Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Review 2016

Day 18: Marine Engineering Using ITTC Formula, you can solve RF
RF = CF (0.5ρSv2)
Resistance and Powering CF = 0.075/(LogRN-2)2
RN = [V(L)/ v]
The power required to propel a ship through water depends upon: Where:
a. The resistance offered by the water and air v = kinematic viscosity
b. The efficiency of the propulsion unit adopted Note :
c. The interaction between them 1 centistoke = 10-6 m2/s

SHIP’S TOTAL TOWING RESISTANCE: RT Froud’s Number

RT= RF + RW + RE + RA Fn = 0.3193 (V/sqrt (L) where; V is in m/s, L is in meters
Where: Fn = 0.1643 (V/sqrt (L) where; V is in kn, L is in meters
RF = Frictional Resistance Fn = 0.298 (V/sqrt (L) where; V is in kn, L is in feet
Rw = Wave Resistance
RE = Eddy Resistance Types of Speed
RA = Air Resistance VT - is the theoretical speed produced by the ship’s propeller working in an
The sum of RW and RE is known as Residuary Resistance unyielding fluid. The water just ahead of the propeller is considered to be
RF = f SV1.825 stationary.
Where: VT = P * N
0.053 Where;
f = 8.71 x 10-3 + (L-ft), (V-kts), (S- sq. ft), (RF = lbs)
L+8.8 P = Propeller pitch
0.773
f = 0.417 + L-m), (V-kts), (S- sq. m), (RF = N) N = Propeller revolutions
L+2.862
1knot (kn, kt) = 1 nmi, 0.5144 m/s, 30.8667 m/min, 101.27ft/min, 1852m/hr,
Taylor’s Wetted Surface Area 1.6878ft/s, 6076.12ft/hr
S = 15.5 (ΔL)0.5
Mass displacement-tons; Ship Speed (V) or (VS)
Ship’s length-feet; Arriving water velocity to propeller (VA) or Speed of advance of propeller
Wetted surface are-sq.ft VS - is the speed of ship working in a yielding fluid and is the speed of the ship
over the ground.
S = 2.58 (ΔL)0.5 VA - is the velocity of advance and is the speed of the ship relative to the water in
Mass displacement-tonnes; which the ship is moving. It includes current effects for and against the forward
Ship’s length-meter; motion of the ship.
Wetted surface are-sq.m Effective wake velocity (VW) = V S - VA
Wake fraction coefficient (w) = (VS – VA )/VS
Denny’s Approximation for Wetted Surface Area
S = 1.7 Ld + (Δ/d) Relationship of Froude’s and Taylor’s wake fraction
Volume displacement-cu.m;
Ship’s length-meter; draft (d)-meters; wf = (VS – VA)/VA wt = (VS – VA)/VS
Wetted surface area-sq.m Hence VA = V/(1 + wf) Hence VA = VS (1 - wt)
Or Vs = VA (1 + wf) Or VS = VA/(1 - wt)
wf = wt/(1 – wt) and wt = wf/(1 + wf)
Slip

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 Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Review 2016

Apparent Slip = (VT - VS ), kt Examples:

Apparent Slip ratio = (VT - VS)/VT
Apparent Slip ratio = [ 1-(VS/ VT) ] 1. A ship has a length 135m with a speed of 16.5 knots. Determine the total
Apparent Slip ratio may be positive or negative. It may range from -15% to +15% resistance in SW if the wetted surface area is 3175 sq.m, kinematic viscosity of
and so, depending on direction of the current, may be negative, zero or positive. 1.22 centistokes, and FW residuary resistance taken as one-thirds of SW frictional
resistance.
Real Slip = (VT - VA ), kt Ans. 242607.38 N
Real Slip ratio = (VT – VA)/ VT 2. Determine the frictional resistance of the vessel using the following data: CP
Real Slip ratio = [ 1-(VA/ VT) ] 0.83, CM 0.89, length 125m, Beam 16m, draft 8m, and speed is 18 nautical miles
per hour.
Real Slip ratio - is always a positive percentage. It is always much greater than Ans. 262,415.5 N
the Apparent Slip ratio. 3. A ship is having a wetted surface area 0f 3163sq.m., whose length is 126m,
determine the wetted surface area of a similar ship whose length is 100m.
Wake Speed Ans.1,992.32 m2
Wake speed = (VS - VA ), kt 4. A single screw ship having a block coefficient of 0.7 was found to have a speed
Wake speed fraction/coefficeint on trial of 16.06 knots. Froude wake fraction was estimated at 0.43. Estimate the
(Wt ) = (VS – VA )/ VS wake speed.
Ans. 4.83 knots
Approximation for wake fraction (Wt) by Taylor : 5. A bulk carrier has a displacement of 60 144 tonnes, a service speed of 14.80
(Wt ) = [(CB/2) – 0.05 ] VS (single screw), knots and a shaft power of 8738 KW. What is the service speed for a similar Bulk
(Wt ) = [(CB/2) – 0.2 ] VS (double screw), Carrier having displacement of 62 250 tonnes with a shaft power of 8450KW?
approximately as per D.W. Taylor Ans. 16.52 knots
6. Determine the frictional resistance of the vessel using the following data:
Froude’s Law of Comparison CP=0.83, CM=0.89. length=125m, beam=16m, draft=8m, and speed 20 knots.
If both model and ship are run in water of the same density Ans. 318 016.87N
ΔS/ ΔM = RRS/RRM = LS3/LM3=VS6/VM6 7. A ship of 1700 tonnes displacement has a speed of 20 knots. Determine the
corresponding speed in meters per second id the sister ship is 1300 tonnes
SS/SM = LS2/LM2 Ans. 14.44m/s
(PS)M/(PS)S= [ΔM/ΔS]7/6 = [LM/LS]7/2 8. Determine the Reynolds number for a 400.282 feet long ship and a speed of 15
knots if the kinematic viscosity is 1.19 centistokes.
The residuary resistances of ship (RRS) and of model (RRM) from Equation will Ans. Ans. 791,052,100.8
be in the ratio. 9. Determine the power to overcome residuary resistance at 15 knots if the total
RRS/RRM = [0.5ᵨSSVS2CRS/ 0.5ᵨSMVM2CRM] resistance is 395 KN and the frictional resistance is 27% of the total resistance.
Where; Ans. 2224.9 KW
RRS = Residuary Resistance of the ship 10. A ship has propeller diameter of 4 m with a pitch ratio of 1.2. Determine the
RRM = Residuary Resistance of the model rotational speed of the propeller if the ship has the following data :a.) Taylor’s
ΔS = Mass Displacement of the ship wake fraction, 0.4 b.) True slip,8% c.) Speed, 18 knots
ΔM = Mass Displacement of the model Ans. 1.257 rpm
LS = Length of the ship
LM = Length of the model
VS = Velocity of the ship
VM = Velocity of the model

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 Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Review 2016

Day 18

Name: Date:

Exercise Problems 1 a. 6.22 lbs b. 7.22 lbs c. 8.22 lbs d. 9.22 lbs

1. Estimate the WSA for a fully loaded General Cargo ship having a 9. A ship’s propeller has a pitch of 4.76 m and revolves at 107 rpm,
displacement of 20000 tonnes and an LBP of 135m. Assume salt water Calculate the theoretical speed Vt in knots.
conditions. a. 19.5 knots b. 16.5 knots c. 11.5 knots d. 10.5 knots
a. 4240 m2 b. 4140 m2 c. 5240 m2 d. 4230 m2 10. A propeller revolves at 120rpm. It has a pitch of 4.5m. Ship speed VS is
2. A ship model is 4.84m LBP. It is towed at a speed of 3kt. The full size ship 15.5kt. Block coefficient is 0.726. Calculate wake speed.
is to be 121m LBP. Estimate the corresponding ship’s speed in knots. a. 5.85kt b. 4.85kt c. 7.85kt d. 2.85kt
a. 15 kts b. 10 kts c. 11 kts d. 17 kts
3. Speed of a ship model is 3.3kt. Ship’s LBPis 190m. Designed service
speed of ship is to be 18kt. Using Froude’s speed–length law, estimate
the corresponding LBP of the ship model.
a. 6 m b. 7 m c. 8 m d. 5.5 m
4. A ship model is 7m LBP and is towed at 3.25kt. The prototype is 140m
LBP. Estimate the full size ship’s residual resistance if the model’s
residual resistance is 16N.
a. 128000 kg-m/s2 b. 132010 N c. 12.8 KN d. 32100 t-m/s2
5. A 7.32m ship model has a WSA of 6.31m2. It is towed in fresh water at a
speed of 3kt. The total resistance is measured on the model and found
to be 32N. Calculate RT for a ship of 144m LBP in calm water conditions.
a. 38.50N b. 32.80N c. 22.10N d. 42.20N
6. A vessel of 12400tonnes displacement is 120m long, 17.5m beam and
floats at an even keel draft of 7.5m in salt water of density
1.025tonnes/m3. The propeller has a face pitch ratio of 0.75. When the
propeller is turning at 100rpm, the ship speed (VS) is 12kt with a Real Slip
ratio of 30%, calculate velocity of advance.
a. 6.99 kts b. 8 kts c. 6.5 kts d. 9.5 kts
7. A propeller revolves at 120rpm. It has a pitch of 4.5m. Ship speed VS is
15.5kt. Block coefficient is 0.726, calculate apparent slip.
a. 0.223 b. 0.114 c. 0.456 d. 0.555

8. The ship 620 ft long has a shaft horse power of 34 000 tonnes and runs
at a speed of 20 knots. If the propulsive coefficient of this is 0.52. Find
the total resistance of a 16 ft model which has a wetted surface area of
34ft2 when run at the corresponding speed in salt water.

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 Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Review 2016

Day 18 13. Resistance which from a thin layer of fluid adheres to the surface of the
body and has no velocity relative to the body.
Bring Home Exercises a. Frictional Resistance b. Eddy Resistance
c. Appendage Resistance d.Total Resistance
1. A vessel of 12400tonnes displacement is 120m long, 17.5m beam and floats 14. This is the tow rope power of a ship in calm water conditions, without any
at an even keel draft of 7.5m in salt water of density 1.025tonnes/m3. The weather or appendage allowances.
propeller has a face pitch ratio of 0.75. When the propeller is turning at a. naked effective power b. Appendage Resistance
c. Shaft power d. Thrust power
100rpm, the ship speed (VS) is 12kt with a Real Slip ratio of 30%, calculate
15. A vessel of 12, 4000 tonnes displacement is 120 m long, 17.5 m beam and
block coeffiecient.
floats at an even keel draft of 7.5 m in salt water of density 1.025 tonnes/m3.
a. 0.558 b. 0.990 c. 0.768 d. 0.698
The propeller has a pitch ratio of 0.75. When the propeller is turning at 100
2. Apropeller revolves at 120rpm. It has a pitch of 4.5m. Ship speed VS is 15.5kt.
rpm, the ship speed VS is 12 knots with a real slip ratio of 30%. Calculate the
Block coefficient is 0.726, calculate Real Slip ratio.
bock Coefficient.
a. 0.3911 b. 0.2525 c. 0.525 d. 0.650
a. 0.0768 c. 0.768
3. A ship of 17 000 tonnes displacement has speed of 20 knots. Determine the b. 0.00768 d. 1.768
length ratio for a sister ship of 13 000 tonnes. 16. A bulk carrier has a displacement of 60, 144 tonnes, a service speed of 14.80
a. 1.0935 b.3.0935 c. 2.0935 d. 1.971 knots and a shaft power of 8738 KW. What is the service speed for a similar
4. A ship of 17000 tonnes displacement has a speed of 20 knots. Determine the Bulk carrier having a displacement of 62, 250 tonnes with a shaft power of
corresponding speed (m/s) for a sister ship of 13000 tonnes. 8450 KW?
a. 6.84 m/s b.7.84 m/s c. 8.84m/s d. 9.84 m/s
a. 10.52 knots c. 14.52 knots
5. A single screw ship having block coefficient 0.7 was found to have a speed
b. 12.52 knots d. 16.52 knots
on trial of 16.06 knots. Froude wake fraction was estimated at 0.43.
Estimate the wake speed. 17. Determine the frictional resistance of the vessel using the following data: CP
a. 5.85 kts b. 4.83 kts c. 2.50 kts d. 7.83 kts = 0.83, Cm = 0.89, length 125 m, beam 16 m, draft 8 m, and speed 18 knots.
6. Calculate the wetted surface area of a 90 m long ship with a volume a. 262415.91 c. 282415.91
displacement of 1400 m3 and a draft of 7m. b. 272415.91 d. 292415.91
a. 1151 m2 b. 2214 m2 c. 1575 m2 d. 1271 m2 18. A ship has a length of 135 m and a speed of 16.5 knots. Determine the total
7. A ship of 162 m long, having a breadth of 20 m at draft of 8m and has a block
resistance in SW if the wetted surface area is 3175 sq. m, kinematic viscosity
coefficient of 0.75. Estimate the wetted surface area.
a. 4633.2 m2 b. 2333.2 m2 c. 4423.2 m2 d. 5653.2 m2 of 1.22 centistokes, and FW residuary resistance taken as one – third of SW
8. Determine the Reynolds number for a 400.282 feet long ship and a speed of frictional resistance.
15 knots if the kinematic viscosity is 1.19 centistokes. a. 232199.225 N c. 252199.225 N
a. 782 052 105 b. 881 052 121 c. 791 022 100 d. 791 052 101 b. 262199.225 N d. 242199.225 N
9. A 120m x 20m x 8m ship has a displacement of 6000 tonnes floats on an 19. Determine the power to overcome residuary resistance at 13.5 knots if the
even keel at a draft of 4m. Find the speed of advance if the ship’s speed is 18 total resistance is 395 KN and the frictional resistance is 27% of the total
knots.
resistance.
a. 15.50 kts b. 10.25 kts c. 13.41 kts d. 17.46 kts
a. 2002.42 KW c. 4002.42 KW
10. How many pounds difference in one tone to one ton?
a. 205 b. 185 c. 212 d.156 b. 3002.42 KW d. 5002.42 KW
11. The first derivative of power with respect to time is, 20. Determine the Reynolds Number for a ship 122m long and a speed of 15
a. Enthalpy b. Work c. Energy d. Power knots if the kinematics viscosity is 1.19 centistokes.
12. A number without units, linking the speed, gravity ‘g’ and the ship’s LBP a. 751,052,100.8 c. 741,052,100.8
a. Reynold’s Number b. Froude’s Number
b. 791,052,100.8 d. 771,052,100.8
c. Friction coefficient d. admiralty coefficient

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