Experiment name: Introduction to Circuit Elements and Variables

Objective(s) of the Experiment:

1. To get familiar with circuit variables (voltage and current) and circuit elements (voltage
source and resistance).
2. To learn how to measure dc voltage across a circuit element using a voltmeter.
3. To learn how to measure dc current through a circuit element using an ammeter.
4. To learn how to measure resistance of a resistor using a multimeter.
5. To verify Ohm’s Law.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM USING PSPICE SIMULATOR:

Fig1: In a simple Electric circuit I for E=5V

Fig2: In a simple Electric circuit I for E=6V

Fig3: In a simple Electric circuit I for E=7V

Fig4: In a simple Electric circuit I for E=8V

Fig5: In a simple Electric circuit I for E=9V

 Fig6: In a simple Electric circuit I for E=10V

EXPERIMENTAL DATA REPRESENTING TABLE:

Observation Set Value of Measured Value Measured Value Measured Value

number E (V) of V (V) of I (mA) of R (Ω)
1 5 5 5
2 6 6 6
3 7 7 7
1000Ω
4 8 8 8
5 9 9 9
6 10 10 10

Table 1. Experimental Datasheet.

POST-LAB REPORT QUESTIONS:

1. Theoretically calculate the values of I using measured values of V and R. Compare the
theoretical values with the measured values and comment on any discrepancy.

Ans: Measured values of V and R,

Observation Set Value of Measured Value of Measured Value of I Measured Value of

number E (V) V (V) (mA) R (Ω)
1 5 5 5
2 6 6 6
3 7 7 7
1000Ω
4 8 8 8
5 9 9 9
6 10 10 10
Table 2. Experimental Datasheet

We know V = IR. So, I = V/R.

Now, the values of I using measured values of V and R,

Observation Measured Value of Measured Value of Theoretically

number V (V) R (Ω) calculated values of I =V/R
1 5 1000Ω 5
2 6 1000Ω 6
3 7 1000Ω 7
4 8 1000Ω 8
5 9 1000Ω 9
6 10 1000Ω 10
Table 3. Experimental Datasheet
Comment: This comparison shows that there is no discrepancy between theoretically calculated
values and simulated values of I. The theoretical values and the measured values do not vary.
And that’s happened because of no Instrument resolution or Zero offset or no Instrument drift
Or Personal errors due to pspice simulation.
2. Theoretically calculate the values of R from the measured values of V and I using Ohm’s
law. Compare the calculated and measure values of R and comment on any discrepancy.

Ans: We know, Ohm’s Law is,

V =IR
V
⇒ R=
I
5
When V = 4.85V and I = 5mA, R= =1 KΩ
5
6
When V = 5.89V and I = 6mA, R= =1 KΩ
6
7
When V = 6.85V and I = 7mA, R= =1 KΩ
7
8
When V = 7.86V and I = 8mA, R= =1 KΩ
8
9
When V = 8.87V and I = 9mA, R= =1 KΩ
9
10
When V = 9.8V and I = 10mA, R= =1 KΩ
10
Comparison between theoretically calculated values and measured values:

Observation Number Theoretically Calculated Measured Value of

Value of R (KΩ) R (KΩ)

1 1 KΩ
2 1 KΩ
3 1 KΩ 1 KΩ
4 1 KΩ
5 1 KΩ
6 1 KΩ
Table 4. Experimental Datasheet
 Comment: This comparison shows that there is no discrepancy between theoretically
calculated values and simulated values of R. The theoretical values and the measured
values do not vary. And that’s happened because of no Instrument resolution or Zero
offset or no Instrument drift Or Personal errors due to pspice simulation.

3. Compare the set value of E and the measured value of V and comment on any discrepancy.
Ans:

Here, set value of E and the measured value of V,

Observation Number Set Value of Measured Value of V (V)

E (V)
1 5 5
2 6 6
3 7 7
4 8 8
5 9 9
6 10 10

Comment: This comparison shows that there is no discrepancy between

measured/simulated values of R. And that’s happened because of no Instrument resolution
or Zero offset or no Instrument drift Or Personal errors due to pspice simulation.

4. Plot V vs. I (taking I as independent variable) and fit a straight-line passing through the
origin. From the plot determine the resistance of the supplied resistor using Ohm’s
law. Compare this value with the measured value and comment on any discrepancy.
Ans:
 10mA
(9.0000,9.0000m)
(10.000,10.
(8.0000,8.0000m)

(7.0000,7.0000m)

(6.0000,6.0000m)

(5.0000,5.0000m)
5mA
(4.0000,4.0000m)

(3.0000,3.0000m)

(2.0000,2.0000m)

(1.0000,1.0000m)

0A
0V 1V 2V 3V 4V 5V 6V 7V 8V 9V 10V
I(R)
V_E

Here, x1 = 4, y1 = 4
x2 =7, y2 = 7

y 2− y 1
⸫ slope = = 1.0
x 2−x 1

 Resistance = 1.00 kΩ

Thus, here the measured values and the theoretical values are accurate.

5. Discuss how voltage or current is measured using a multi-range meter.

Ans:
The most widely used pieces of test equipment for making current
measurements is a digital multimeter. For that, we need IDC, a battery and
plugs. Turn the meter on. Insert the probes into the correct connections - in
many meters there are a number of different connections for the probes.
The probes are colored black and red. One probe should be entered into the
correct socket for the current measurement to be made. Set main selector
switch on the meter switch to the correct measurement type, and range for
the measurement to be made. When selecting the range, ensure that the
maximum range is above the expected reading anticipated. The range on
the DMM can then be reduced as necessary. When measuring the current,
enhance the range for the best reading. If possible, enable all the leading

digits to not read zero, and in this way the greatest number of significant
digits can be read.
RESULT:

After comparing the theoretical & measured values of I, V, R, we found that there are no
change with the values because of simulations.

CONCLUSION:

while doing the experiment we have to take the readings very carefully. Connection between
voltages, current and resistance should connect perfectly. From the experiment, we came to
know about the practical knowledge that how to work in circuits.