Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Journal of Metallurgy
Volume 2012, Article ID 303756, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/303756

Research Article
Friction Stir Welding of Al 5052 with Al 6061 Alloys

N. T. Kumbhar1 and K. Bhanumurthy2

1 Materials Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
2 Scientific Information Resource Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India

Correspondence should be addressed to K. Bhanumurthy, [email protected]

Received 29 November 2011; Accepted 19 February 2012

Academic Editor: Stan A. David

Copyright © 2012 N. T. Kumbhar and K. Bhanumurthy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

Friction stir welding (FSW), a solid-state joining technique, is being extensively used in similar as well as dissimilar joining of Al,
Mg, Cu, Ti, and their alloys. In the present study, friction stir welding of two aluminium alloys—AA6061 and AA5052—was carried
out at various combinations of tool rotation speeds and tool traverse speeds. The transverse cross-section of the weld was used
for optical as well as electron microscopy observations. The microstructural studies were used to get an indication of the extent
of material mixing both at the macro- and microscales. It was observed that, at the interface region, both materials exhibited
similar texture despite the nonrigorous mixing of the materials in the nugget. The extent of interdiffusion of alloying elements
at the interface was studied using electron probe microanalysis. The tensile testing evaluation of these specimens showed good
mechanical properties. The interdiffusion of alloying elements and development of similar orientations in the nugget could have
contributed to the better tensile properties of the friction-stir-welded AA5052-AA6061 specimens.

1. Introduction an insight into many phenomena (e.g., material flow) which

were not clear during the friction stir welding of similar Al
The joining of dissimilar materials is vital, since it is intended alloys. Many topics like variation of microhardness, material
to obtain a product having a combination of desirable prop- flow, material location, temperature distribution, residual
erties of both parent materials. The difficulties in joining stresses, and so forth, across the interface of the abutting
materials with vastly differing properties using conventional materials and their consequent effect on the mechanical pro-
fusion welding methods are well known. The selection of an perties are of interest to many researchers [1–3].
appropriate filler material (having intermediate properties) is
critical. Otherwise, the possible formation of complex, brit- Lee et al. [1] studied the dissimilar lap joint FSW of
tle, intermetallic compounds can degrade the quality of the AA5052-H112 and AA6061-T6 plates having thickness of
weld, resulting in inferior welds. Similarly, it is not straight 1 mm and 2 mm, respectively, with various tool rotation
forward to directly join these materials using solid-state join- speeds and tool traverse speeds according to the fixed loca-
ing methods—given the compatibility issues of physical pro- tion of each material on top or bottom sheet. They found that
perties of the materials as well as formation of intermetallic the interface morphologies were characterized by interface
compounds. Hence suitable interlayer which prevents the pull-up and pull-down in the advancing side and retreating
formation of intermetallic compounds is often employed in side. The thickness of the thinner AA5052 sheet lessened due
such cases. to the vertical movement of the materials. It was identified
Friction stir welding (FSW) has become an obvious that the amount of vertical transport increased and conse-
choice for welding of “difficult to weld” aluminium alloys quently the thickness of AA5052 decreased when the heat
(5xxx series) or high-strength aluminium alloys (2xxx and input was increased either by increasing the tool rotation
7xxx series). It has also facilitated welding of dissimilar speeds or by decreasing the tool traverse speeds. Joint
aluminium alloys with same ease. The dissimilar welding of strengths mainly depended on the interface morphology and
aluminium alloys has attracted more attention, since it offers vertical movement of material.
2 Journal of Metallurgy

Table 1: Chemical composition of alloying elements in the aluminium alloys (in wt.%).

Mg Si Mn Cr Ni Fe Ca Cu Zn Ti Al
AA5052 2.30 0.15 0.02 0.10 — 0.20 — 0.02 0.01 0.01 Bal
AA6061 0.92 0.60 0.06 — 0.18 0.33 0.2 — 0.03 0.02 Bal

Table 2: Mechanical properties of aluminium alloys AA5052 and equipment at the Mechanical Engineering. Deptment, Indian
AA6061. Institute of Science, Bangalore. During the experiments, a
UTS YS Elongation Hardness data logger was used to collect the data (consisting of normal
Material load, traverse load, spindle torque, etc.) from load cells
(MPa) (MPa) (%) (VHN)
attached to the equipment. The dimensions of the work-
AA5052 262 214 10 80
pieces used were 300 mm × 50 mm × 5 mm. Prior to weld-
AA6061 310 276 12 107 ing, one side of the workpieces was machined in the trans-
verse long section plane (length-thickness plane) using a
milling equipment. This facilitated a good contact of the
Park and Kim [2] investigated the effect of tool rotation mating surfaces with each other when arranged in a butt con-
speed and tool traverse speed on the stirring action and fric- figuration. The workpieces were cleaned thoroughly by ace-
tion heat during FSW experiments on dissimilar Al alloys— tone to remove any dirt, organic material, and fine particles
AA5052-O and AA6061-T6. They used a range of process left after the machining process. A commercial high speed
parameters to determine the mechanical strength of weld steel (HSS) tool, having a cylindrical geometry with 4.8 mm
nugget of the dissimilar materials. They concluded that the pin length and 6 mm pin diameter and having 25 mm
optimum conditions were a traveling speed of 61 mm/min shoulder diameter was used. The tool tilt was kept constant
and rotation speed of 1600 rpm. Their observations of the at 3◦ for all welding trials. Several FSW trials were carried out
weld surface finish and plastic flow behaviour showed that at 1120 and 1400 rpm and for various traverse speeds ranging
the stirring effect increased and number of defects decreased from 60 mm/min, 80 mm/min and 100 mm/min. Depending
when the traverse speed was decreased. on the combination of tool rotation speed and tool traverse
Park et al. [3] investigated the effect of material locations speed used, the specimens were assigned identities according
on the properties of dissimilar FSW joints of AA5052-H32 to the nomenclature (R“tool rotation speed”F“tool traverse
and AA6061-T6. They showed that the material mixing pat- speed” where R“tool rotation speed” refers to the tool rota-
terns in FSW joints vary depending on the location of base tion speed in rpm and F“tool traverse speed” refers to the
materials. For the given aluminium alloys, the materials were feed or the tool travel rate in mm/min; e.g., the process
more properly mixed when AA5052-H32 was in the advan- parameter combination of 1120 rpm and 100 mm/min is
cing side and AA6061-T6 was in the retreating side than the designated as R1120F100). The qualification of defect-free
case of AA6061-T6 in the advancing side and AA5052-H32 joints was done using X-ray radiography and dye penetration
aluminium alloy in the retreating side. It was found that for tests. It was observed that for R1400F080 specimen (welded
both combinations of material arrangement, AA5052-H32 at tool rotation speed of 1400 rpm and tool traverse speed
showed the lowest value of microhardness in the heat-affec- of 80 mm/min) defect-free joints were obtained all along the
ted zone (HAZ), which clearly explained the reasons for the interface.
fracture of tensile test specimens at the 5052-H32 side. The transverse cross-section of the weld was used for
The present study describes the microstructural devel- optical as well as electron microscopy observations. This
opment and resulting mechanical properties associated with transverse section was carefully prepared using standard
the dissimilar friction stir welding of Al alloys—AA5052 and metallographic techniques to obtain a mirror-like surface
AA6061. finish. For optical microscopy, the polished specimens were
chemically etched with an etchant to reveal the microstruc-
2. Experimental ture. The etchant used was a diluted solution of 5 mL HF +
10 mL H2 SO4 in 85 mL water. A microhardness profile was
In the present friction stir welding studies, two commercial obtained in the midthickness region across this struc-
aluminium alloys AA5052 and AA6061 were used—former ture using a load of 50 g and a 10 s dwell time. A Cameca
being a partially recrystallized solid solution-strengthened SX100 electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) equipped
aluminium alloy and latter being a precipitate-hardened alu- with three wavelength dispersive spectrometers was used at
minium alloy. The AA6061 was in the solutionized condition an operating voltage of 20 kV and regulated beam current of
(solution heat treated at 530◦ C for duration of 0.5 h, followed 20 nA for determining the chemical composition. For elec-
by water quenching), whereas the AA5052 was in the as-re- tron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), the specimens were
ceived state. The chemical composition and mechanical pro- electropolished at −40◦ C and 11 V in a solution containing
perties of these alloys are listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. 20 vol pct perchloric acid and 80 vol pct ethyl alcohol. The
The FSW experiments were carried out using a dedi- EBSD measurements were obtained on a Fei quanta-200 HV
cated, locally designed and fabricated friction stir welding SEM with TSL-OIM package. The details of the conventions
Journal of Metallurgy 3

Normal load Traverse load Spindle torque

8 1.4 50
1.2
6 40

Torque (Nm)
1

Load (kN)
Load (kN)

4 0.8 30
2 0.6 20
0.4
0 10
0.2
−2 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)

R1120F060 R1120F060 R1120F060

R1120F080 R1120F080 R1120F080
R1120F100 R1120F100 R1120F100
(a) (b) (c)
8 1.4 50
1.2 40
6

Torque (Nm)
1
Load (kN)
Load (kN)

4 0.8 30
2 0.6 20
0.4
0 10
0.2
−2 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)

R1400F060 R1400F060 R1400F060

R1400F080 R1400F080 R1400F080
R1400F100 R1400F100 R1400F100
(d) (e) (f)

Figure 1: Variation of normal load, traverse load, and spindle torque with respect to time during friction stir welding of AA6061 and AA5052
experiments at various combinations of process parameters.

adopted for EBSD data analysis and various forms of rep- found that during FSW AA5052-AA6061 trials, the normal
resentation/analysis of microtexture data are described in load was less at higher rotation speed of 1400 rpm. However
another work published by the authors [4]. no conclusive statement can be made for the normal load
Standard tensile specimen having gauge length of 25 mm at rotation speed of 1120 rpm. The traverse load was in the
and gauge width of 5 mm was cut using electrodischarge range 0.6–1.2 kN and 0.7–1.3 kN for rotation speeds of 1120
machine (EDM) from the welded plates by keeping the ten- and 1400 rpm, respectively. The spindle torque decreases
sile axis perpendicular to the welding direction. The gauge with an increase in the rotation speed. Spindle torque values
length of the tensile specimen extended from the stir zone in the traversing phase were in the range of 33–38 Nm at
into the parent material. The tensile specimens were tested 1120 rpm and 25–30 Nm at 1400 rpm. Further, it was ob-
by using screw-driven Instron machine at a strain rate of served that for a particular rotation speed, the spindle torque
10−4 s−1 . was not affected with the variation in traverse speeds (60, 80,
and 100 mm/min).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Process Parameters Optimization. The variation of nor- 3.2. Microstructural Characterization. Figure 2 shows a motif
mal load, traverse load, and spindle torque with respect to of the optical images of the cross-section of a FSW AA5052-
time during the experimental trials for FSW of AA5052- AA6061 R1400F080 specimen. The different regions of the
AA6061 is shown in Figure 1. A detailed description of the dissimilar friction stir weld are marked in the figure. It can
dynamics of variation of load (both normal and traverse) and be noticed that the interface between AA5052 and AA6061,
torque during the FSW of AA5052 is given in Section 4.1 of which initially was linear prior to welding, now has a non-
Chapter 4 of [5]. From the friction stir welding experiments linear, wavy, and distorted appearance. The interface appears
for dissimilar combination of AA5052 and AA6061, it was to be serrated throughout the thickness of the weld. This
noticed that the normal load experienced by the tool varied interface can be considered to be an imperfection and was
in the range 3.5–7 kN at rotation speed of 1120 rpm. Whereas termed as “joint-line remnant” by Threadgill [6]. It must be
at a higher rotation speed of 1400 rpm, the normal load was noted that the presence of joint-line remnant does not affect
found to decrease and was in the range 3.5–6 kN. It was the tensile properties of the welds [6]. However, with the
4 Journal of Metallurgy

Retreating side Advancing side image of a region in the nugget denoted by the rectangle “X”
is shown in Figure 3(b). Line AB in the midthickness region
AA5052 AA6061 shows the location of microhardness profile across the cross-
Nugget A Z section of friction stir welded AA5052-AA6061 R1400F080
TM
specimen. Similarly line PQ in Figure 3(b) shows the location
Base
1 mm HAZ
material
of the line profile analysis for Al Kα, Mg Kα and Si Kα, across
the AA5052-AA6061 interface shown in Figure 3(c). It was
Figure 2: Motif of optical images of the transverse cross-section noticed that the width of interdiffusion was approximately
of FSW AA5052-AA6061 R1400F080 specimen showing the various 80 μm, for a relatively small duration of annealing (approx
regions. a few minutes). In this figure the occasional spikes in the
Si Kα curve indicate the presence of Si-rich second-phase
particles. Thus it was concluded that despite the insufficient
intermixing of materials (AA5052 and AA6061) caused by
present combination of process parameters (R1400F080)
the stirring action of the tool, it did not result in a
used, macroscopic mixing of the materials (AA5052 and
simple mechanical interlocking of the aluminium alloys. It is
AA6061) was not observed in the nugget. Several researchers
observed from the EPMA profiles in Figure 3(c) that there is
[2, 7–11] have studied the formation of complex intercala-
substantial interdiffusion of the alloying elements.
tion structures consisting of swirl-like features and intermin-
gled dissimilar lamellae during the intermixing occurring in Figure 4(a) shows the inverse pole figure map of a region
FSW of dissimilar materials. Park and Kim [2] have shown at the interface of AA5052 and AA6061 in the nugget of FSW
various micrographs to illustrate the degree of material AA5052-AA6061 R1400F080 specimen. The region shows re-
mixing taking place for the same combination of aluminium fined grains in the nugget for both the aluminium alloys.
alloys (AA5052 and AA6061) using a constant rotation speed This region shown was partitioned into two regions A and
of 1250 rpm and various traverse speeds (ranging from B. Region A comprised of fine grains of AA6061 while region
15 mm/min to 507 mm/min). A primary reason for the ob- B comprised of a refined microstructure of AA5052. The ave-
served effective mixing being the use of a threaded tool for rage grain diameters for regions A and B were 11 and 20 μm,
the FSW trials. On the contrary, Colligan [12] pointed out respectively. From the chart of the {111} pole figures of these
that during the FSW process, not all the material influenced regions shown in Figure 4(b), it could be seen that the orien-
by the tool pin was stirred: much of the material movement tation distribution was similar for both the aluminium alloys.
was governed by extrusion. Most of the {111} poles were aligned in the ND direction
(i.e., parallel to the welding direction).
In the present investigation, an unthreaded tool was used.
Hence significant amount of intermixing among the two
alloys was not seen. Lorrain et al. [10] reported that the mate- 3.3. Mechanical Properties Evaluation
rial flow with an unthreaded tool had the same features as the
material flow using threaded tools: deposition of the material 3.3.1. Microhardness. Figure 5 shows the variation of micro-
at the advancing side (AS) in the upper part of the weld and hardness across the transverse cross-section of FSW AA5052-
at the retreating side (RS) in the lower part of the weld. In the AA6061 R1400F080 specimen in the midthickness region
present case, the mixing of the materials was not as effective along line AB (shown in Figure 3(a)). In the figure, the filled
as observed by Park et al. [3]. Park et al. [3] observed that the and unfilled symbols denote the microhardness values cor-
mixing of the materials was more effective when the AA5052 responding to the regions/domains of AA5052 and AA6061
was on the advancing side for the AA5052-AA6061 FSW alloys, respectively. An abrupt transition across the AA5052-
combination. In the present study, after etching, a swirl zone AA6061 interface in the nugget was observed as one proceeds
could be noticed at the bottom of the nugget zone confined to from the AA5052 towards AA6061. It must be noted that the
the AA6061 regime. This was in agreement with the results of microindentation in the nugget was performed at intervals
Ouyang and Kovacevic [7], who reported vortex-like features of 250 μm. From the EPMA profiles shown in Figure 3(c),
for FSW AA6061. The advancing side interface at the AA6061 it was observed that the width of the transition region was
side was clearly seen, but the retreating side interface at the approximately 80 μm. Hence any possible smooth change
AA5052 side was difficult to demarcate. (transition) in the microhardness was not observed using
In Figure 2 a distinct HAZ can be recognized on the the microindentation technique. The microhardness values
AA6061-side, whereas no such characteristic region is distin- remained nearly constant in the nugget and the adjoining
guishable on the AA5052 at the retreating side. AA5052 being HAZ for both the aluminium alloys (56–61 VHN in AA5052
a solid solution-strengthened alloy, no effect of heat could and 86–91 VHN in AA6061). Beyond the HAZ into the base
be observed on it near the HAZ. AA6061 is a precipitation- material region, there was a smooth transition of the micro-
hardened alloy and the effect of the heat during the defor- hardness to the parent material microhardness values—
mation process was clearly reflected in the microstructure, in decreasing from the higher hardness in the nugget at the
the form of HAZ which appeared brighter than the adjoining AA6061 side and increasing from lower hardness in the nug-
nugget and base material (BM). get at the AA5052 side.
Figure 3(a) shows the low magnification optical micro- In an earlier work [4] reported by the authors on FSW
graph of the R1400F080 specimen. A secondary electron of AA5052, it was observed that there was a slight increase
Journal of Metallurgy 5

AA5052
AA5052 AA6061

A B
P Q

X AA6061
1 mm 500 μm

(a) (b)
25000
20000

15000
Intensity (a.u.)

200

150

100

50

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Distance (μm)

Al Kα
Mg Kα
Si Kα
(c)

Figure 3: (a) Low-magnification optical micrograph of as-welded AA5052-AA6061 R1400F080 specimen. (b) Secondary electron image of
region X in (a) corresponding to the interface of AA5052 and AA6061 in the nugget. (c) Intensity profiles of Al Kα, Mg Kα and Si Kα, X-ray
lines along line PQ shown in (b).

in the microhardness at the nugget-TMAZ interface on the strength. The results for the tensile testing of FSW AA5052-
advancing side. No such distinct rise in the microhardness AA6061 specimen were found to be consistent with the re-
was noticed at the nugget-TMAZ interface on the advancing sults obtained by Park et al. [3] for the same alloy system.
side for the present work on FSW of AA5052-AA6061. According to their results, for tool rotation and traverse
speeds of 2000 rpm and 100 mm/min, respectively, the ulti-
mate tensile strength and yield strength were ∼220 MPa and
3.3.2. Tensile Testing. Figure 6 shows the results of the tensile 110 MPa, respectively. However, the % elongation was found
tests of FSW AA5052-AA6061 specimens. On the abscissa, to be higher (10–17%) compared to the present study. How-
the process parameters have been arranged in the decreasing ever, the results in the present study are comparable with
order of the weld pitch (ratio of traverse speed to rotation the work of Leitao et al. [13] on the dissimilar friction stir
speed expressed in mm/rev) implying that the heat input welding of AA5182 and AA6016, in which the % elongation
increases as one advances from the left to right. The process was obtained as 8%, and the UTS and YS were 200–220 MPa
parameters on the left result in lower heat input whereas the and 115–150 MPa, respectively.
process parameters on the right have higher heat input. It
was noticed that the R1120F100 specimen with the lowest
heat input resulted in inferior tensile properties compared 4. Conclusions
to the other specimen. The rest of the specimen gave good
(1) Friction stir welding of dissimilar materials AA5052
indication of strength (∼225 MPa) where the ultimate ten-
and AA6061 was successfully performed. It was ob-
sile strengths were comparable and the values of the yield
served that at higher rotation speeds, the normal load
strengths were in the range of 135–150 MPa. It was observed
and spindle torque requirement decreased.
that the process parameters with high heat input resulted in
good ductility (∼7%). Overall, it was observed that the use (2) The microstructural studies suggested that there was
of higher rotation speeds (1400 rpm) was essential to provide no rigorous mixing of both materials in the nugget.
good heat input and the welds thus obtained had good tensile There was an abrupt change in the microhardness
6 Journal of Metallurgy

TD Region (A) Region (B)

111 111

RD
A

Pole figure
TD TD

RD RD
111 Max = 12.3 Max = 8.45

[001] [001]
111 111

Inverse pole figure

B
001 101

001 101 001 101

100 μm
Max = 2.4 Max = 2.28

(a) (b)

Figure 4: (a) Inverse pole figure map of the region across the interface of AA5052 and AA6061 in the nugget of FSW AA5052-AA6061
specimen. (b) Chart showing the pole figure and inverse pole figures for the various regions marked in (a).

RSI ASI 12 240

100
AA5052 Nugget AA6061
10 200
Elongation (%)

Strength (MPa)
90
Microhardness (VHN)

8 160

80 6 120

4 80
70
2 40

60 0 0
R1120F100

R1120F080

R1400F100

R1400F080

R1120F060

R1400F060

50
−12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Distance from weld center (mm)
Process parameters
Figure 5: Microindentation hardness distribution across the trans-
verse cross-section of FSW AA5052-AA6061 R1400F080 specimen. Elongation
UTS
YS
across the interface in the nugget. However, electron Figure 6: The % elongation, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and
probe microanalysis results stated that there was yield strength (YS) for various combinations of process parameters
bonding at the atomic scale due to substantial inter- for friction-stir-welded AA5052-AA6061 specimens.
diffusion of alloying elements at the interface of both
the alloys in the nugget. Further, orientation imaging
microscopy at the interfacial region suggested that
have contributed to the good mechanical properties
despite the nonrigorous mixing and materials hold-
of the friction stir welded AA5052-AA6061 speci-
ing on to their domain, both the materials exhibited
mens. The tensile properties of the FSW AA5052-
similar texture.
AA6061 specimens were better than the properties of
(3) Thus the interdiffusion of alloying elements and the softest of the similar friction-stir-welded systems
attaining of similar orientations in the nugget could (i.e., FSW AA6061).
Journal of Metallurgy 7

Acknowledgments [13] C. Leitao, R. M. Leal, D. M. Rodrigues, A. Loureiro, and P.

Vilaça, “Mechanical behaviour of similar and dissimilar AA-
The authors would like to acknowledge Professor S. V. Kailas, 5182-H111 and AA6016-T4 thin friction stir welds,” Materials
Deptartment of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of and Design, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 101–108, 2009.
Science, Bangalore, for extending his support to carry out the
friction stir welding experiments. The authors acknowledge
the National Facility of Texture and OIM (a DST-IRPHA)
facility for undertaking the microtexture studies. The first
author acknowledges the fellowship provided by the Depart-
ment of Atomic Energy, India, under the Mumbai Univer-
sity—BARC collaborative research scheme. The authors like
to thank Dr. A. K. Suri, Director, Materials Group, BARC,
and Dr. G. K. Dey, Head, Materials Science Division, BARC,
for their keen interest in this work.

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Nanoscience
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Coatings
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Crystallography
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Ceramics
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Textiles
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