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Chapter 8 - Wave Propagation On Ground

The document discusses wave propagation on ground surfaces and key concepts related to it, including: - The Huygens-Fresnel principle which states that every point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of spherical wavelets that combine through interference to form the propagating wavefront. - Fresnel zones which are ellipsoidal regions between the transmitter and receiver where interference either enhances or reduces the signal strength. - Formulas for calculating the electric field considering ground reflection effects with assumptions of a perfectly flat and perfectly conducting ground. - Simplified formulas for near-field propagation considering antenna heights, ground curvature and atmospheric layers. Worked examples are provided to illustrate calculating signal strength and

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
40 views22 pages

Chapter 8 - Wave Propagation On Ground

The document discusses wave propagation on ground surfaces and key concepts related to it, including: - The Huygens-Fresnel principle which states that every point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of spherical wavelets that combine through interference to form the propagating wavefront. - Fresnel zones which are ellipsoidal regions between the transmitter and receiver where interference either enhances or reduces the signal strength. - Formulas for calculating the electric field considering ground reflection effects with assumptions of a perfectly flat and perfectly conducting ground. - Simplified formulas for near-field propagation considering antenna heights, ground curvature and atmospheric layers. Worked examples are provided to illustrate calculating signal strength and

Uploaded by

Quang Hưng
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chương 8:

Wave Propagation on Ground

1
8.1.1 Huyghen-Fresnel Principle
The Huygens–Fresnel principle is a method of analysis applied to
problems of wave propagation both in the far-field limit and in near-
field diffraction and also reflection. It states that every point on a
wavefront is itself the source of spherical wavelets, and the secondary
wavelengths emanating from different points mutually interfere. The
sum of these spherical wavelets forms the wavefront.

2
8.1.1 Huyghen-Fresnel Principle
In Free Space

 When the wave propagates from Tx to Rx, the fields at Rx are not only
caused by one-point, which are caused by all space around the Tx.
 The fields at any point can be determined if we know the power
density of the wavefront source.

3
8.1.2 Fresnel Zone

A Fresnel zone is one of a series of confocal prolate ellipsoidal regions


of space between and around a transmitter and a receiver.

4
8.1.2 Fresnel Zone
Define Fresnel Zone:

𝜆
𝑂𝑁2 = 𝑙2 + 2 ,
2
𝜆
𝑂𝑁𝑛 = 𝑙2 + 𝑛 .
2

5
8.1.2 Fresnel Zone
S0 Nn

bn

l1 l2
A o

N0

Radius of nth Fresnel Zone:


𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐
𝒃𝒏 = 𝒏𝝀
𝒍𝟏 + 𝒍𝟐

For 1st Fresnel Zone:


𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐
𝒃𝟏 = 𝝀
𝒍𝟏 + 𝒍𝟐
6
8.2. Wave Propagation

7
8.2.1 Perfect Ground

Assuming that the ground is perfect:


 Replace the real ground by a perfect flat ground with
similar properties.
 Skip the different properties of the ground on the
transmission line
 Skip the different properties at different depths
 Replace heterogeneous real ground by homogeneous
ground

8
8.2.2 Interference formula
Problem: calculate the fields at the Rx antenna (hr) with
perfect condition

9
8.2.2 Interference formula

The field E1 of the beam 1:


𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫𝟏
𝑬𝟏 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔ω𝒕 (𝒎𝑽/𝒎)
𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎

The field E2 of the beam 2: R and ϕ are reflection magnitude and phase
𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝑷. 𝑫𝟐 𝟐π
𝑬𝟐 𝒕 = 𝑹 𝒄𝒐𝒔(ω𝒕 − ϕ − δ𝒓)(𝒎𝑽/𝒎)
𝒓𝟐 λ
10
𝒓𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 + 𝜹𝒓
8.2.3 Horizontally polarized wave

The total field at B for the horizontal polarized wave:

11
8.2.3 Horizontally polarized wave

The total field at B for the horizontal polarized wave:


assume that:

We have:

𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫𝟏
𝑬= . 𝑨𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒔(ω𝒕 − 𝝍)
𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎

12
8.2.3 Horizontally polarized wave
Solve Ang and ψ, we have

Maximum field:
𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫𝟏
𝑬𝟎 = . 𝑨𝒏𝒈 mV/m
𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎

Effective field:
𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫𝟏
𝑬𝒉 = . 𝑨𝒏𝒈 mV/m
𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎
13
8.2.3 Vertically polarized wave
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
𝜶 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒈
𝒓

𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐
𝝱 = 𝞓 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒈
𝒓

Total field: Ez = E1 cos𝞪 + E2 cos𝞓

𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝑫𝟏
𝑬= 𝒄𝒐𝒔α 𝒄𝒐𝒔ωt + R cos𝞓 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔(ωt − ϕ − 𝒌δ𝒓)
𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎 𝒓𝟏+δ𝒓 𝑫𝟐

14
8.2.3 Vertically polarized wave

Assuming

𝒓𝟏 𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝒓𝟏 𝑫𝟐
𝑨𝒅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 α + 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝞓 + 𝟐𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔α 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝞓 𝒄𝒐𝒔(ϕ + 𝒌δ𝒓)
𝒓𝟏 + δ𝒓 𝑫𝟏 𝒓𝟏 + δ𝒓 𝑫𝟏

Maximum field:
𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫𝟏
𝑬𝟎 = . 𝑨𝒅 mV/m
𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎

Effective field:
𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫𝟏
𝑬𝒗 = . 𝑨𝒅 mV/m
𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎
15
8.2.4 Simplified interference-formula
We have h1, h2 << r

𝑨𝒅 = 𝑨𝒏𝒈 = 𝑨 = 𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔(ϕ + 𝒌δ𝒓)

Total field:
𝟏𝟕𝟑
𝑬𝒉 = 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫. 𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔(ϕ + 𝒌δ𝒓) mV/m
𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎

Further simplify, we have total field:


𝟑𝟒𝟔 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫 π 𝟑𝟒𝟔 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫𝟏 𝟐π𝒉𝟏𝒎𝒉𝟐𝒎
𝑬𝒉 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 δ𝒓 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 mV/m
𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎 λ 𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎 𝒓𝒎λ𝒎

With 0.95 < R < 1 and 175° < ϕ < 180°


16
8.2.4 Simplified interference-formula

If we obtain the conditions


𝟐π𝒉𝟏𝒉𝟐 π λ𝒓
≤ or h1h2 ≤ 𝟏𝟖
λ𝒓 𝟗

Vedenski formula

𝟐.𝟏𝟖 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫𝒉𝟏𝒎𝒉𝟐𝒎


𝑬𝒉 = mV/m
𝒓𝟐 λ
𝒎 𝒎

17
8.2.5 Maximum fields
We have the effective field caused by the beam 1:
𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫
𝑬𝒉𝟏 = mV/m
𝒓𝒌𝒎
Total field:
𝟑𝟒𝟔 𝑷𝒌𝑾 𝑫 𝟐π𝒉𝟏𝒎𝒉𝟐𝒎
𝑬𝒉 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 mV/m
𝒓𝟏𝒌𝒎 𝒓𝒎λ𝒎

Eh = Eh1 when: 𝟐π𝒉𝟏𝒎𝒉𝟐𝒎 λ𝒓


𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 => h1h2 = 𝟏𝟐
𝒓𝒎λ𝒎
Maximum field when:
𝟐π𝒉𝟏𝒎𝒉𝟐𝒎 λ𝒓
𝟏 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 => h1h2 = 𝟒
𝒓𝒎λ𝒎
18
8.2.6 Curve ground
Distance line-of-sight:
ro = AC + CB

𝑨𝑪 = 𝒂 + 𝒉𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒉𝟏

𝑪𝑩 = 𝒂 + 𝒉𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒉𝟐

Therefore,

ro = 𝟐𝒂 𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐

With a = 6370 km

ro = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟕 𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐 , km
19
8.2.6 Curve ground
Determine the fields using Vedenski formula, we need to
replace h1 and h2 by h’1 and h’2
𝒉′ 𝟏 = 𝒉𝟏 − δ𝒉𝟏 𝒉′ 𝟐 = 𝒉𝟐 − δ𝒉𝟐
We have
(𝑨𝟏𝑪)𝟐 (𝑪𝑩𝟏)𝟐
δ𝒉𝟏 = δ𝒉𝟐 =
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
With small distance,
𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟐
𝑨𝟏𝑪 = 𝒓 𝑩𝟏𝑪 = 𝒓
𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐
With large distance,
𝒓 𝒉𝟏 𝒓 𝒉𝟐
𝑨𝟏𝑪 = 𝑩𝟏𝑪 = 20
𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐
Problems

Modem TP-Link có công suất bức xạ 27 dBm, với anten có hệ số định hướng 7

dB, được đặt tại ban công tầng 2 với độ cao 10m.

Người dùng sử dụng laptop tại ban công tòa nhà đối diện tại độ cao 7m, cách

modem một khoảng sân bằng phẳng (R = 0.91 và ϕ =180°) với cự ly 100m.

Biết tần số sóng WIFI là 2,4GHz, xác định hệ số suy giảm do ảnh hưởng mặt đất

và tính cường độ điện trường hiệu dụng tại nơi người sử dụng.

21
Problems
Ví dụ 2:
Nguồn phát tín hiệu có công suất 37 dBm, anten phát có hệ số định hướng 7 dB,
cự ly truyền 13km.
a/ Trong điều kiện truyền lý tưởng không vật cản, không có ảnh hưởng mặt đất,
tính cường độ trường thu được tại điểm thu.
b/ Biết tín hiệu phát có tần số 2 GHz, tính bán kính miền Fresnel thứ nhất cực
đại.
c/ Với anten thu có hệ số định hướng 10 dB và cả hai anten thu phát đều có hiệu
suất 70%, tính suy hao do không gian tự do và công suất thu, bỏ qua các suy hao
ghép nối.
d/ Coi mặt đất là phẳng (R = 1, ϕ = 180°), anten phát cao 100 m, tính độ cao
anten thu để tín hiệu thu được là tối ưu.
e/ Với độ cao anten thu là 50m, coi mặt đất cong theo bán kính Trái đất (6378
km), tính cự ly truyền thông tin cực đại đạt được trong trường hợp có và không
có ảnh hưởng của tầng đối lưu.
22

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