Objective:

Study of the multistage (cascaded) amplifier:

1- To investigate the effect of cascading on the amplifier gain.
2- To study the phase relationships between input & output.
3- To determine the range of linear operation of the amplifier.

Equipment and Components:

In this experiment we used the following Equipment & Components
1- DC power supply
2- Oscilloscope
3- Digital Multi-meter
4- Signal generator
5- Transistors(2N2222)
6- Resistances and capacitors

Theory and Background:

Multistage amplifiers can be used to realize the design specifications, which are
impossible to obtain from a single stage amplifier, specifications of an op amp.
Two amplifiers are said to operate in cascade when the output signal of the first
stage serves as the input signal to the second. Amplifiers may be coupled using:
RC-coupling, direct coupling, transformer coupling and impedance coupling.
When tow amplifiers are cascaded, their overall voltage gain and gain- bandwidth
product are greater than that of individual stages, but the bandwidth is smaller. In
cascaded amplifiers, the effect of loading of the second stage on the first must be
considered.

Circuit diagram:
+Vcc

R1 Rc1
Q1, Q2 : 2N2222 BJT's
R3 Rc2
C2 C3 Rc1=Rc2= 4.7K
V1 + V2 + Rs=10K
Vo
C1 S1 R1=R3= 47K
Rs +
Q1 Q2 R2=R4= 10K
RE1=RE2= 1K
+ C1=C2=C3=Cs1= 22µF
Vin
+

Vs R2 RE1 R4
Cs1 RE2
-

Figure (1)
Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit shown in the figure (1).
2. With no signal (v=0), make measurements of DC voltage at each
node.
3. Apply a 1kнz sine-wave signal to the amplifier.
4. Connect an oscilloscope to examine the input output waveforms set
the signal-level vs (10Mv) such that distortion in present at the outputs
of the two stages.
5. Plot and record the peak to peak voltages at vin, v1 and v2. Also
record your observations on phase shifts.

6. Calculate the voltage gains of the first and second stages and the
overall gain.
7. Disconnect the jumper wire between the first stage (figure (2)) and
second (figure(3)) and read vin and vo. Take a one snap shot of Vo then
calculate Av of each.
8. Compare the overall voltage gain of the cascade amplifier with that
resulted from the multiplication of individual gain stages voltage gain.
Are they equal? If not why?

Observations:
DC Measurements:

VB1 = 1.7 V VC1 = 4.9 V VE1 = 1.05 V

VB2 = 1.8 V VC2 = 4.67V VE2 = 1.3 V

Cascade (overall voltage gain):

Vin = 10 mV Vo1 = 2.2/2=1.1 V

Av = Vo / Vin = 1.1 V/ 10m V = 110 V/V

First Stage:
 Figure (2)

Vin = (as above) = 10 mV Vo1 = 0.7V/2=0.35 V

Av1 = V2 / Vin = 0.35 V/ 10 m V = 35 V/V

Second Stage:

Figure (2)

Vin2 = as above = 10 mV Vo = 75 mV /2=37 mV

Av2 = Vo / Vin2 = 3.7 V/V

Discussion:
Write brief report which should have objective observation and answer to the
comment following:
  Give your comments on the effect of cascading on voltage gain.
 The Cascaded Amplifier has an output voltage that is much greater
than that of a single stage amplifier.
 Give your comments on the phase shift between input and at vin and v2
&vo.
 The Phase shift between Vin and V1is 180° , And between V1 and V2 is
180° there is no phase shift between Vin and V2.
 Comment on the liner range of the circuit.
 Using the DC measurement find the BJT parameter.
In DC measurement the stage1 and stage2 are equal in parameters such as:
 BJT parameters:
Vcc−VC1 10−5.025
IC1 = = =1.0585 mA
RC 1 4.7 k
VE 1 1.069
IE1 = = =1.069 mA
ℜ1 1k
IB1 = IE1- IC2 = 1.069 – 1.05 = 11 uA
IC 1 1.0585m
B= = =96.22
IB 1 11 u
 Calculate the gains of the first, second stages and overall circuit, using.
hybrid-A model for the transistors. Compare with the excremental results.
Vin VO AV AV1 AV2 AVTOT AV compared to
AVTOT
measured 10mV 1.1 V 110 35 3.7 129 Percentage Error
was 17%
calculated 10mV 1.03V 103.3 22.7 4.55 103.33 The same since
calculated
Conclusion:
In this experiment we did the cascaded amplifier and Multi-Stage amplifier and we
amplified a 10 mV, and it was a very good amplifier and the result was good, also, there
was a phase shift between Vi and Vo, but it’s unclear to see the phase shifts because of
the oscilloscope noise and the signal were very small, but we can see it clearly in the
output. There was some error in the readings, either from the devices or personal errors.
 University Of Bahrain
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EENG262: Analog Electronics

Ex.1: Multi-Stage (Cascaded)

Amplifiers

DONE BY:
 DHEYA A.HUSSAIN RADHI 20123750
 HUSSAIN A.NABI MOH'D 20123086