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Ontology Components

An ontology is a formal representation of knowledge that defines the types of entities, properties, and relationships that can exist for a particular domain of discourse. It provides a shared vocabulary for describing and representing an area of knowledge that can be communicated between people and application systems. Key components of ontologies include individuals, classes, attributes, and relations which define the objects and their properties and relationships within the domain. There are different types of ontologies including domain ontologies that represent concepts within a specific domain, upper ontologies that define common concepts across domains, and process ontologies that describe the components and relationships that make up a process.

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122 views1 page

Ontology Components

An ontology is a formal representation of knowledge that defines the types of entities, properties, and relationships that can exist for a particular domain of discourse. It provides a shared vocabulary for describing and representing an area of knowledge that can be communicated between people and application systems. Key components of ontologies include individuals, classes, attributes, and relations which define the objects and their properties and relationships within the domain. There are different types of ontologies including domain ontologies that represent concepts within a specific domain, upper ontologies that define common concepts across domains, and process ontologies that describe the components and relationships that make up a process.

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Asim Ullah
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Ontology #

An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization. The term is borrowed from philosophy, where an
Ontology is a systematic account of Existence. For AI systems, what "exists" is that which can be represented.
When the knowledge of a domain is represented in a declarative formalism, the set of objects that can be
represented is called the universe of discourse. This set of objects, and the describable relationships among
them, are reflected in the representational vocabulary with which a knowledge-based program represents
knowledge. Thus, in the context of AI, we can describe the ontology of a program by defining a set of
representational terms. In such an ontology, definitions associate the names of entities in the universe of
discourse (e.g., classes, relations, functions, or other objects) with human-readable text describing what the
names mean, and formal axioms that constrain the interpretation and well-formed use of these terms. Formally,
an ontology is the statement of a logical theory. (source)
Ontology Components (source) #
Ontology languages are used to commonly encode ontologies. Many structural similarities are shared between
contemporary ontologies, regardless of the language used to express them. The most usual and common
components of ontologies comprise individuals (instances), classes (concepts), attributes, and relations.
Components of ontologies involve:
Individuals: they are instances or objects (the basic or "ground level" objects) of classes
Classes: they represent sets, collections, concepts, classes in programming, types of objects, or kinds of
things
Attributes: they constitute aspects, properties, features, characteristics, or parameters that objects (and
classes) can have
Relations: they indicate relations between classes or between individuals
Function terms: they constitute complex structures formed from certain relations to be used in the position of
an individual term in a statement
Restrictions: they are formally stated descriptions indicating what must be true such that some assertion is to
be accepted as input
Rules: they are if-then (antecedent-consequent) statements specifying the logical inferences to be drawn
from an assertion in a particular form
Axioms: they are assertions (including rules) in a logical form that constitute the overall theory that the
ontology describes in its domain.
Events: they indicate the changing of attributes or relations

Ontology Types #
Domain Ontology: A domain ontology (or domain-specific ontology) represents concepts belonging to a part
of the world, where particular meanings of terms applied to that domain are provided (source)
Upper Ontology: An upper ontology (or foundation ontology) is a model of common objects which are
generally applicable across a wide range of domains and respective domain ontologies. A core glossary is
usually employed containing the terms and associated object descriptions which are then actually used in
various relevant domain sets. Widely-known and used upper ontologies include BFO, BORO method, Dublin
Core, GFO, OpenCyc/ResearchCyc, SUMO, the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO), and DOLCE. (source)
Process Ontology: In computer science, a process ontology is a description of the components and their
relationships that make up a process. A formal process ontology is an ontology in the knowledge domain of
processes. Often such ontologies take advantage of the benefits of an upper ontology. The formal description
of a process and its constraints in terms of a process ontology can be exploited during the process life-cycle.
For example, during process design, plan generation based on these formal descriptions can be performed
via planning software in order to concretize a process according to user-provided requirements/goals. Various
process ontologies have been proposed, including PSL, Cyc, SUPER & DDPO, oXPDL, GFO and m3po &
m3pl. (source)
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