ADVANCE MATHEMATICS

Danielle Joy L. Alcantara

Jan Lexver C. Tiangco

i
 Table of Contents

Module 5: Matrices
Introduction 35
Learning Objectives 35
Lesson 1.Matrices 36
Lesson 2.Matrix Order and Matrix Entries 37
Lesson 3.Different types of Matrix 38
Lesson 4.Addition and Subtraction of Matrices 39
Assessment Task 5 41
Summary 41
References 42

Module 6: Multiplication of Matrices

Introduction 43
Learning Objectives 43
Lesson 1.Multiplication of Matrix by a Scalar 44
Lesson 2.Multiplication of Different Dimension Matrices 44
Lesson 3Multiplication of Same Dimension Matrices 46
Assessment Task 6 47
Summary 48
References 48

Module 7: Transpose Matrices

Introduction 49
Learning Objectives 49
Lesson 1.Transpose Matrices 50
Lesson 2.Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices 50
Assessment Task 7 51
Summary 52
References 52

ii
 MODULE 5
MATRICES

Introduction

Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m and n columns. The term
“Matrix” was introduced by an English mathematician James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in
1850. The size of a matrix is determined by the number of rows and columns. The expression m
x n is the dimension or order of the matrix (Tiong, 2008).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Understand matrix and different type of matrices.

2. Perform Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

35
Lesson 1. Matrices

A matrix (plural matrices) is sort of like a “box” of information where you are keeping track
of things both right and left (columns), and up and down (rows). Usually a matrix
contains numbers or algebraic expressions. You may have heard matrices called arrays,
especially in computer science (Johnson, 2020).

According to Johnson (2020) as an example, if you had three sisters, and you wanted an
easy way to store their age and number of pairs of shoes, you could store this information in a
matrix. The actual matrix is inside and includes the brackets :

Figure 5.1.Actual Matrix from Johnson ( 2020)

Matrices are called multi-dimensional since we have data being stored in different
directions in a grid. The dimensions of this matrix are “2 x 3” or “2 by 3”, since we have 2 rows
and 3 columns. (You always go down first, and then over to get the dimensions of the matrix).
Again, matrices are great for storing numbers and variables – and also great for solving systems
of equations, which we’ll see later. Each number or variable inside the matrix is called an entry
or element, and can be identified by subscripts (Johnson, 2020).

36
Lesson 2. Matrix Order and Matrix Entries

ENTRIES
 The ENTRIES are the numbers in the matrix (Garcia, 2010).
ORDER or DIMENSION
 The ORDER of a matrix is the number of the rows and columns (Garcia, 2010).

Example
The order of this matrix is a 2 x 3.

Figure 5.2 2X3 Matrix from Garcia (2010)

Dimension of Matrices
Number of rows x Number of columns
Table 5.1 Example of Matrices in different Dimensions by Estela (2020)

37
 The last matrix with a dimension of 5 x 5 is also considered to be a “square matrix”
because the number of rows and the number of columns are equal. It is important to know that
for any given matrix to have an inverse; it must be a square matrix (Estela, 2020).

Lesson 3. Different Types of Matrix

According to Kjell (2009) there are different types of matrix based on the number of rows and
columns and these are:

A square matrix has the same number of rows as columns. In computer graphics, square matrices
are used for transformations.

5 4 3
[−4 0 4]
7 10 3

A rectangular matrix is one where the number of rows or columns may not be the same.

5 4
[−4 0 ]
7 10

A column matrix consists of a single column. It is an N X 1 matrix.

2
[3]
4

A row matrix consists of a single row.

[2 3 4]

38
Lesson 4. Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

Rules in Adding Matrices

According to Tiong (2008) If A and B are two matrices of the same order, the sum of A and B,
denoted by A + B, is the matrix for which each of its element is the sum of corresponding elements
of A and B.

𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐
𝑨 = [𝒂 𝒂𝟒 ]
𝟑

𝒃 𝒃𝟐
𝑩=[ 𝟏 ]
𝒃𝟑 𝒃𝟒

According to Tiong (2008) Add matrices by adding their corresponding entries

𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝑨+𝑩= [ ]
𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒂𝟒 + 𝒃𝟒

Examples:
−𝟓 𝟐 𝟎
1. 𝑨=[ 𝟕 −𝟑 𝟒]
−𝟏 𝟑 𝟐

𝟎 −𝟏 𝟖
𝑩 = [𝟔 −𝟏𝟒 𝟐]
𝟗 𝟓 𝟏

(−𝟓) + 𝟎 𝟐 + (−𝟏) 𝟎+𝟖

𝑨+𝑩 = [ 𝟕+𝟔 (−𝟑) + (−𝟏𝟒) 𝟒 + 𝟐]
(−𝟏) + 𝟗 𝟑+𝟓 𝟐+𝟏
−𝟓 𝟏 𝟖
𝑨 + 𝑩 = [ 𝟏𝟑 −𝟏𝟕 𝟔]
𝟖 𝟖 𝟑

39
Rules in Subtracting Matrices
According to Tiong (2008) If A and B are to matrices having the same order, the difference of A
and b is denoted by A – B, is defined as A – B = A + (-B)
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐
𝑨 = [𝒂 𝒂𝟒 ]
𝟑

𝒃 𝒃𝟐
𝑩=[ 𝟏 ]
𝒃𝟑 𝒃𝟒

According to Tiong (2008) Subtract matrices by subtracting their corresponding entries

𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐
𝑨 − 𝑩 = [𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟒 ] + ( − [ ])
𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒃𝟒
Example:

𝟒 −𝟑 𝟒 𝟑
𝑨 = [−𝟓 −𝟏] 𝑩 = [𝟕 −𝟓]
𝟑 𝟖 𝟖 𝟐

𝟒 −𝟑 −𝟒 𝟑
𝑨 − 𝑩 = [−𝟓 −𝟏] + [− 𝟕 −𝟓]
𝟑 𝟖 −𝟖 −𝟐

𝟎 −𝟔
𝑨 − 𝑩 = [−𝟏𝟐 𝟒]
−𝟓 𝟔

40
Assessment Task 5

Solve the following, show your solution

5 −3 −2 1
1. [−3 4 ] + [ 3 0 ]=?
0 7 4 −3

8 0 −1 3 −1 7 5 2
2. [ ]+ [ ]=?
−5 4 2 9 5 3 3 −2

9 −2 4 4 0 7
3. [5 0 6] − [ 1 5 −4] =?
1 3 8 −2 3 2

2 −4 3 0 1 8
4. [8 0 −7] − [ 3 −1 −1] =?
1 5 0 −4 2 7

41
 Summary

 A matrix (plural matrices) is sort of like a “box” of information where you are keeping track
of things both right and left (columns), and up and down (rows). Usually a matrix
contains numbers or algebraic expressions. You may have heard matrices called arrays,
especially in computer science ( Johnson, 2020).
 According to Tiong (2008) If A and B are two matrices of the same order, the sum of A
and B, denoted by A + B, is the matrix for which each of its element is the sum of
corresponding elements of A and B.
 According to Tiong (2008) If A and B are to matrices having the same order, the difference
of A and b is denoted by A – B, is defined as A – B = A + (-B)

References
Estela M. (2020) Dimension of Matrix. ChiliMath.
https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/advanced-algebra/adding-subtracting-matrices/

Garcia J. (2010, July 19) Matrix Basic Operation Slideshare

https://www.slideshare.net/jessicagarcia62/matrix-basic-operations-
4549674?from_action=save

Kjell B. (2009) Vector Math for 3 D Computer Graphics .Chortle

https://chortle.ccsu.edu/VectorLessons/vectorIndex.html#13

Johnson L. (2020) Introduction to matrix. She loves math.

https://www.shelovesmath.com/algebra/advanced-algebra/matrices-and-solving-
systems-with-matrices/

Tiong JR. (2008) 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics 3 rd Edition

42
 Day 17 p.g 415 – 417 First Benchmark Publisher Inc.

MODULE 6
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

Introduction

You may see a matrix simply as a generalization of a vector, where we organize numbers
in rows and columns. Keep the number of rows and columns arbitrary, let m is the number of rows
and n the number of columns. This matrix is referred to as the m×n matrix (Nykamp, n.d).

43
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Understand multiplication of matrices

2. Solve problems in multiplication of matrices

Lesson 1. Multiplication of Matrix by Scalar

According to Garcia (2010) in matrix algebra, a real number is often called a SCALAR. To
multiply a matrix by a scalar, you multiply each entry in the matrix by that scalar.

Example:

−2 0 4(−2) 4(0) −8 0
1. 4[ ]=[ ]=[ ]
4 −1 4(4) 4(−1) 16 −4

1 −2 −4 5
2. −2 ([ ]+[ ])
0 3 6 −8

1 − 4 −2 + 5
−2 ([ ])
0 + 6 3 + (−8)

−3 3
−2 ([ ])
6 −5

44
 −2 (−3) −2(3)
[ ]
−2(6) −2(−5)

6 −6
[ ]
−12 10

Lesson 2. Multiplication of Different Dimension Matrices

Steps in Multiplying Different Dimension Matrices

According to Garcia (2010) these are the following steps in multiplying different dimension
matrices:
 Matrix Multiplication is NOT Commutative. Order matters.
 You can multiply matrices only if the number of columns in the first matrix equals the
number of rows in the second matrix.

Example:

The matrices have both 2 columns and 2 rows, so it can be multiplied

𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎
[−𝟓 𝟔 ] •[ ]
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟓
𝟗 −𝟕

 Take the numbers in the first row of matrix #1. Multiply each number by its
corresponding number in the first column of matrix #2. Total these products.

Example:
Take 2 and 3 from matrix 1 and 1 and 3 from matrix 2 then multiply 2 and 1, 3 and 3 then add.
2 (1) + 3 (3) =11, the result, 11, goes in row 1, column 1 of the answer. Repeat with row 1,
column 2; row 1 column 3; row 2, until you finished multiplying the entries.

45
 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎
[−𝟓 𝟔 ] •[ ]
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟓
𝟗 −𝟕

 Notice the dimensions of the matrices and their product.

Example:

𝟐 𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝟖 −𝟏𝟓
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎
[−𝟓 𝟔 ] •[ ] = [ 𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟒 −𝟑𝟎]
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟓
𝟗 −𝟕 −𝟏𝟐 −𝟒𝟔 𝟑𝟓

Solution:
2(1) + 3 (3) =11 -5(1) + 6(3) =13 9(1) + -7 (3) = -12
2(-2) + 3(4) = 8 -5(-2) + 6 (4) =34 9(-2) + -7 (4) = -46
2(0) + 3 (-5) = -15 -5 (0) + 6 (-5) = -30 9(0) + -7 (-5) =35

Lesson 3. Multiplication of Same Dimension Matrices

According to Pierce (2020) to multiply a matrix by another matrix we need to do the "dot
product" of rows and columns

Example:

Compute AB

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝑨 = [𝟒 𝟓 𝟔]
𝟕 𝟖 𝟗

𝟏 𝟓 𝟗
𝑩 = [𝟕 𝟐 𝟗]
𝟑 𝟖 𝟏

46
Solution:

1 2 3 1 5 9 24 33 30
AB = [4 5 6] • [7 2 9] = [57 78 87 ]
7 8 9 3 8 1 90 123 144

According to Pierce (2020) the "Dot Product" is where we multiply matching members, and then
sum up:

(𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑) • (𝟏. 𝟕, 𝟑 ) = 𝟏 (𝟏) + 𝟐(𝟕) + 𝟑(𝟑) = 24

(𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑) • (𝟓. 𝟐, 𝟖) = 𝟏(𝟓) + 𝟐 (𝟐) + 𝟑 (𝟖) = 𝟑𝟑

(𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑) • (𝟗. 𝟗, 𝟏) = 𝟏(𝟗) + 𝟐 (𝟗) + 𝟑(𝟏) = 𝟑𝟎

(𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔) • (𝟏. 𝟕, 𝟑 ) = 𝟒(𝟏) + 𝟓(𝟕) + 𝟔 (𝟑) = 𝟓𝟕

(𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔) • (𝟓. 𝟐, 𝟖) = 𝟒(𝟓) + 𝟓 (𝟐) + 𝟔 (𝟖) = 𝟕𝟖

(𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔) • (𝟗. 𝟗, 𝟏) = 𝟒 (𝟗) + 𝟓 (𝟗) + 𝟔 (𝟏) = 𝟖𝟕

(𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗) • (𝟏. 𝟕, 𝟑 ) = 𝟕(𝟏) + 𝟖(𝟕) + 𝟗(𝟑) = 𝟗𝟎

(𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗) • (𝟓. 𝟐, 𝟖) = 𝟕(𝟓) + 𝟖(𝟐) + 𝟗(𝟖) = 𝟏𝟐𝟑

(𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗) • (𝟗. 𝟗, 𝟏) = 𝟕(𝟗) + 𝟖(𝟗) + 𝟗(𝟏) = 𝟏𝟒𝟒

Assessment Task 6

47
 Solve the following, show your solution.

2 1
5
1. [−9 0 ] • [ ] =?
−2
10 −5

4 5 0 1 0 0
2. [6 7 3] • [0 1 0]=?
1 2 5 0 0 1

1 1 𝑋 2
3. [ ] [ ] = [ ] Find the value of X and Y
3 2 𝑌 0

Summary

 According to Garcia (2010) in matrix algebra, a real number is often called a SCALAR.
To multiply a matrix by a scalar, you multiply each entry in the matrix by that scalar.
 According to Garcia (2020) Matrix Multiplication is NOT Commutative. Order matters.
You can multiply matrices only if the number of columns in the first matrix equals the
number of rows in the second matrix. Take the numbers in the first row of matrix #1.
Multiply each number by its corresponding number in the first column of matrix #2. Total
these products. Notice the dimensions of the matrices and their product.

References

48
Garcia J. (2010, July 19) Matrix Basic Operation Slideshare
https://www.slideshare.net/jessicagarcia62/matrix-basic-operations-
4549674?from_action=save

Nykamp D. Q. (n. d) Introduction to Matrices Math Insight

http://mathinsight.org/matrix_introduction

Pierce, R. (24 Aug 2020). "How to Multiply Matrices". Math Is Fun.

http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/matrix-multiplying.html

MODULE 7
TRANSPOSE MATRICES

Introduction

If matrix A is reflected in its main diagonal, so that all rows become columns and all
columns become rows without interchanging their relative order of entries in the rows and columns
the result is a Transpose Matrix AT ( Tiong, 2008)

49
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Understand Transpose Matrices

2. Solve problems involving transpose matrices, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.

Lesson 1. Transpose Matrices

Transpose Matrix

According to Gulati (2017) the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of a matrix
A is called the transpose of A (written as AT or A`). For a matrix A = [aij], its transpose AT = [bij],
where bij = aji

Example:

Find the Transpose Matrix

1 2 3
𝐴=[ ]
4 5 6

50
The Transpose Matrix of Matrix A is

1 4
𝑇
𝐴 = [2 5]
3 6

Lesson 2. Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices

Symmetric Matrices
According to Gulati (2017) a matrix A such that AT = A is called symmetric, i.e., aji = aij for all i
and j
Example:

The Matrix below is an example of symmetric matrix because if we obtain the A T it will give the
same value of A

1 2 3
A = [2 4 −5]
3 −5 6
Skew Symmetric Matrices

According to Gulati (2017) a matrix A such that A T = -A is called skew symmetric, i.e., aji = -aij for
all i and j.

A – A T must be skew-symmetric.

Assessment Task 7

51
 Solve the following, show your solution.

2 3 3 1
1. If 𝐴 = [ ] 𝐵= [ ], find 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
4 5 2 5

−4 1 3
2. Find the Transpose Matrix of [ ]
−1 2 5

3. If 𝐴 = [2 3], then prove that

4 5
a.) A+AT is a symmetric matrix

b.)A – AT is a skew symmetric matrix

Summary

 According to Gulati (2017) the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of
a matrix A is called the transpose of A (written as A T or A`). For a matrix A = [aij], its
transpose AT = [bij], where bij = aji.
 According to Gulati (2017) a matrix A such that AT = A is called symmetric, i.e., aji = aij for
all i and j
 According to Gulati (2017) a matrix A such that AT = -A is called skew symmetric, i.e., aji
= -aij for all i and j.

52
 References

Gulati,B.S. (2017, December 20) Matrices and Determinants Slideshare

https://www.slideshare.net/BirinderSinghGulati/matrices-determinants-84512800

Tiong JR. (2008) 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics 3 rd Edition

Day 17 p.g 415 – 417 First Benchmark Publisher Inc.

53