Learning Content:

History of M16- Caliber 5.56mm, M16 

 
M16- Caliber 5.56mm is a family of military rifle adapted from the Armalite AR-15 rifle
for the United State military. The original M16 rifle was 5.56mm automatic rifle with 20
rounds maganize.
 
The M16 has also been widely adopted by the other armed forces. The alphabet M
stands for the model and the number designates which model it is.
 
Characteristics of M16

 lightweight
 5.56mm air cooled gas operated
 magazine- fed assault rifle with a rotating bolt
 the m16 receivers are made of 7075 aluminum alloy
 its barrel, bolt and bolt carrier of steel and its handguards, pistol grip and
buttstock of are made of plastic
 barrel Length: 20in (508mm)
 feed system: Stanag magazine 20 rounds detachable box magazine 0.211 lb
(96 )
 rate of fire: 700-950 rounds/min cyclic sustained, 45-60 rounds/min semi-
automatic.

US Rifle Caliber 5.56mm M16 A1

 Type-Assault rifle 
 Place of origin - United States
  Service history -In service since 1961–present
 Used by  United States of America, at least 73 other countries uses it 
 Wars Vietnam War – Present
 Production history- Designed in 1957
 Produced in 1960-present
 Inventor and designer- Eugene Stoner
 Number built Over 8 million

 Shoulder Weapon
 Magazine Fed
 Air Cooled
 Gas Operated
 Selective Fire

General Data
 
  

 Weight w/o magazine and sling---6.5 lbs

 Length
 Rifle w/ flash suppressor------39 inches
 Barrel w/ flash suppressor ----21 inches
 Barrel w/o flash suppressor----20 inches
 Operational
 Muzzle velocity-------3,150 ft/sec
 Cycle rate of fire ----700-800 rds/minutes
 Max rate of fire
 Semi-automatic ---45.65 rds/min
 automatic---------- 150-200rds/min
 Sustained rate of fire---15 rds/min
 Maximum range-------- 2,653 meters
 Max effective range---- 400 meters

Features
 

 Flash suppressor- for grenade launching

 Two aluminum line fiberglass hand guards to permit the air to circulate around
the barrel and to protect the gas tube.
 Hard rubber recoil attached to the butt to partially reduce the effect of the recoil 
 Forward assist assembly.
 Dust cover

TWO (2) MAIN GROUPS

 
 PARTS OF THE UPPER RECEIVER
 
Flash Suppressor Carrying handle
Barrel Charging handle
Bayonet Stud        Forward Assist
Front sight Rear  Sight
Upper Sling Bolt Assembly
Swivel
Hand guard    Dust cover
Slip Ring
 
PARTS OF THE UPPER RECEIVER
 
Flash suppressor: A flash suppressor, also known as
a flash guard, flash eliminator, flash hider, or flash cone, is a muzzle device attached
to the muzzle of a
rifle that reduces its visible signature while firing by cooling or dispersing the burning
gases that exit the muzzle, a phenomenon typical of carbine-length weapons.
 
Barrel- Each barrel is high pressure tested and magnetic particle inspected to ensure
that it is free of microstresess or flaws, resulting in consistency and quality in every
barrel shipped from the factory. The bore and chamber are chrome lined to help resist
corrosion and provide resistance to heat erosion which greatly improves barrel life and
reliable chambering or extraction.
 
Bayonet Stud- is a knife, dagger, sword or spike shaped weapon designed to fit on the
end of the muzzle of a rifle, musket or similar firearm allowing it to be used as a spear. It
was considered a primary weapon for infantry attacks.
 
Front sight-  The front sight consists of a round rotating sight post with a five position,
spring loaded detent adjustment are made by using a sharp instrument.
 
Upper Sling Swiwel-  Is a type of mounting point used for attaching slings and bipods
to rifle.
 
Hand Guard- Is a barrel shround specifically designed to allow the user a more frontal
grip of the weapon. It provides a safe heat-insulated surface for the users hand to firmly
hold onto without needling to worry about getting burned by the barrel.
 
Slip Ring- It is a metal ring mounted on but insulated from a rotating shaft. Device that
allows the transmission of power and electrical signal from a stationary to a rotating
structure.
 
Carrying handle- 
The M16 uses a carry handle because its original front sight base was tall, and since
rails (and rail risers and all that) weren't invented yet, the solution was to raise the rear
sight on a base which also happened to protect the charging handle.
  
Charging handle- The cocking handle, also known as charging handle or bolt
handle, is a device on a firearm which, when manipulated, results in the bolt being
pulled to the rear, putting the hammer or striker being put into a spring-loaded
("cocked") "ready and set" position, allowing the operator to open the breech and eject
any spent/unwanted cartridge/shell from the chamber, and then load a new round from
the magazine or belt if required.
 
Rear  Sight- The M16A2 later M16 series rifles have a dial adjustable range calibrated
rear sight, and use an elevation adjustable front sight to "zero" the rifle at a given
range. The rear sight is used for windage adjustment and to change the zero range.
 
Forward Assist- The forward assist on a firearm is a button found commonly on AR-
15 rifle derivatives, such as the M16 rifle, and is usually located near the bolt closure.
When hit, it pushes the bolt carrier forward, ensuring that the bolt is locked.
 
 Bolt Assembly- A bolt is the part of a repeating, breech-loading firearm that blocks the
rear opening (breech) of the barrel chamber while the propellant burns, and moves back
and forward to facilitate loading/unloading of cartridges from the magazine.
 
Dust cover- The dust cover seals the ejection port (which allows spent brass to exit
the upper receiver after firing) from allowing contaminants such as sand, dirt, or other
debris from entering the mechanism. Pistols - The dust cover is used to refer to the
forward part of the frame.

PARTS OF THE LOWER RECEIVER

 
Rubber recoil pad- A recoil pad is a piece of rubber, foam, leather, or other soft
material usually attached to the buttstock of a rifle or shotgun.
 
Trigger guard- A trigger guard is a loop surrounding the trigger of a firearm and
protecting it from accidental discharge.
 
Pivot/takedown pin- The Takedown Pin on an AR15 rifle is the first pin you push in
when you want to separate the lower receiver from the upper. The Takedown Pin is
located above the grip and is held in place by a small pin and spring, called the
Takedown Detent and Detent Spring, which are hidden inside the Receiver.
 
Stock- A gunstock or often simply stock, the back portion of which is also known as a
shoulder stock, ... for maximal ergonomics, and is commonly found on modern military
rifles such as the ubiquitous AK-47 and M16/M4 families of assault rifles.
 
Pistol Grip- On a firearm or other tools, a pistol grip is a distinctly protruded handle
underneath the main mechanism, to be held by the user's hand at a more vertical (and
thus more ergonomic) angle, similar to the how one would hold a conventional pistol.
  
Trigger- a small device that releases a spring or catch and so sets off a mechanism,
especially in order to fire a gun.
 
Magazine Release Button- The small button just forward of the trigger group is the
magazine release button. The magazine release is a button or paddle-style lever on
a weapon that, when depressed, releases the magazine from the weapon.
 
Hammer- The hammer is the mechanism that strikes the firing pin, which ignites the
primer charge and the propellant and sends the bullet downrange. It is held in place by
the sear. 
 
Selector level- The selector lever is located on the left side of the receiver and is
simultaneously the manual safety (selector lever in the "S" position – weapon is "safe",
"F" – "Fire", "A" – "Automatic" fire).
 
Lower Sling Swivel - A sling swivel stud, sometimes called an "Uncle Mike type
swivel", is a type of mounting point used for attaching slings and bipods to rifles. 

The class below is a rifle that is properly labeled. Do note that each side, left and right,
is labeled. Take note of each part, what it is called, and what is its function.
 
Parts of M 16 Rifle
(Right Side)

 
 
Parts of M 16 Rifle
(Right Side)
 
  

 
Parts of M 16 Rifle
(Left Side)
  
 
BOLT ASSEMBLY
  
PARTS OF THE BOLT ASSEMBLY
 
1)Firing pin
2)Retaining pin
3)Bolt Carrier
4)Bolt Cam pin
5)Bolt

CYCLES OF FUNCTIONING

The soldier must understand the rifle components and the mechanical sequence of

events during the firing cycle. The eight cycles of functioning (feeding, chambering,
locking, firing, unlocking, extracting, ejecting, and cocking) begin after the loaded
magazine has been inserted in the weapon.

1. FEEDING
2. CHAMBERING
3. LOCKING
4. FIRING
5. UNLOCKING
6. EXTRACTING
7. EJECTING
8. COCKING

Feeding (Figure 1). As the bolt carrier group moves rearward, it engages the

buffer assembly and compresses
the action spring into the lower receiver extension. When the bolt carrier group
clears the top of the magazine, the expansion
of the magazine spring forces the follower and a new round up into the path of
the forward movement of the bolt. The expansion
of the action spring sends the buffer assembly and bolt carrier group forward with
enough force to strip a new round from the magazine.
(https://www.bevfitchett.us/rifle-marksmanship-m16a1/cycles-of-functioning.html)
(Figure 1)

Chambering (Figure 2). As the bolt carrier group continues to move forward, the
face of the bolt thrusts the new round into the chamber. At the same time, the
extractor claw grips the rim of the cartridge, and the ejector is compressed.
(https://www.bevfitchett.us/rifle-marksmanship-m16a1/cycles-of-functioning.html)

(Figure 2)

Locking (Figure 3). As the bolt carrier group moves forward, the bolt is kept in its
most forward position by the bolt cam pin riding in the guide channel in the upper
receiver. Just before the bolt locking lugs make contact with the barrel extension,
the bolt cam pin emerges from the guide channel. The pressure exerted by the
contact of the bolt locking lugs and barrel extension causes the bolt cam pin to
move along the cam track (located in the bolt carrier) in a counterclockwise
direction, rotating the bolt locking lugs in line behind the barrel extension locking
lugs. The rifle is ready to fire. (https://www.bevfitchett.us/rifle-marksmanship-
m16a1/cycles-of-functioning.html)

(Figure 3)

Firing (Figure 4). With a round in the chamber, the hammer cocked, and the
selector on SEMI, the firer squeezes the trigger. The trigger rotates on the trigger
pin, depressing the nose of the trigger, and disengaging the notch on the bottom
of the hammer. The hammer spring drives the hammer forward. The hammer
strikes the head of the firing pin, driving the firing pin through the bolt into the
primer of the round. When the primer is struck by the firing pin, it ignites and
causes the powder in the cartridge to ignite. The gas generated by the rapid
burning of the powder forces the projectile from the cartridge and propels it
through the barrel. After the projectile has passed the gas port (located on the
upper surface of the barrel under the front sight, Figure 4-5) and before it leaves
the barrel, some gas enters the gas port and moves into the gas tube. The gas
tube directs the gas into the bolt carrier. It passes through the key downward into
a space between the rear of the carrier's bolt cavity and the rear of the bolt itself.
The gas then expands. The bolt is locked into the barrel extension and unable to
move forward, and the carrier is thus forced to the rear by the expanding gas.
(https://www.bevfitchett.us/rifle-marksmanship-m16a1/cycles-of-functioning.html)

(Figure 4)

Unlocking (Figure 5). As the bolt carrier moves to the rear, the bolt cam pin
follows the path of the cam track (located in the bolt carrier). This action causes
the cam pin and bolt assembly to rotate simultaneously until the locking lugs of
the bolt are no longer in line behind the locking lugs of the barrel extension.
(https://www.bevfitchett.us/rifle-marksmanship-m16a1/cycles-of-functioning.html)

(Figure 5)

Extracting (Figure 6). The bolt carrier group continues to move to the rear. The
extractor (which is attached to the bolt) grips the rim of the cartridge case, holds
it firmly against the face of the bolt, and withdraws the cartridge case from the
chamber. (https://www.bevfitchett.us/rifle-marksmanship-m16a1/cycles-of-
functioning.html)

(Figure 6)

Ejecting (Figure 7). With the base of a cartridge case firmly against the face of
the bolt, the ejector and ejector spring are compressed into the bolt body. As the
rearward movement of the bolt carrier group allows the nose of the cartridge
case to clear the front of the ejection port, the cartridge is pushed out by the
action of the ejector and spring. (https://www.bevfitchett.us/rifle-marksmanship-
m16a1/cycles-of-functioning.html)

(Figure 7)
 Cocking (Figure 8). The rearward movement of the bolt carrier overrides the
hammer, forcing it down into the receiver and compressing the hammer
spring, cocking the hammer in the firing position. The action of the rifle is much
faster than human reaction; therefore, the firer cannot release the trigger fast
enough to prevent multiple firing. (https://www.bevfitchett.us/rifle-marksmanship-
m16a1/cycles-of-functioning.html)

(Figure 8) https://www.bevfitchett.us/rifle-marksmanship-m16a1/cycles-of-
functioning.html

 
 
ASSEMBLY

1. Assemble the bolt carrier group

2. Replace the charging handle in the upper receiver group
3. Place the two receiver together and reset the pivot pin 
4. Cock the hammer to ensure the selector lever is at safe and proper position
 DISASSEMBLY
 
1. Remove the sling
2. Turn the weapon on its right side and press on     the takedown pin
3. Press the receiver pivot pin  and separate the   receiver group
4.   Work on the upper receiver group
5. Keep the muzzle on the left
6. Withdraw the bolt carrier from the receiver
7. Disassembly the bolt carrier group
8. Work on the lower receiver group

Caliber 45

HISTORY OF CALIBER .45 Pistol

 
The .45 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol) or .45 Auto (11.43×23mm) is a rimless straight-
walled handgun cartridge designed by John Moses Browning in 1904, for use in his
prototype Colt semi-automatic pistol. After successful military trials, it was adopted as
the standard chambering for Colt's M1911 pistol.

Definition:

 Caliber 45- of or relating to the bore of a gun (or its ammunition) that measures
forty-five hundredths of an inch in diameter. .45 caliber, .45-caliber, .45-calibre.

 
Why is it called caliber 45?
 

 The .45 ACP (not to be confused with .45 colt) cartridge is a very

popular caliber due to its low velocity and relatively high stopping power.
This caliber is associated most with the Colt M1911, logically, as ACP literally
means 'Automatic Colt Pistol'.

 
 Primary function: Semiautomatic pistol
Length: 8.625 inches (21.91 centimeters)
Length of barrel: 5.03 inches (12.78 centimeters)
Weight:
Magazine empty: 2.5 pounds (1.14 kg)
Magazine loaded: 3.0 pounds (1.36 kg)
Bore diameter: .45 caliber
Maximum effective range: 82.02 feet (25 meters)
Muzzle velocity: 830 feet (253 meters) per second
Magazine capacity: 7 rounds
Unit Replacement Cost: $242
 Handguns are handheld short-barreled firearms. The picture below shows
the common components found on a pistol and a revolver.
 Breakdown of the basic components of a Firearm.
 Bore: The bore in the inside of the buns barrel through which the projectile
travels when fired.
 Breech: The Breech is the area of the firearm that contains the rear end of
the barrel, where the cartridge is inserted.

 Cylinder: The Cylinder is the part of a revolver that holds cartridges in
separate chambers. The Cylinder of a revolver rotates as the gun is cocked,
bringing each chamber into alignment with the barrel


 Grip: The Grip is the portion of a handgun that’s used to hold the firearm.
 Hammer: The Hammer on a revolver is the part that strikes the firing pin or
the cartridge primer directly, detonating the primer which discharges the
gun.
 Magazine: A Magazine is a spring-operated container, that can be fixed or
detachable, which holds cartridges for a repeating firearm.
 Muzzle: The muzzle of a gun is the front end of the barrel where the
projectile exits the firearm.
 Trigger: The Trigger is the lever that’s pulled or squeezed to initiate the
firing process.
 Trigger Guard: The trigger guard is the portion of a firearm that wraps
around the trigger to provide both protection and safety.
 Functions


- 45 caliber semiautomatic pistol M1911A1 is a recoil-operated hand

weapon. It is a magazine-fed semiautomatic weapon, which fires one round
each time the trigger is squeezed once the hammer is cocked by prior
action of the slide or thumb. ... The hammer remains in the fully cocked
position once the safety is activated. Jan 20, 1999

Ammunition of Caliber 45

Thank you for reading. Let us pray.

In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen

Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit. As it was, in the
beginning, is now and will be forever. AMEN
In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen