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    Chapter 10 - Wave Propagation in Satellite Communication

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    Quang Hưng
    1) The chapter discusses various aspects of wave propagation in satellite communications including the transmission medium, frequency spectrum, transmission equation, and propagation effects like free-space loss, gaseous absorption, rain attenuation, refraction, ionospheric effects, and fading due to multipath signals. 2) Key techniques to counter propagation effects are discussed like power control, signal processing, and diversity schemes. 3) The design of satellite communication systems involves balancing system parameters to achieve the minimum required C/N ratio for a given time period while maximizing throughput at minimum cost. Link budget analysis is used to predict link performance.

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    Chapter 10 - Wave Propagation in Satellite Communication

    Uploaded by

    Quang Hưng
    62 views28 pages
    1) The chapter discusses various aspects of wave propagation in satellite communications including the transmission medium, frequency spectrum, transmission equation, and propagation effects like free-space loss, gaseous absorption, rain attenuation, refraction, ionospheric effects, and fading due to multipath signals. 2) Key techniques to counter propagation effects are discussed like power control, signal processing, and diversity schemes. 3) The design of satellite communication systems involves balancing system parameters to achieve the minimum required C/N ratio for a given time period while maximizing throughput at minimum cost. Link budget analysis is used to predict link performance.

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    Chapter 10_Wave Propagation in Satellite communication

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    1) The chapter discusses various aspects of wave propagation in satellite communications including the transmission medium, frequency spectrum, transmission equation, and propagation effects like free-space loss, gaseous absorption, rain attenuation, refraction, ionospheric effects, and fading due to multipath signals. 2) Key techniques to counter propagation effects are discussed like power control, signal processing, and diversity schemes. 3) The design of satellite communication systems involves balancing system parameters to achieve the minimum required C/N ratio for a given time period while maximizing throughput at minimum cost. Link budget analysis is used to predict link performance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    62 views28 pages

    Chapter 10 - Wave Propagation in Satellite Communication

    Uploaded by

    Quang Hưng
    1) The chapter discusses various aspects of wave propagation in satellite communications including the transmission medium, frequency spectrum, transmission equation, and propagation effects like free-space loss, gaseous absorption, rain attenuation, refraction, ionospheric effects, and fading due to multipath signals. 2) Key techniques to counter propagation effects are discussed like power control, signal processing, and diversity schemes. 3) The design of satellite communication systems involves balancing system parameters to achieve the minimum required C/N ratio for a given time period while maximizing throughput at minimum cost. Link budget analysis is used to predict link performance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 28

    Chapter 10:

    Wave Propagation in
    Satellite Communication

    1
    10.1 Satellite Communications

    2
    10.2 Transmission Medium

    3
    10.3. Spectrum
    Frequency is limit
    Frequency spectrum for satellite communication is arranged by International
    Telecommunications Union (ITU) for different services: Fix Satellite Services,
    Broadcast Satellite Services, Mobile Satellite Services.

    4
    10.3. Spectrum

    5
    10.3. Spectrum

    6
    10.4 Transmission Equation
    Radiated power: Received power:

    AR: Aperture of Rx antenna

    GR: Rx antenna gain,

    We have:

    Friis Equation:

    is expressed for the free-space path loss LP

    dB:

    The above equation may include other losses, such as atmospheric attenuation,
    antenna losses, etc.

    7
    10.4 Transmission Equation

    8
    10.5. Propagation Considerations

    Atmosphere layers
    9
    10.5. Propagation Considerations

     Attenuation is defined as the difference between the power that


    would have been received under ideal conditions and the actual
    power received at a given time.

    A(t): is the attenuation at any given time t


    Prideal (t): is the received power under ideal conditions at time t
    Practual (t): is the actual received power at time t

    10
    10.5.1 Free-space loss
     Free-space loss is the loss of signal strength only due to d
    istance from the transmitter.

    R is distance between Tx and Rx, λ = c/f is wavelength


    c: is velocity of EM waves in free space
    f: is operating frequency
    If c in km/s, f in MHz,

    11
    10.5.1 Free-space loss

    12
    10.5.2 Gaseous Absorption

    13
    10.5.3 Rain and Cloud Attenuation

    14
    10.5.4 Refraction

    15
    10.5.5 Ionosphere-related Effects
     Electromagnetic waves travelling through the ionosphere are affected
    in more than one way, some more predominant than the other from the
    viewpoint of satellite communications.

    16
    10.5.5.1 Faraday Effect
     Rotation angle (ΔΨ) at the distance of Z (m) through the ionosphere:

    θ is the angle between the geomagnetic field and the direction of propagation of t
    he wave
    N is the electron density (electrons/cm3)
    Bo is the geomagnetic flux density (Tesla)
    f is the operating frequency (Hz)
     With ΔΨ, the attenuation (APR) of co-polar due to the polarization rotation is
     (dB)
     the attenuation (APR) of cross-polar is
     (dB)
     At 4 GHz, ΔΨ = 9º, APR and XPD are 0.1 dB và 16 dB 17
    10.5.5.1 Faraday Effect

    18
    10.5.5.2 Ionospheric Scintillation

    19
    10.5.6 Fading due to Multipath Signals

    20
    10.6 Techniques to Counter Propagation Effects

    1. Power Control: Power control refers to varying the EIRP of the signal to enhance
    the C/N ratio. Adaptive power control is applied wherein the Tx power is adjusted to
    compensate for the changes in the signal attenuation along the transmission path.

    2. Signal Processing: Signal processing refers to onboard processing techniques


    on the satellite to translate the signals coming from the Earth station via the uplink to
    baseband levels for processing and onward transmission back to the Earth. The satellite
    transponder demodulates the incoming up-link signal from the Earth station, demultiplex
    es it and decodes it.

    3. Diversity: Many diversity schemes exist that can be used to enhance the signal
    levels but are not implemented due to the costs involved. Diversity schemes include
    time diversity, frequency diversity and site diversity.
    21
    6. Thiết kế đường truyền
     Thiết kế của bất kỳ hệ thống truyền thông vệ tinh dựa trên hai mục tiêu đạt
    được tỷ lệ C/N tối thiểu cho một khoảng thời gian cụ thể và mang lưu lượng
    truy cập tối đa với chi phí tối thiểu.
     Cả hai mục tiêu này là mâu thuẫn và nghệ thuật thiết kế hệ thống là đạt được
    sự cân đối nhất để đáp ứng tất cả các tham số hệ thống với chi phí tối thiểu.
     Có nhiều tham số ảnh hưởng đến việc thiết kế một hệ thống truyền thông dựa
    trên vệ tinh.

    22
    10.7. Link design
    1. Determine the frequency band in which the system will
    operate.
    2. Determine the communication parameters of the satellite.
    3. Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio and the bit error rate for
    the baseband channel.
    4. Determine the parameters of the transmitting and the
    receiving Earth stations.
    5. The design starts with the transmitting Earth station.
    Determine the carrier-to-noise ratio for the uplink using the
    uplink budget and the transponder noise power budget.
    6. Determine the output power of the transponder based on
    the value of the transponder gain. 23
    10.7. Link design

    7. Determine the carrier-to-noise ratio for the downlink and


    establish the noise budget for the receiving Earth station
    at the edge of the coverage zone.
    8. Determine the propagation conditions under which the
    system operates and calculate the value of atmospheric
    attenuation and other losses caused due to the
    atmospheric conditions.
    9. Determine the link margin by calculating the link budget.
    Compare the result with the
    desired specifications. Change the system parameters to
    obtain the desired value of the link margin.
    24
    10.8. Link Budget
    The link budget is a way of analyzing and predicting the
    performance of a microwave communication link for given
    values of vital link parameters that contribute to either signal
    gain or signal loss.

    25
    10.8. Link Budget

    26
    10.8. Link Budget

    27
    10.8. Link Budget

    28

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