ADVANCE MATHEMATICS

Danielle Joy L. Alcantara

Jan Lexver C. Tiangco

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 VISION
Laguna University shall be a socially responsive educational
institution of choice providing holistically developed
individuals in the Asia-Pacific Region.

MISSION
Laguna University is committed to produce academically
prepared and technically skilled individuals who are socially
and morally upright citizens.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MISSION
The Department of Mechanical Engineering of Laguna
University is committed to produce academically prepared
and technically skilled mechanical engineers who are socially
and morally upright citizens.
VISION
The Department of Mechanical Engineering of Laguna
University is envisioned to be the provincial college of choice
producing well-equipped mechanical engineers who
specializes on energy management.

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 Table of Contents

Module 1:Complex Numbers

Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 1
Lesson 1.Simplifying Complex Numbers 2
Lesson 2.Different Forms of Complex Numbers 5
Assessment Task 1 10
Summary 10
References 10

Module 2: Mathematical Operation of Complex Numbers

Introduction 11
Learning Objectives 11
Lesson 1.Operation in Complex Number 12
Lesson 2.Addition and Subtraction of Complex Number 13
Lesson 3Multiplication of Complex Number 15
Lesson 4.Division of Complex Numbers 18
Assessment Task 2 20
Summary 20
References 19

Module 3: Logarithm, Exponential, and Trigonometric Function of

Complex Number
Introduction 20
Learning Objectives 20
Lesson 1. Logarithm of Complex Numbers 21
Lesson 2. Exponential and trigonometric Function of Complex Number 22
Assessment Task 3 24
Summary 24
References 24

Module 4: Series of Constants 25

Introduction 25
Learning Objectives 26
Lesson 1. Arithmetic Series 27
Lesson 2. Geometric Series 28
Lesson 3. Infinite Geometric Series 29
Assessment Task 4 30
Summary 31

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References 31

Course Code: ME 102

Course Description: Numerical techniques used in engineering

applications. Finding roots of equations, curve fitting, interpolation,
numerical differentiation and integration, systems of linear algebraic
equations, solution to non-linear equations, and solutions to ordinary
differential equations.

Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILO):

At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. Solve problems in mathematics utilizing the different parameters, laws,
theorems and methods of solutions in advance mathematics
2. Use numerical methods to solve engineering problems
3. Select or design the most efficient numerical solution to a problem

Course Requirements:
Assessment Tasks - 60%
Major Exams -40%
_________
Periodic Grade 100%

Computation of Grades:

PRELIM GRADE = 60% (Activity 1-4)+ 40% (Prelim exam)

MIDTERM GRADE = 30%(Prelim Grade) + 70 %[60% (Activity 5-7) + 40% (Midterm exam)]

FINAL GRADE = 30%(Midterm Grade) + 70 %[60% (Activity 8-10) + 40% (Final exam)

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 MODULE 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Introduction

Complex numbers dates back to the 1st century, when Heron of Alexandria (about 75
AD) attempted to find the volume of a frustum of a pyramid, which required computing the
square root of 81-144 (though negative numbers were not conceived in the Hellenistic world).
We also have the following quotation from Bhaskara Acharya (working in 486 AD), a Hindu
mathematician: “The square of a positive number, also that of a negative number, is positive:
and the square root of a positive number is two-fold, positive and negative; there is no square
root of a negative number, for a negative number is not square.” Later, around 850 AD,
another Hindu mathematician, Mahavira Acharya, wrote: “As in the nature of things, a
negative (quantity) is not a square (quantity), it has therefore no square root.” In 1545, the
Italian mathematician, physician, gambler, and philosopher Girolamo Cardano (1501-76)
published his Ars Magna (The Great Art), in which he described algebraicmethods for solving
cubic and quartic equations. This book was a great event in mathematics. In fact, it was the
first major achievement in algebra in 3000 years, after the Babylonians showed how to solve.(
R.P Agarwal, K. Perera, S. Pinelas 2011)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Simplify Complex Numbers

2. Write complex numbers in different forms

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Lesson 1. Simplifying Complex Numbers

Complex Number
By definition a complex number is any number expressible in the standard form a+bi or a +jb,
the value of “i” or “j” is the imaginary unit number it is equal to the √−1.(H. Semeniano 2020)

Complex Numbers

Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers An Imaginary Number,

when squared, gives

Can be ratio of two Cannot be a ratio a negative result.

integers.
Examples are√2,𝜋, 𝑖 =√−1, by Leonard Euler
Examples are 1, 2, e
3,0.3,0.12

Figure 1.1 The branches of complex Number

Imaginary Numbers were once thought to be impossible, and so they were called
"Imaginary”. But then people researched those more and discovered they were
actually useful and important because they filled a gap in mathematics. Imaginary numbers
become most useful when combined with real numbers to make complex
numbers like 3+5i or 6−4i (Pierce, Rod 2020)

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Example:

Find the value of x of the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎

Simplifying we get x = + √−1

thus the solutions are i and –i

𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏 𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏

𝒊𝟑 = −𝒊

Figure 1.2 Imaginary Number

Successive integral powers of i or j. (Tiong 2008)

𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = 𝒊 (𝒊𝟐 ) = −𝒊

𝒊𝟒 = 𝒊𝟐 (𝒊𝟐 ) = 𝟏

𝒊𝟓 = 𝒊𝟑 (𝒊𝟐 ) = 𝒊

𝒊𝟔 = 𝒊𝟒 (𝒊𝟐 ) = −𝟏

𝒊𝟕 = 𝒊𝟓 (𝒊𝟐 ) = −𝒊

𝒊𝟖 = 𝒊𝟒 (𝒊𝟒 ) =

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Example:

1. Simplify the expression𝑖 1997 + 𝑖 1999, where i is an imaginary number.

𝑖4 = 1 𝑖4 = 1

𝑖4 = 1
Note:

𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = −𝒊
𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏

If the exponent of “𝑖” is exactly divisible by 4, then the simplified equivalent of the imaginary
number is equal to 1.

Since 1996 is exactly divisible by 4

𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟔 = 𝟏
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕 = 𝒊
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟖 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗 = −𝒊
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕 + 𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗

𝒊 + (-𝒊 ) =0

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 –2−3𝑖
1. Simplify using rationalizing
3+4𝑖
– 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊 – 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒊
= [ ]
𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒊

– 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊 −𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊 − 𝟗𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊𝟐
=
𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟗 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊 − 𝟏𝟔𝒊𝟐

Substitute -1 to 𝑖 2

– 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊 −𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊 − 𝟗𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐(−𝟏)
=
𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟗 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊 − 𝟏𝟔(−𝟏)

–𝟐−𝟑𝒊 −𝟏𝟖−𝒊
=
𝟑+𝟒𝒊 𝟐𝟓

Lesson 2. Different Forms of Complex Numbers

Different Forms of Complex Number (Tiong 2008)

A. Rectangular Form
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏

Where,

a = real part

b= imaginary part

B. Trigonometric Form
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Where

𝜃 = Angle in degrees

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 𝑟 = radius

C. Polar Form
𝑧=𝑟<𝜃

r
b
𝜃

Figure 1.3 the right triangle in Cartesian coordinate plane

𝑟 = √𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2

𝑏
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎

D. Exponential Form

z = reiθ

Where,

𝜃 = Angle in radians

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Example

1. Write the polar form of the complex number 3+j4

The polar form of the complex number “a+jb” is given by 𝑧 = 𝑟 < 𝜃 where,

𝑏
𝑟 = √𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 And 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎

Solution:

𝑟 = √32 + 42 = 5
4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
3

𝜃 = 53.61⁰
The Polar Form is 5 <53.61⁰

2. Write the Trigonometric Form of the complex number 3+j4

From the solution at example number 1,

Answer: 5𝑐𝑜𝑠(53.610 ) + 𝑗5𝑠𝑖𝑛(53.610)

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 Assessment Task 1

A. Solve the Following.

1. Write in form of a+bi the expression 𝒊𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟕 − 𝒊𝟒𝟐𝟕 + 𝒊𝟏𝟖

2. Simplify 𝒊𝟐𝟗 + 𝒊𝟐𝟏 + 𝒊

3. Evaluate (4.33 + 𝑖2.5)2

B. Complete the table below, show your solution

Rectangular Trigonometric
Polar Form Exponential Form
Form Form

6+j2.5

3+j4

Summary

 Complex Number by definition a complex number is any number expressible in the

standard form a+bi or a +jb

 The value of “i” or “j” is the imaginary unit number it is equal to the√−1.
 Complex Numbers can be in different forms, the rectangular form, trigonometric
form, polar form and exponential form.

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References

Agarwal R.P., Perera K., Pinelas S. (2011) History of Complex Numbers. In: An
Introduction to Complex Analysis. Springer, Boston, MA. Retrieved July 16,2020 from
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0195-7_50

Capote R.S., Mandawe J.A (2007)Prime’s Engineering Mathematics Reviewer

Series,Chapter 8 Advance Mathematics, pg 4 -8, JAM Publisher.

H. Semeniano(2020) “Lecture notes and Sample problems on Complex Numbers”, para 1,

Educ.pob Retrived July 16, 2020 from https://edoc.pub/complex-numbers-10-pdf-free.html.

Pierce, Rod. (11 May 2020). "Imaginary Numbers". Math Is Fun. Retrieved 17 Jul 2020 from
http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/imaginary-numbers.html

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 MODULE 2
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS

Introduction

Complex numbers are "binomials" of a sort, and are added, subtracted,

and multiplied in a similar way. (Division, which is further down the page, is a bit different.)
First, you'll probably be asked to demonstrate that you understand the definition of complex
numbers.( Stapel 2020)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Add complex numbers.

2. Subtract complex numbers.
3. Multiply complex numbers.
4. Divide complex numbers.

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Lesson 1. Operation in Complex Numbers

Operations in Rectangular Form (Capote, Mandawe 2007)

1. Addition Of Complex Numbers:

(𝑿𝟏 + 𝒊𝒀𝟏 ) + (𝑿𝟐 + 𝒊𝒀𝟐 ) = (𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 ) + 𝒊(𝒀𝟏 + 𝒀𝟐 )

2. Subtraction Of Complex Numbers:

(𝑿𝟏 − 𝒊𝒀𝟏 ) + (𝑿𝟐 − 𝒊𝒀𝟐 ) = (𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 ) + 𝒊(𝒀𝟏 − 𝒀𝟐 )

3. Multiplication of Complex Numbers:

(𝑿𝟏 + 𝒊𝒀𝟏 )(𝑿𝟐 + 𝒊𝒀𝟐 ) = (𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 ) + 𝒊(𝒀𝟏 + 𝒀𝟐 )

4. Division of Complex Numbers

𝑿𝟏 + 𝒊𝒀𝟏 𝑿𝟏 𝑿𝟐 + 𝒀𝟏 𝒀𝟐 𝑿𝟏 𝑿𝟐 + 𝒀𝟏 𝒀𝟐
= 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒊[ ]
𝑿𝟐 + 𝒊𝒀𝟐 𝑿𝟐 + 𝒀𝟐 𝑿 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒀𝟐 𝟐

Operations in Polar Form (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)

1. Multiplication in Polar Form

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 [𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 ) ]

Or 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 < (𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 )

2. Division in Polar Form

𝒛𝟏 𝒓𝟏
= [𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) ]
𝒛𝟐 𝒓𝟐
𝒛𝟏 𝒓𝟏
Or = < (𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )
𝒛𝟐 𝒓𝟐

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Operations in Exponential Form (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)

1. Multiplication in Exponential Form

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒆𝒊(𝜽𝟏 +𝜽𝟐 )

2. Multiplication in Exponential Form

𝒛𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝒊(𝜽 −𝜽 )
= 𝒆 𝟏 𝟐
𝒛𝟐 𝒓𝟐

Lesson 2. Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

First, consider the following expression.

(6x + 8) + (4x + 2)

To simplify this expression, you combine the like terms, 6 x and 4x. These are like terms
because they have the same variable with the same exponents. Similarly, 8 and 2 are like
terms because they are both constants, with no variables.

(6x + 8) + (4x + 2) = 10x + 10

In the same way, you can simplify expressions with radicals.

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(6√3 + 8) + (4√3 + 2) = 10 √3 + 10

You can add 6√3 to 4√3because the two terms have the same radical, √3, just as 6x and
4x have the same variable and exponent.

The number i or j look like a variable, but remember that it is equal to√−1. The great thing is
you have no new rules to worry about, whether you treat it as a variable or a radical, the
exact same rules apply to adding and subtracting complex numbers. You combine the
imaginary parts (the terms with 𝑖), and you combine the real parts (Monterey, 2020).

Example Problem:

Add. (−𝟑 + 𝟑𝒊) + (𝟕 − 𝟐𝒊) Rearrange the sums to put like

−3 + 3𝑖 + 7 − 2𝑖 = terms together.
−3 + 7 + 3𝑖 − 2𝑖
−3 + 7 = 4 and Combine like terms
𝟑𝒊 − 𝟐𝒊 = (𝟑 − 𝟐)𝒊 = 𝒊
(−𝟑 + 𝟑𝒊) + (𝟕 − 𝟐𝒊) = 𝟒 + 𝒊 Answer

Subtract (– 𝟑 + 𝟑𝒊) − (𝟕 − 𝟐𝒊)

(−𝟑 + 𝟑𝒊) − (𝟕 − 𝟐𝒊) = Be sure to distribute the

−3 + 3𝑖 − 7 + 2𝑖 subtraction sign to all terms in the
subtrahend.
−3 − 7 + 3𝑖 + 2𝑖
Combine like terms
−3 – 7 = −10 and
3𝑖 + 2𝑖 = 5
Answer
(– 𝟑 + 𝟑𝒊) − (𝟕 − 𝟐𝒊) = −𝟏𝟎 + 𝟓𝒊

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Lesson 3. Multiplication of Complex Numbers (Monterey, 2020)

Again, consider the following expression. Before reading further, consider how you would
simplify it.

(5x)(−3x)

You can simplify by multiplying the coefficients together, then the variables.

(5x)( −3x) = (5)( −3)(x)(x)

= −15x2

Multiplying two imaginary (but not complex) numbers together works in a similar way, but there
is an additional step. Start with the same method to multiply 5i and −3i.

(5𝑖)(−3𝑖) = (5)(3)(𝑖)(𝑖) = −15𝑖 2

This seems fine so far, but the 𝑖 2 can be simplified further.

When you multiply a square root by itself, you get the number under the radical. This is what
square root means.
(√3)(√3 ) = 3
(√15)(√15 ) = 15

Well, 𝑖 is also a square root. It’s equal to √−1.

𝑖 2 = (𝑖 )(𝑖 )
(√−1)(√−1 ) = −1

So, the final step to simplifying (5𝑖)(3𝑖) = 15𝑖 2is to replace 𝑖 2with −1.

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 (5𝑖)(3𝑖) = (5)(−3)(𝑖)(𝑖) = 15𝑖 2
15(−1) = −15

Example Problem:
Multiply the coefficients of 𝑖 together,
(3𝑖)(2𝑖) = (3)(2)(𝑖)(𝑖) = 6𝑖 2
6𝑖 2 = (6)(−1) and then multiply 𝑖 times 𝑖
(3𝑖)(2𝑖) = −6

Using Distributive Property

The following expression is a little more complicated because two binomials are being
multiplied. This means you have to use the Distributive Property of Multiplication.
(Remember that multiplying using the FOIL method—First, Outside, Inside, Last—is an
application of the distributive property of multiplication.)

Once the binomials have been multiplied, simplify the expression by combining like terms.
(Monterey 2020)

(6x + 8)(4x + 2) = 6x(4x + 2) + 8(4x + 2)

= 6x(4x) + 6x(2) + 8(4x) + 8(2)

= 24x2 + 12x + 32x + 16

= 24x2 + 44x + 16

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Example Problem:

Multiply and simplify. (𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊)(𝟒 + 𝟐𝒊) Two binomials are being multiplied, so you
(𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊)(𝟒 + 𝟐𝒊) need to use the Distributive Property of

𝟔(𝟒 + 𝟐𝒊) + 𝟖𝒊(𝟒 + 𝟐𝒊) Multiplication.

(𝟔)(𝟒) + (𝟔)(𝟐𝒊) + (𝟖𝒊)(𝟒) + (𝟖𝒊)(𝟐𝒊)

We could have used FOIL and gone directly
24 + 12𝑖 + 32𝑖 + 16𝑖 2
to the line
2
24 + 44𝑖 + 16𝑖 6(4) + 6(2i) + 8i (4) + 8i (2i)

24 + 44𝑖 + 16(−1)
24 + 44𝑖 − 16 Combine like terms.

8 + 44𝑖

(𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊)(𝟒 + 𝟐𝒊) = 𝟖 + 𝟒𝟒𝒊 Answer

Multiply and simplify. (𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊)(𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊)

(𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊)(𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊)
(𝟔)(𝟔) + (𝟔)(−𝟖𝒊) + (𝟖𝒊)(𝟔) + (𝟖𝒊)(−𝟖𝒊)
𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝟖 𝒊 + 𝟒𝟖𝒊 − 𝟔𝟒𝒊𝟐
Use FOIL to expand the product.

𝟑𝟔 − 𝟔𝟒𝒊𝟐
𝟑𝟔 − 𝟔𝟒(−𝟏)
Combine like terms.
36 + 64
100
(𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊)(𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Answer

Lesson 4. Division of Complex Numbers (Monterey, 2020)

So far, each operation with complex numbers has worked just like the same operation with
radical expressions. This should no longer be a surprise the number i is a radical, after all, so
complex numbers are radical expressions.

16
Let’s look at division in two parts, like we did multiplication. First, let’s look at a situation in
which the divisor is a monomial (Monterey 2020).

Example Problem:

–𝟐𝟒 𝒊 Treat the division as a fraction. Simplify the fraction

Simplify.
𝟔 using a factor that the numerator and denominator
have in common
–𝟐𝟒 𝒊 Since the result has no denominator, no more
= −𝟒𝒊
𝟔
simplification is needed.

𝟔+𝒊 𝟐.𝟓
Simplify the Expression
𝟑+𝒊𝟒
There is another way of simplifying complex
Solution numbers, Using the Rectangular and Polar Form of
𝟔 + 𝒊 𝟐. 𝟓 𝟔. 𝟓 < 22.62 Complex Numbers
=
𝟑 + 𝒊𝟒 𝟓 < 53.13

= 1.3 <22.62-53.13 Divide the radius and subtract the Angles in

=1.3 <-30.51 degrees

rcos𝜽 = 1.3cos(-30.51) = 1.12 In converting Polar Form to Rectangular Form, Use

rsin𝜽 = 1.3sin (-30.51) = -0.66 Right Triangle and Trigonometric Functions

then
After you have the value of a and b, write the answer
in a+ib form
𝟔 + 𝒊 𝟐. 𝟓
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 − 𝒊𝟎. 𝟔𝟔
𝟑 + 𝒊𝟒 Answer

17
 Assessment Task 2

Simplify the Following, Show Your Solution

1. (3 − 𝑖 )2 − 7(3 − 𝑖 ) + 10

50+𝑖2.5
2. Find the quotient
8+𝑖5

3. If A = -2-3i and B = 3+4i, what is A/B

4. 9(3 − 4𝑖) − 10

Summary

 To simplify this expression, you combine the like terms. These are like terms because
they have the same variable with the same exponents. Similarly, 8 and 2 are like terms
because they are both constants, with no variables
 The number i or j look like a variable, but remember that it is equal to . The great thing
is you have no new rules to worry about—whether you treat it as a variable or a radical,
the exact same rules apply to adding and subtracting complex numbers. You combine the
imaginary parts (the terms with i), and you combine the real parts.

References

Capote R.S., Mandawe J.A (2007)Prime’s Engineering Mathematics Reviewer Series,Chapter 8

Advance Mathematics, pg 4 -8, JAM Publisher.

Monterey (2020)Operation in Complex Number, Retrieved July 20 2020 from

http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2_RESOURCE/
U16_L4_T2_text_final.html

Stapel, E (2020). "Operations on Complex Numbers." Purplemath. Available Retrieved July

17,2020 from https://www.purplemath.com/modules/complex2.htm.

MODULE 3

18
 LOGARITHM, EXPONENTIAL, AND
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS

Introduction

A complex number is a number which can be expressed as a + bi, where a and b are real
numbers, and I satisfy the equation i2 = −1. Since no real number satisfies this equation, an
imaginary number is named I. It is called the real part for the complex number a + bi, and b is
called the imaginary part. This can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided in complex
number. Other mathematical operations of complex numbers are solving logarithm, exponential,
and trigonometric function (Complex Number n.d).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Solve Logarithm of Complex numbers

2. Solve Exponential and Trigonometric functions of Complex Numbers

Lesson 1. Logarithm of Complex Numbers

19
Rule: Use the trigonometric form (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)

Let 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚
𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛𝑟 < 𝜃
𝒍𝒏𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝒍𝒏𝒓 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝜽
𝒍𝒏𝒛 = 𝒍𝒏𝒓 + 𝒋𝜽

Example:
1. Find the principal value of : 𝒛 = 𝒍𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑)

Solution:
𝒛 = 𝒍𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑 )
Convert the given to Polar Form , and review

𝒛 = 𝒍𝒏 𝟐 < 300⁰ Angles in Unit Circle

𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃, 𝜃 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

𝟓𝝅
𝒛 = 𝒍𝒏 𝟐 + 𝒊
𝟑

Answer
𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑 + 𝒊𝟓. 𝟐𝟑𝟔

2. Determine the principal value of 𝒛 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏−𝒋 (𝟏 + √𝟑 )

Solution:
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝑴𝒍𝒏𝒙 Use properties of logarithm
From: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝒙 = =
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚 𝑵𝒍𝒏𝒚
Where: M is the modulus of Logarithm
Convert the given to Polar Form ,
and review Angles in Unit Circle

Then:
𝝅
𝒍𝒏 (𝟏+𝒊 √𝟑) 𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑+𝒊 𝟑
𝒛 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏−𝒊 (𝟏 + √𝟑) =
𝒍𝒏 (𝟏−𝒊)
= 𝟕𝝅
𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃, 𝜃 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟕+𝒊 𝟒

20
𝒛 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏−𝒊(𝟏 + √𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟖 − 𝒊 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒 Answer

Lesson 2. Exponential and Trigonometric Functions of Complex

Numbers.

Euler's formula provides a means of conversion between Cartesian coordinates and polar
coordinates. The polar form simplifies the mathematics when used in multiplication or powers of
complex numbers (Pierce, 2020).

Any complex number z = x + iy, and its complex conjugate, z = x − iy, can be written as
(Capot, Mandawe 2007)

𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 Eulers Formula

𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

𝒆𝒊𝜽 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 Trigonometric function to exponential function

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 =
𝒊𝟐

𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝟐

𝒆𝒊𝜽 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 Derived formulas from trigonometric functions

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
𝒊(𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 )

21
 𝒊(𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝜽)
𝑪𝒐𝒕𝜽 =
(𝒆𝒊𝜽 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 )

𝟐
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 =
(𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 )

𝒊𝟐
𝒄𝒔𝒄𝜽 =
(𝒆𝒊𝜽 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 )

Example:

𝝅 Cos 𝜃 to exponential form of complex numbers

1. Evaluate 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒊 )
𝟒

𝒆𝒊𝜽+𝒆−𝒊𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝟐
Substitute the values
𝝅 𝝅
𝒊 −𝒊
𝝅 𝒆 𝟒+𝒆 𝟒
𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒊 ) = -- eq.1
𝟒 𝟐 Remember Eulers Equation
𝝅 𝝅
𝒆𝒊 𝟒 + 𝒆−𝒊𝟒 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 [ ×
𝝅 𝟏𝟖𝟎⁰
] 𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟒 𝝅
𝒆𝒊𝜽 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝒋𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝝅 𝝅
𝒊 −𝒊
𝒆 𝟒 + 𝒆 𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟐 From,
𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 and
𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

Therefore,
Substitute the value of
𝝅 𝟏.𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒊 ) =
𝟒 𝟐 𝝅 𝝅
𝒆𝒊 𝟒 + 𝒆−𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟐 to eq 1

𝝅
𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒊 𝟒 ) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 Answer

22
 Assessment Task 3

Answer the following

1. Evaluate ln(2 + 𝑖3)

𝜋
2. Evaluate tan(𝑖 )
3
3. Find the principal value of 𝒛 = 𝒍𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑)

4. Find the principal value of 𝒛 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏−𝒋(𝟐 + √𝟔 )

Summary

 Other mathematical operations of complex numbers are solving logarithm, exponential,

and trigonometric function.
 Euler's formula provides a means of conversion between cartesian coordinates and polar
coordinates. The polar form simplifies the mathematics when used in multiplication or
powers of complex numbers.

 Eulers equation are 𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 and 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

References
Capote R.S., Mandawe J.A (2007)Prime’s Engineering Mathematics Reviewer Series,Chapter 8
Advance Mathematics, pg 4 -8, JAM Publisher.

Complex Number (n.d), Wikipedia, Retrieved July 20, 2020 from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number

Pierce, Rod. (2020). "Euler's Formula for Complex Numbers". Math Is Fun. Retrieved July 20,
2020 from http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/eulers-formula.html

MODULE 4
SERIES OF CONSTANTS

23
 Introduction

The premise of the series relates closely to the sum of numbers. In fact, if one hears the
word sequence, it is the sum of numbers that comes to mind first. It is the fundamental distinction
between sequences and series. So series are here to help us add numbers, as we shall see. The
Arithmetic and Geometric Series are some of the famous set of constants. A sequence is an
object or array of numbers arranged in an ordered manner that fully defines the preceding and
the following numbers, while series is the sum of the terms in as a sequence( (Introduction to
Sequences, n.d).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Solve Arithmetic Series

2. Solve Geometric Series
3. Solve Arithmetic Geometric Series

Lesson 1. Arithmetic Series

Arithmetic Sequence

24
 A sequence is said to be arithmetic sequence if its succeeding terms have a common
difference. The corresponding sums of all the terms have a common difference ( Tiong 2008).

Formula for last term or nth term,

𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅

Arithmetic Series
The corresponding sum of all terms in arithmetic progression is called Arithmetic Series.

Formula for Sum of all terms (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

,

𝒏
𝒂 + (𝒂 + 𝒅) + (𝒂 + 𝟐𝒅) + ⋯ + [𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
𝟐
𝒏
= [𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏]
𝟐

Where: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

The formula for the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence, starting with 𝑖 = 1, is:

𝒏
𝒏
∑ 𝒂𝟏 = [𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏 ]
𝟐 𝟏
𝒊=𝟏

Where:

𝑎1 - first term

𝑎𝑛 – last term nth term

𝑛 - number of terms

𝑑 - common difference 𝑎2 − 𝑎1

Examples:

1. What is the sum of progression 4, 9, 14, 19 … up to the 20 th term?

𝒂𝟏 = 𝟒 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟗 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒 𝒂𝟒 = 𝟏𝟗 𝒏 = 𝟐𝟎

25
 By Inspection, 𝑑 = 5
Use the formula for Arithmetic Series to get
𝒏
𝑺= [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] the sum of all terms.
𝟐
𝟐𝟎
𝑺= [𝟐(𝟒) + (𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏)𝟓] Substitute the Values
𝟐

𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟎 Answer

2. If the sum is 220 and the first term is 10, find the common difference if the last term is 30.

𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎
Use the formula for Arithmetic series to get n,
𝒏 number of terms. Use Algebra in deriving the
𝑺= [𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏]
𝟐 formula.

𝒏 Substitute the values

𝟐𝟐𝟎 = [𝟏𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎]
𝟐

𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏 Number of terms

Substitute,

𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅 Use the formula for the nth term

30 = 10 + (10 − 1)𝑑 Substitute the Values

30 = 10 + (9)𝑑
Answer
𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐

Lesson 2. Geometric Series

Geometric Sequence

A sequence is said to be a geometric sequence if its succeeding terms have common ratio. .
(Tiong 2008)

26
Formula for last term or nth term,

𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒓𝒏−𝟏
The corresponding sum of all terms in geometric sequence is called as geometric series.

Formula for sum of all terms (Capote, Mandawe 2007)

𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒓𝒏) 𝒂 − 𝒂𝒓𝒏
𝒂 + 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂𝒓 + ⋯ 𝒂𝒓 = =
𝟏−𝒓 𝟏−𝒓
Where: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

𝑎1 - first term

𝑎𝑛 – last term nth term

𝑛 - number of terms

𝑎2
𝑟 - common ratio,
𝑎1

Example:

1. The sum of first 10 terms of a geometric progression 2, 4, 8, .. is

𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟖 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎

By inspection 𝒓 = 𝟐 𝑎2 4
Since 𝑟 = = = 2, r – common ratio
𝑎1 2
𝒂(𝟏−𝒓𝒏 )
𝑺=
𝟏−𝒓
Substitute to the Sum of all terms Formula
𝟐(𝟏−𝟐𝟏𝟎 )
𝑺= 𝟏−𝟐
Answer
𝑺 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟔

27
 2. If the first term of a Geometric Progression is 9 and the common ratio is -2/3, find the fifth
term.

2
𝑎1 = 9 𝑟= −
3
Formula for the nth term
𝟒
𝒂𝟓 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓
𝟐 𝟒
𝒂𝟓 = 𝟗 (− ) Substitute to the values for the formula
𝟑

𝟏𝟔
𝒂𝟓 = 𝟗 ( )
𝟖𝟏
𝟏𝟔
𝒂𝟓 = Answer
𝟗

Lesson 3.Infinite Geometric Series

This type of series is a geometric series only that the number of terms (n) is extremely large or
infinity (Tiong 2008).

If 𝑟 > 1 , sum of all terms is infinite

If 𝑟 < 1 , sum of all terms is ,

𝒂𝟏
𝑺=
𝟏−𝒓
Where:

𝒂𝟏 – first term

𝒓 - common ratio

28
Example:

Find the sum of the infinite geometric sequence 6.-2, -2/3…

𝒂𝟏 = 𝟔 𝒂𝟐 = −𝟐
𝑎2 2 1
𝑟= =− =− Solve the common ratio
𝑎1 6 3

𝒂𝟏
𝑺= Use Infinite Geometric Sum of all terms formula
𝟏−𝒓
𝟔
𝑺= 𝟏 Substitute the values
𝟏−(− )
𝟑

𝟗
𝑺= Answer
𝟐

29
 Assessment Task 4

Answer the following.

1. Determine the sum of the sequence if there are 7 arithmetic mean between 3
and 35.
2. What is the sum of the progression 4, 9, 14, 19...up to 20 th term?
3. Find the sum of 4 geometric means 160 and 5.
4. Find the fourth term of the progression ½, 0.2, 0.125
5. Find the 6th term of the sequence 55, 40,28,19,13...

30
Summary

 A sequence is said to be a geometric sequence if its succeeding terms have common

ratio.
 The corresponding sum of all terms in arithmetic progression is called Arithmetic Series.
 A sequence is said to be a geometric sequence if its succeeding terms have common
ratio.
 The corresponding sum of all terms in geometric sequence is called as geometric series
 This type of series is a geometric series only that the number of terms (n) is extremely
large or infinity.

References
Capote R.S., Mandawe J.A (2007) Prime’s Engineering Mathematics Reviewer Series,Chapter
8 Advance Mathematics, pg 4 -8, JAM Publisher.

Introduction to Sequences (n.d ) Lumen Learning, Retrieved July 20, 2020 from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-algebra/chapter/sequences-and-series/

Tiong J.R. (2008)1001 solved problems in Engineering Mathematics, 3rd Edition,Day 5

Sequence and Series, Advance Mathematics pg.89-90,

31