Ajay D. Nagne, Dr. Bharti W.

Gawali / International Journal of Engineering Research and

Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.070-076
TRANSPORTATION NETWORK ANALYSIS BY USING REMOTE
SENSING AND GIS A REVIEW
Ajay D. Nagne*, Dr. Bharti W.Gawali**
*
Research Student, **Associate Professor
*, **
Department of Computer Science & Information Technology,
Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad, (M.S), INDIA (431004),

ABSTRACT
With the advent technology of Remote According to that when the spatial entity is
Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information associated with the non-spatial attributes; it can be
Systems (GIS), a network transportation (Road) useful to achieve the sustainable infrastructure
analysis within this environment has now become planning or strategy. This is a key factor for
a common practice in many application areas. applying GIS technology as a tool in supporting
But a main problem in the network transportation network analysis or planning. In the
transportation analysis is the less quality and GIS platform, the database of transportation network
insufficient maintenance policies. This is because is normally extended by integrated with attribute
of the lack of funds for infrastructure. This and spatial data [2] [3].
demand for information requires new As roads are the only means of transport
approaches in which data related to available to the urban settlements, it plays an
transportation network can be identified, important role in the comprehensive development of
collected, stored, retrieved, managed, analyzed, a society. It acts as the lifeline of the urban economy
communicated and presented, for the decision and society. Urban transport network is very
support system of the organization. The adoption prominent sector for the growth of urbanization. The
of newly emerging technologies such as urban growth includes all aspects of development
Geographic Information System (GIS) can help including settlements, education, industries, trade
to improve the decision making process in this and other facilities and these all facilities depends
area for better use of the available limited funds. on good transportation network [3].
The paper reviews the applications of GIS In transportation planning by using GIS
technology for transportation network analysis. applications, mapping tools for a primary data can
be Toposheets as well as the Satellite and airborne
Keywords - GIS, Network Analysis, Remote images. The various applications of GIS can be used
Sensing, Transportation for identification of road network area and change
detection in road. It can also be used to detect the
1. INTRODUCTION distance between the one place to another place. It
Remote Sensing is a process of acquisition not only detects the distance but also used to show
of data or information of object or targets, which is the shortest path between two or more than places.
located on the earth’s surface. For this, sensors are These applications of GIS can be used in traffic
used which are placed on the satellite. Remote control to generate the traffic control mechanism
sensing is science of acquiring, processing, and that provide fastest route.
interpreting images and related data that are The traditional planning is not sufficient in
obtained from ground-based, air-or space-borne urban transport. The new approaches have to be
instruments that record the interaction between used to present or identify serious issues on
matter (target) and electromagnetic radiation [1]. planning or analyzing urban transport network in a
A Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic scientific way. The existing research work in the
Information Systems (GIS) technology is more area of analysis and planning is limited. Now new
useful in management functions and decision methods and new approaches are required to
support systems which are more helpful in the incorporate the socio-economic parameters, local
planning process of urbanization. These RS and GIS transport system and transportation cost aspects.
application can support a variety range of planning, The ANDERSON classification of land uses and
analysis and decision support system operations that land cover also includes the transportation category.
can make extraordinary effect to the development But this transportation category can be found within
and growth of urban areas. Instead of finding the many other categories. But in which category it
optimal solutions for urban problems, bold comes, is depends on at what scale is being mapped,
approaches must be developed on the usage of so usually they are considered as part of the land use
heuristic problems, making it capable of supporting within which they occur. The transportation
the dynamic requirements of the urbanization. category comes in to the Level III [4].

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 Ajay D. Nagne, Dr. Bharti W.Gawali / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.070-076
In developed countries the use of Arial photographs fast as considering time and requires a less cost. By
and remote sensing images has become a common using these images, one can do planning in the area
practice for urban planning. But in India, urban of Land Use Land Cover, Change Detection,
planning has been limited to aerial photography. Transportation, Water Network management,
Now it is being used for generating a thematic maps Pollution Control and many more.
and base maps for urban planning, because it is very

TABLE.1 Information of Remote Sensing Sensors images

Platform and Spatial Year of Mapping Extractable Information
Sensor System Resolution operation Scale
(meter)
Land sat ( MSS) 80 1972 1: 1,000,000 Broad land-use/land-cover
IRS-1A & 1B 72 1988 & 1: 250,000 and urban sprawl
( LISS-I) 1991
Land sat TM 30 1982 1: 50,0000
IRS-1A & 1B 36 1988 &
( LISS-II) 1991 Thematic data for broad structural
IRS-1C & 1D 23 plans and spatial
( LISS-III) 1995 & strategies
SPOT HRV-I 20 1997
(MLA)
IRS-1D(LISS-IV) 5.8 1998 1: 5,000
2003
SPOT HRV-II 10 1998 1:25,000
(MLA) Data for land-use/ land cover for
IRS-1C &1-D 5.8 1995 & 1:10,000 urban area
(PAN) 1997
IKONOS 1.0 1999 1:4,000 Cadastral map, detailed information
extraction for urban planning and
Quickbird 0.61 2001 1:2,000 infrastructure mapping
CARTOSAT-1 2.5 2005 1:4,000 Large scale cartographic work and
DEM generation cartographic
applications at cadastral level, urban
CARTOSAT-2 1.0 2007 1:1,000 and rural infrastructure development
1:2,000 and management
RESOURCESAT-I 5.8 2003 1:10,000 Monitoring the urban growth,
(LISS-IV) /1:4,000 Inventory of land-use/ land-cover.

There are different types of Cameras and sensors 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

that can produce a black and white, color or color The Line feature is more important in the maps,
infrared images. Resolution of images from 15 m to because it represents a major map feature. There
80 m can be useful for application of broad land are many GIS software that provides a Line Feature
use and land cover of urban sprawl. For this Generalization facility. The geometric operations
purpose LISS-I sensor images were used and it had are involved in this generalization like selection,
a resolution of 72m. The IRS-1C & 1D sensors can merge, symbolization, elimination etc. But there is
produce images with the spatial resolution of 5.8m, no proper definition for generalization. In ArcGIS
the sensors produces a Panchromatic images (black 2005, a pointremove tool uses Douglas-Peucker
& white),and LISS-IV sensors produces the same (DP) algorithm. This algorithm was most popular
resolution images with Infrared colors. Because of algorithm, which was used in many applications
its resolution, it is more useful in the area of land like Road, river, coastal line generalization [6] [7].
use land cover of urban area and also for The following operations are required to generalize
transportation network analysis. For transportation a road network.
planning and analysis the images from LISS-IV, 1. Classification: It identifies an object and
CARTOSAT-1 and CARTOSAT-2 are more useful makes groups according to properties. For
than other as it produces images with the resolution easier selection and more accurate roads
of 5.8 m, 2.5 m and 1.0m respectively which is depends on the good classification. It
shown in the TABLE.1. The IKONOS and minimizes the complexity. Ex. road width.
Quickbird sensors images are useful to produce 2. Selection: Select particular road class at the
Cadastral map and can give detailed information target scale.
for urban planning [5].

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 Ajay D. Nagne, Dr. Bharti W.Gawali / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.070-076
3. Elimination: Eliminate shorter road of a or more places. In each bus a GPS receiver and
certain length. GSM modem with microcontroller interface was
4. Simplification: selected roads can be placed and this device was used to send the
simplified to reduce the details. Ex. Remove message to control station and modem or cell
extraneous bends of roads. phone receives and gives the input to computer.
5. Typification: This is manual editing approach. The application was developed in Java to store and
It reduces the Network density and simplifies process data into a database. Then the co-ordinates
the distribution and the pattern of the network. from database were placed on map by using Visual
It reduces network congestivity. Basic to show position of each bus on map [11].
6. Symbolization: To represent features on maps, In another system architecture was divided
graphic marks are used. Ex. Road Name, Road into two parts i.e. Spatial and Non-Spatial data. For
Number. spatial data analysis, the data was taken from the
There are many applications like Google Earth, Maharashtra State Remote Sensing and Application
which can show the route between two selected Center (MRSAC Nagpur) and Survey of India
places by using only major roads. Also these routes (SOI) maps (1:50,000 scale) as base maps. After
do not consider the obstacle like damage of road, digitizing this row data, the updation was carried
accident, and flood. To overcome this problem, out on IRS satellites Panchromatic (PAN) and
ArcGIS software can be used. The data collected Linear Imaging self-scanned sensor (LISS). The
from Google Earth and geo referenced in ERDAS PAN data were geo-referenced to survey of India
and represented using the ArcGIS application. The maps. To validate the status of road the actual
application can show the shortest path between two ground survey were performed. Non-Spatial data
points with all pros and cons of those roads. The attributes are required to be attached to the spatial
Arc View was used to build the topology while data layers. The application was designed and
performing the network analysis on a line theme. developed by using the Power Builder as front end
Before using the raster based images in GIS tool and for data entry and storage of attributes a
application it is required to be geo-referenced. But MS SQL were used as Back End tool. An ESRI’s
there can be multiple small images; they can be Arc View was used to customize the GIS interface
attached to form a single image so that it can be [12].
used for further analysis. In ArcGIS the geo- The ArcGIS9.2 were used to geo-rectify
database has to be created, this database is further the topographic maps and satellite imagery
divided into datasets. The datasets are sub divided obtained from the Google Earth. For digitizing the
into the feature classes which consist of two classes boundary the polygon were used and for road the
a point and roads. Now the data and images are polyline were used in ArcGIS. The total length in
added into the Arc MAP to edit and draw the road kilometer and area in square kilometer was
network and to locate the points [8]. It is also calculated in ArcGIS. The connectivity of the road
possible to show the closest facility from any was tested using Beta Index, developed by Kansky
particular location. The closest facility means (1963) and adopted by Vinod et al. (2003). Here
nearest hospital, hotel, bus stop etc. The application the nodes are the number of road junction and arcs
can be used to show the city bus routes [9]. are connections (straight lines) between nodes and
In GIS by using Remote sensing high resolution straight lines. This Beta Index is used to decide the
IKONOS and collateral data for making the connectivity level of the roads [13].
thematic maps were used in ArcGIS application. There are few more algorithms for connectivity
The Arc View was used to build the topology while such as Alpha Index, Gamma Index and Beta
performing the network analysis on a line theme. Index. Alpha index is a ratio of actual number of
Like all GIS programs, Arc View attaches circuits to the number of maximum circuits [14]
graphical features to a database that contain [15].
attribute information [10]. Gamma Index is defined as the ratio of the
For the application of GIS in road network actual number of edges to the maximum possible
analysis takes the primary data from the survey of number of edges in the network [14] [15].
India (map of scale 1:2000). Further the map was Shimbel index is a summation of all the shortest
scanned for digitization. For Geo referencing a path distances among all points (vertex & node) in
Global positioning system (GPS) device was used a defined zone or a circuit [15].
to choose a number of control points and their co- The Shortest Time Distance (STD) is a
ordinate were obtained. Attribute and labels were method of evaluating the road network
added while map digitized by using ArcGIS accessibility. It refers to the total time from one
software. The bus routes were analyzed. After the node to other nodes within the road network by
digitization of primary data, a network analysis shortest time spending route. The lower STD value
task was performed. This task was done by using that a node has indicates that the node’s
ArcGIS software. It helps in the rout tracing and accessibility is higher. The second method is
also in the creating the shortest path between two Weighted Average Travel Time (WATT); it

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 Ajay D. Nagne, Dr. Bharti W.Gawali / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.070-076
represents the importance of a node in the road [20] [21] [22]. Which method has to be used for
network. The WATT value is related to the node’s network analysis is depends on the objectivity of
position in the road network. It can be also the research. These kinds of methods are used to
calculated by population density or economical compare two or more than two networks together.
indexes. Using ESRI Corporations ArcGIS and The comparison like which network has more
Microsoft .Net framework were used to build a accessibility and connectivity. To understand the
weighted and normalized index to value the urban structure, it not only requires understanding
accessibility of road nodes [16]. of a simple land use but also has to understand the
The application to identify an optimal network connectivity, accessibility, density and
route from one destination to many destinations patterns.
with the objective to minimize the travel distance In Transportation Network analysis the
and travel time is useful for state transportation term connectivity referred as a connected quantity
department. The impedance values are required between nodes within a given network, so it
when network analysis is performed on each road extracts the structure of transportation network
in the network. For optimal route determination [20]. This extraction is much more useful
point of view an impedance value is very important information for assessment of transportation
because it gives a priority to roads. There are network. There are many categories in the area of
different types of impedances, but shortest time network analysis, but among them Connectivity
point of view speed impedance is more important. category is more useful and it has different types of
It means that there is a speed limit for different Index, each index having its own special meaning.
types of roads. And at the intersection of the roads, The most fundamental properties of a
the turn impedance is useful, such as U turn, right Transportation network are measured by the Alpha
turn, left turn is allowed or not [17]. In Arc GIS, Index, Beta Index and Gamma Index. For
Network analysis uses an impedance values to extraction of connectivity index it requires a road
identify a road type like one way or two ways. network (line), junctions (nodes). These indices can
There is another technique to digitize the paper be useful for change detection system in network
maps; these maps scanned using the video camera structure and also for traffic analysis [19] [20].
interface with a frame grabber card. Using Frame An Alpha Index for connectivity is a ratio of
Grabber’s software the map was captured and circuits to the number of maximum possible
stored in jpeg format. The Autodesk product MAP circuits in the network. It gives possible values
for GIS was used for converting the raster into from 0.0 to 1.0, higher the value of index, higher
digital form, using this point, line and polygons can the degree of connectivity within the network. If
be digitized. The MAP utility has also an inbuilt the value from 0 percent - it indicates no circuits to
database utility; also there is an option in it called 100 percent – a complete interconnected network
as Link Path Name (LPN). This establishes the [19] [21].
relation between the database and graphic file. But The Beta Index Measures the connectivity
there is no option to find the minimum path relating the no. of edges to the no. of nodes. It is
between two points, but using Moore’s algorithm more useful for simple network where no circuits
one can write the program in C language or any are involved. If the value is 0.0 it means there are
other programming language [18]. just nodes without any arc. Its value ranges from
0.0 to 1.0 and greater, where network are well
3. TECHNIQUES FOR NETWORK ANALYSIS connected [21].
Many Techniques have been done in the The Gamma Index is a Ratio of actual no.
Transportation Network and for characterizing of edges to the Maximum possible no. of edges in
different ways are there [19]. Following are the the network. Its values from 0.0 – indicates no
Network Analysis Techniques. connection between nodes, to 1.0 – maximum no.
3.1. Connectivity of connection with direct link to all nodes.
3.2. Circuitry Network Density measures the Network
3.3. Accessibility Development. It is much more useful to compare 2
or multiple region or sub-regions. It can be also
3.1. Connectivity used in change detection system, so it can identify
In transportation analysis there are many that any new developments were happened or not.
research has been done, and most of the research The result of this is a kilometer per square
focuses on the path analysis like finding shortest kilometer.
path, closest facility. Also some work has been Eta Index is used to Measures the average
done on the accessibility of the network also edge length in the network. And it is used as a
connectivity of the network. There are many measure of speed in traffic network. It requires a
different kinds of methods and every method has summation of all edges in the network and number
its own formula for different purposes, the selected of edges in the network. If a new link is added, so it
methods are shown in TABLE.2 [13] [14] [15] [19]

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 Ajay D. Nagne, Dr. Bharti W.Gawali / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.070-076
will decrease in eta index, as average per link developed network. It is a measure of distance per
declines [22]. unit of diameter and indicator of the shape of a
Pi Index is a relation between total length of graph network [22].
and its diameter. It is more applicable for the urban Theta Index is used to measure the function of a
transport network. It is labeled as Pi because of its vertex, which is the average amount of traffic per
similarity with the real PI ( = 3.14) value. If the intersection. If the load on a network is high then
value is high so it indicates that the network is the value of Theta index is also high.

TABLE.2 Connectivity Indices

Sr. Index Name Formula Where Purpose
No.
1 Alpha Index = e = No. of edges (Line) It is a ratio of circuits to the number
v = No .of Vertex (Node) of maximum circuits in the network
2 Beta Index Β= e = No. of edges (Line) It Measures the connectivity relating
v = No .of Vertex (Node) the no. of edges to the no. of nodes.
3 Gamma Index = e = No. of edges (Line) It is a Ratio of actual no. of edges to
v = No .of Vertex (Node) the Maximum possible no. of edges in
the network
4 Network ND = L =Total length of Network It measures the Network
Density A =Total Area Of Network Development
5 Eta Index = L(G) = Summations of all It Measures the average edge length
edges in the network in the network
e = No. of edges (Line)
6 Pi Index Π= l = Total Length of Graph It is a Relation between total length of
D = Diameter graph and its diameter
7 Theta Index = Q(G) = traffic measure the function of a vertex,
v = No .of Vertex (Node) which is the average amount of traffic
L = Network distance (km)
3.2. Circuitry
Circuitry is very important in 3.3. Accessibility
transportation analysis because several systems use This Transportation analysis involves spatial
circuits to cover as much region as possible in one and socioeconomic aspects with detail data, and
direction. Circuitry is the ratio of network to involves a large amount of computation.
Euclidean distance. In transportation a distance can Accessibility analysis is the collection,
be measured using GIS in three forms: Network manipulation, and analysis of spatial and non-
distance, Euclidean distance, and Manhattan spatial data [23] [24].
distance. Manhattan distance is not commonly used 3.3.1 Shimbel index
in transportation research. Euclidean distance is the It measures an accessibility which represents a
airline distance between sources to destination. summation of length of all the shortest path
Network distance is an actual representation of distances among all points (vertex & node) in a
movements from source to destination; this defined zone or a circuit [15] [19] [20] [22] [23].
distance is mostly measured using the shortest path.
Formula: Ai = (2)
3.2.1. Detour Index
It is defined as a ratio of the shortest path Where Ai = degree of a node
distance to the Euclidean (straight) distance dij = connectivity between node i and node j (either
between source to destination point [19] [22]. It 1 or 0)
Measures the efficiency of a connection in the n = number of nodes.
network. If the value is 1 it means network is more
spatially efficient, but the network having the 4. ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORTATION (ROAD)
Detour Index value 1 are very rare. By using NETWORK
Detour Index it is possible to assess whole city, but In almost every field an output of remote
when it is applied on an individual rout then it is sensing is an input a GIS. GIS not only take input
much more useful. from RS but also take input from scanned maps or
toposheet. There are many application areas in RS
Formula: DI = (1) and GIS but majorly these are categorized in
Where d = Straight distance (km) Natural Resource Management, Urbanization,

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 Ajay D. Nagne, Dr. Bharti W.Gawali / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.070-076
Agriculture and National Security. But in this application area like shortest path, tour analysis,
paper the methodology is concerned with only index calculation etc. After detection of network
urban transport analysis. The complete (roads) with the help of GIS application, still this
methodology process is drawn as a flow chart is data is not perfect for the network analysis, for that
shown in Fig.1 [10]. purpose a road generalization process should be
In first phase of methodology the performed. After the Generalization process the
acquisitions of preferred data should be done. The topological rules have to be applied in the ArcGIS
data such as topographic sheets like 1:50,000 or environment. After successful completion of
satellite images with good resolution or aerial topological rule all the error can be removed. Now
photographs. If Toposheets are there then it should this network is perfect for the analysis. By using
be scan with the defined resolution suggested. It this layer a network data set and junction should be
should be Digitize with a defined zoom level, so all created. This will provide a total number of edges
the features can be digitized in number of layers. and total number of vertex in the selected network.
In next phase perform the GPS survey for After wards it is possible to calculate the Network
maximum ground control points (GCP) of every analysis index. There are many RS and GIS
Area of Interest (AOI) on the known roads / software’s, but among them an ArcGIS is much
important places. If there is another registered more powerful than others. It also provides a
image then image to image registration should be network analysis tools to find the shortest path.
performed. And if the administrative boundary is The output of this study can give answers with
there, then it should clip the selected area according graphical accuracy to the most frequently asked
to administrative boundary. Many times our questions. Also it can provide a result with spatial
selected region is not on a single toposheet / image and non spatial information.
then mosaics it. This leads to a resolution
correction to a length of plus or minus 5 m. 5. CONCLUSION
The larger cities have more connected road
networks, so they are more accessible. Among
many network analysis indices the Alpha Index,
Gamma Index, Beta Index is more useful. The Beta
Index gives the connectivity ratio, by calculating
this index it is possible to identify in which area
connectivity is less, so City planner can plan
according to it. It is also possible to calculate the
Zone (or ward) wise network density of any urban
area. It is more useful to compare multiple Zones
(ward) of city to identify the development of each
zone.
In the context of city planning, the road
networks with high value of gamma index are well
arranged in terms of redundancy of choosing roads.
The strength of connectivity within road network
does not accurately indicated by the Alpha Index,
but gamma index overcome with this disadvantage.

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