the solubility of the salt in pure water

3. To determine the value Ksp for 𝑃𝑏𝐼2 .

CHEMICALS
•5 mL 0.001 M lead (II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)
• 5 mL of 0.020 M Potassium Iodide (KI)
• Distilled water
• Sodium bicarbonate

APPARATUS
• 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask
• Graduated cylinder 10 mL and 100 mL
• Thermometer
• Rubber stopper
•Volumetric flask
•Lab timer
•Waste container
PROCEDURE
1. 5 mL 0.010 M 𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂3)2and 60 mL of distilled water have been transferred into Erlenmeyer
flask.The flask has been swirled in order to homogenize the mixture, swirl the flask.
2.Then, 5 mL 0.020 M Kl have been transferred into the Erlenmeyer flask. The stopper has been
put on the flask and has been shaked vigorously to mix the contents thoroughly.
3. The stopper has been removed and the temperature of the solution has been measured.This
temperature has been assumed that will be the same for all the trials.
4. The flask has ben left for 7-10 minutes,the the solution has been checked for the formation of
cloudy solution.My observation has been recorded as Trial 1.One of the following terms has been
used to describe the sample: (a)clear (b)contain sparkling flakes (c) show yellow precipitate.
5. Step 1 through 4 have been repeated using the volume indicated in Table 3.1 (My observation
has been recorded,as indicated in Step 4)
6. The solutions and mixtures has been disposed in the inorganic waste container provided.

3.1 WORKSHEET

Temperature = 24°C
Trial Appearance
1 Clear
2 Clear
3 Clear
4 Contains sparkling flakes
5 Contains yellow precipitate

1. Find the number of moles of Pb2+ in the volume of 0.010 M Pb(NO3)2, in which sparkling
flakes first appeared.

No. moles of Pb2+ = Molarity x Volume

= 0.010 M x 0.02 L
=2 x 10−4 mol
2. For every trial, the total volume of the solution of Pb(NO3)2, H2O and KI was 100 mL. Thus,
the number of moles of Pb2+ from calculation 1 was used to make a solution with a volume
100 mL. What was the concentration of the Pb2+ ion in this solution, expressed as molarity?

Concentration of Pb2+ ion = 2 x 10−4 mol

0.1 L
−3
= 2 x 10 M

3. Find the number of moles of I- in the volume of 0.020 M KI in which sparkling flakes first
appeared.

No. moles of I- = 0.020 M KI x 0.02 L

= 4 x 10−4 mol

4. The number of moles of I- from calculation 3 was used to make a solution with a volume
100 mL. What was the concentration of the I- ion in this solution, expressed as molarity?

Concentration of I- ion = 4 x 10−4

0.1 L
= 4 x 10−3 M

5. Show the solubility product expression for the condition equilibrium.

𝑃𝑏𝐼2  𝑃𝑏2+ + 2 𝐼−

Ksp = [𝑃𝑏 2+] [𝐼 − ]2

6. Calculate the Ksp for PbI2 based on the solubility product expression (calculation 5) and
the molar concentrations of Pb2+ (calculation 2) and I- (calculation 4).
Ksp = [𝑃𝑏 2+] [𝐼 − ]2
= (2 x 10−3 M) x (4 x 10−3 M)2
= 3.2 x 10−8

3.2 QUESTIONS

1. What is the accepted values for the Ksp of PbI2 (refer Table)? How does this value compare
with your experimental result? Discuss.
The accepted values for the Ksp of PbI2 is 𝟗. 𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 . The results of the experiments
will differ slightly because the room temperature is not 25°C, there may be differences
between the experimental and accepted values. Measurement or calculation errors
will also cause experimental values to differ from the accepted value.

2. Generally, what is the condition where sparingly soluble salt can precipitate from the
solution?
A sparingly soluble salt can precipitate from the solution when the concentration of
the ions in the solution exceeds the Ksp value.

3. Why some solid need to stay in contact with a sparingly soluble salt solution to maintain
the equilibrium?
Some solid need to stay in contact with a sparingly soluble salt solution to maintain
the equilibrium because the solid will dissolve if not saturated with the sparingly
soluble salt and causing the solution to become saturated. The presence of some
solid in contact with the solid ensures that the solution remains saturated.

4. Write the expression and accepted value for the Ksp of the following salts at 25 °C:
a) ZnCO3
Ksp = [𝒁𝒏𝟐+ ] x [𝑪𝑶− ]𝟑
Accepted value = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎
 b) BaCrO4
Ksp = [𝑩𝒂𝟐+ ] x [Cr𝑶𝟒 −𝟐 ]𝟒
Accepted value = 1.17 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎

c) Mg (OH)2
Ksp = [𝑴𝒈𝟐+ ] x [𝑶𝑯− ]𝟐
Accepted value = 5.61 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐

d) Ca (IO3)2
Ksp = [𝑪𝒂𝟐+ ] x [𝑰𝑶𝟑 − ]𝟐
Accepted value = 6.47 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

5. Calculate the concentration in moles per liters of Ag+ in a saturated solution of the AgCl
salt, using the accepted value for the Ksp at 25 °C in Table 3.1.

AgCl  Ag+ + 𝑪𝑰−

Ksp = 1.77 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎
𝒙𝟐 = 1.77 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝟐
x = 8.85 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 M
[ 𝑨𝒈𝟐 ] = 8.85 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 M

Table 3.1: Volume ratio between Pb(NO3)2, H2O and KI

Trial Pb(NO3)2, mL H2O, mL KI, mL
1 5 60 5
2 10 50 10
3 15 40 15
4 20 30 20
 5 25 20 25

Table 3.2: Solubility Products of Some Slightly Soluble Ionic Compounds at 25 oC

Compound Ksp
Lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 5.88
Potassium iodide, KI 59
Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 1.2 x 10-11
Zinc carbonate, ZnCO3 1.4 x 10-11
Barium chromate, BaCrO4 2.2 x 10-10
Calcium iodate, Ca(IO3)2 7.1 x 10-7
Lead (II) chloride, PbCl2 2.4 x 10-4
Lead (II) iodide, PbI2 1.4 x 10-8
Silver chloride, AgCl 1.6 x 10-10

DISCUSSION

Many ionic compound such as KI, readily dissolve in water, but others have quite limited
solubility. The solubility of a salt is the quantity or amount present in some volume of saturated
solution, one for which and equilibrium exists between the pure solid and its dissolved and
dissociated ions. Solubilities can cover a wide range of values, e.g 0.010 M for Pb(NO3)2 and
0.020 M KI, both at 24.0°C substance on the low end of the solubility range, say ≤ 0.010 M, out
of turn describe as being in soluble salt. The equilibrium that exists in saturated solution is called
solubility equilibrium, and the equilibrium constant for the case is called the solubility product
constant or Ksp. For PbI2 these has the form PbI2 ⇄ Pb2+ + 2I- Ksp = [Pb2+] [I- ] 2 = 1.4 X 10-
8 @ 24.0°C The Ksp is an ordinary equilibrium constant and can be treated with the usual
equilibrium tools, such as the I.C.E. ( Initial, Change, Equilibrium) table for quantitative
calculations. Like other equilibrium constants, it depends only on the temperature, and not on the
concentrations of other dissolve substances. Unlike the Ksp, the solubility (how much dissolves)
does depend on the presence of other substance in solution, especially for “common ions”, those
dissolved ions common to both the insoluble salt and another compound. 1. If we start with a
saturated solution of KI, and add the soluble salt Pb(NO3)2 to the solution, the Pb(NO3)2 will
dissolve and increase the [I- ]. By LeChatelier’s Principle, the reaction equilibrium will shift left,
resulting in a larger amount of the solid (undissolved) PbI2. Thus the solubility of PbI2 will
decrease. Since the temperature remains constant , the Ksp is unchanged by that action. These
features are reconciled when we recognize that the [I- ] term in Ksp expression of equation 1
includes iodide ion from all sources, not just the dissolution of PbI2. Adding KI increase the iodide
ion concentration, so the [Pb2+] had to decrease, by precipitating out some PbI2 (s).

CONCLUSION
The results from this experiment supported our hypothesis that an increase in temperature will
increase the solubility of a solution. This result agrees with the trend seen in sodium arsenate,
Na2HAsO4 (Boundless) as the relationship between temperature and solubility is similar to our
experiment. However, further experimentation is required for a closer result due to the range
difference in Ksp values from those in reference. To improve this lab, it is important to do the
procedure slowly in a closed system

REFERENCE
1.https://chem12eportfolio.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/determining-a-solubility-product-
labreport.pdf
2.Reginald Percy Thomas Tomkins,2003,The Experimental Determination of Solubilities.