Immunization and Vaccination

Document Number PEC-HS-GDE-X-15756
Revision 0
Applicability ALL
Document Type Guidelines
Immunization & Vaccination
REVISION / APPROVAL HISTORY
0 12- Apr-2017 First Issue Ronald Irshad Nazih

Thomas Ataya
Laghari
Rev Date Description of Change Developer Reviewer Approver
Documented Information of approvals are retained in QMS
Page 1 of 33
Document Number Document Title Revision
PEC-HS-GDE-X-15756 Immunization & Vaccination 0
CONTENTS
1.0 PURPOSE................................................................................................................... 5
2.0 SCOPE........................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Effective applicable date of this document...............................................................5
3.0 DEFINITIONS/ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................5
4.0 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 5
5.0 RESPONSIBILITY & AUTHORITY..............................................................................5
6.0 DESCRIPTION............................................................................................................ 5
6.1 Immunization Concept.............................................................................................5
6.2 Immunization & Vaccination Procedures..................................................................6
6.2.1 General Principles of Immunization...................................................................6
6.3 Types of Vaccines....................................................................................................7
Refer to Appendix 9.1.........................................................................................................7
6.3.1 Live Attenuated Vaccines:.................................................................................7
6.3.2 Inactivated Viral or Bacterial Vaccines:.............................................................7
6.3.3 Toxoid Vaccines................................................................................................8
6.4 Vaccine Administration.............................................................................................8
6.4.1 Employee Preparation for Vaccination:.............................................................8
6.4.2 Screening.......................................................................................................... 8
6.4.3 Employee Education.........................................................................................8
6.4.4 A Traumatic Care..............................................................................................8
6.5 Infection Control.......................................................................................................8
6.5.1 Hand washing...................................................................................................9
6.5.2 Gloving.............................................................................................................. 9
6.5.3 Needle stick injuries..........................................................................................9
6.5.4 Equipment disposal...........................................................................................9
6.6 Vaccine Preparation.................................................................................................9
6.6.1 Equipment selection..........................................................................................9
6.6.2 Inspecting vaccine............................................................................................9
6.6.3 Reconstitution...................................................................................................9
6.6.4 Prefilling syringes............................................................................................10
6.6.5 Labeling.......................................................................................................... 10
6.7 Routes of Administration........................................................................................10
6.7.1 Subcutaneous injections (SC).........................................................................10
6.7.2 Intramuscular injections (IM)...........................................................................10
6.8 Vaccine Management and Cold Chain...................................................................11
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6.8.1 Vaccine Storage and the Cold Chain..............................................................11

6.8.2 Vaccine Storage Equipment............................................................................12
6.9 Vaccine Cold Chain Monitors.................................................................................13
6.9.1 Cold Chain Monitor Card (CCM).....................................................................13
6.9.2 Cold chain refrigerator and freezer graph........................................................14
6.9.3 Freezer indicators...........................................................................................15
6.9.4 The vaccine vial monitor.................................................................................15
6.10 Key points for handling and storing vaccines......................................................16
6.10.1 Ordering vaccines...........................................................................................16
6.10.2 Receiving vaccines.........................................................................................16
6.11 Immunization information system.......................................................................17
6.11.1 General recommendations..............................................................................17
6.11.2 Basic recording tools.......................................................................................17
6.11.3 Immunization Register....................................................................................17
6.11.4 Employee immunization card..........................................................................18
6.11.5 Tally sheets.....................................................................................................18
6.12 Vaccination Adverse Events reporting form........................................................18
6.13 System for tracking defaulters............................................................................19
6.13.1 Electronic tracking system..............................................................................19
6.13.2 Reporting immunization services....................................................................19
6.14 Vaccines.............................................................................................................19
6.14.1 BCG Vaccine..................................................................................................19
6.14.2 Hepatitis-B......................................................................................................20
6.14.3 Hepatitis-A......................................................................................................20
6.14.4 Diphtheria........................................................................................................20
6.14.5 Pertussis.........................................................................................................20
6.14.6 Tetanus...........................................................................................................20
6.14.7 Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus..................................................................21
6.14.8 Poliomyelitis....................................................................................................21
6.14.9 Haemophilus Influenza / Influenza..................................................................21
6.14.10 Pneumococcal Vaccine...............................................................................22
6.14.11 Measles, Mumps and Rubella.....................................................................22
6.14.12 Varicella vaccine..........................................................................................23
6.14.13 Meningococcal vaccine...............................................................................23
6.14.14 Rotavirus vaccine........................................................................................24
6.14.15 Typhoid vaccine...........................................................................................24
6.14.16 Human Papillomavirus (HPV):.....................................................................24
6.14.17 Rabies vaccine............................................................................................25
6.14.18 Yellow fever vaccine....................................................................................25
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6.15 Immunization adverse effects.............................................................................26

6.15.1 Vaccine reactions............................................................................................26
6.15.2 Common, minor vaccine reactions..................................................................26
6.15.3 Local reactions................................................................................................27
6.15.4 Systemic reactions..........................................................................................27
7.0 DOCUMENTED INFORMATION TO BE RETAINED (RECORDS)...........................27
8.0 FLOWCHART...........................................................................................................27
9.0 APPENDICES........................................................................................................... 27
9.1 Types of vaccines..................................................................................................27
9.2 Common minor vaccine reactions and treatments.................................................28
9.3 Monthly Tally Sheet for Immunization....................................................................29
9.4 Petrofac Refrigerator Temperature Chart...............................................................30
9.5 Immunization Schedule..........................................................................................31
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1.0 PURPOSE
In an effort to enhance employee safety, better healthcare with the focus on prevention
and cure, Petrofac facilitates employees with the improved level of safety and quality
immunization services at all times, through the development and enforcement of
required standards for vaccines. Petrofac along with other concerned departments
developed this vaccination service procedure with aim to regulate immunization
practice and vaccination against the communicable diseases.
2.0 SCOPE
This document is aimed at providing information on clinical aspects of vaccines and
immunization for all Petrofac employees. This document covers Immunization &
Vaccination Procedures, Types of Vaccines, Vaccine Administration, Vaccine
Preparation, Vaccine Management and Cold Chain, Immunization Information System
and Immunization adverse effects. This guidelines will applicable to all Petrofac clinics
of E&C and EPS East.
2.1 Effective applicable date of this document

This document will be applicable from the date of approval
3.0 DEFINITIONS/ABBREVIATIONS
Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease

Vaccine: A product that stimulates a person’s immune system to
produce immunity to a specific disease
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce
immunity to a specific disease
Immunization: A process by which a person becomes protected against a
disease through vaccination
4.0 REFERENCES
Ministry of Health (http://www.moh.gov.ae/ar/pages/default.aspx)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (http://www.cdc.gov/)
World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/en/)
National Network for Immunization Information (http://www.immunizationinfo.org/)
5.0 RESPONSIBILITY & AUTHORITY
The roles and responsibilities of key project personnel with respect to implementation
of the Adult Immunization are Health Team under the supervision of Director of
HSSE/our Health & Medical Services Department.
6.0 DESCRIPTION
6.1 Immunization Concept
Immunization is a form of preventive medicine. It prepares the body to fight against

infection. Its aim is to protect individuals and communities from infectious diseases.
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Immunization is one of the most successful and cost-effective public health

interventions. Globally, it prevents an estimated 2.5 million deaths every year in all age
groups from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. Small pox has already been
eradicated and Polio is the next disease targeted for eradication using vaccines and is
to be followed by Measles.
Immunization operates on the premise that once you have had a disease, you are
unlikely to contract it again. Through injections, oral drops or scratches on the skin, the
body is exposed to weakened or dead disease-producing microorganisms or to the
toxins they produce. This will cause the individual to develop the same antibodies and
antitoxins that would have been developed if the person had actually contracted
the disease, in order to fight the disease. Once the body has been exposed to an
infection, the immune system will "recognize" if the disease were to recur, and produce
antibodies or antitoxins to destroy the infection. The body has to be exposed to
infection once for the immune system to recognize it. This is done through
immunization.
Disease prevention results in substantial cost savings whether measured by personal,

family, insurer or community expenditures. Vaccines reduce the need for visits to
physician’s offices, and hospital admissions.
6.2 Immunization & Vaccination Procedures

6.2.1 General Principles of Immunization
Immunobiologics – all biological material involved in the production of specific immune

state against a specific infection.
Immunobiologics function on one of two principles
Active immunization
Active immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune

system to produce antibodies to that disease. Exposure to the disease organism can
occur through infection with the actual disease (resulting in natural immunity), or
introduction of a killed or weakened form of the disease organism through
vaccination (vaccine-induced immunity). Either way, if an immune person comes into
contact with that disease in the future, their immune system will recognize it and
immediately produce the antibodies needed to fight it. Active immunity is long-lasting,
and sometimes life-long.
The product being used may be any of the following:
Vaccine
A suspension of either whole or part of an organism that is used to induce

immunity against a specific infectious disease when injected, inhaled or ingested
is called a vaccine e.g. Influenza vaccine.
Toxoid
Toxoid is a modified microbial toxin that still retains its antigenicity and is able to
stimulate immunity to a relevant toxin. Common toxoids are Tetanus toxoid.
Passive immunization
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Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather

than producing them through his or her own immune system.However, passive
immunity lasts only for a few weeks or months. Only active immunity is long-lasting.
These antibodies are provided generally in any of the following forms:
Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin is a preparation derived from a large pool of human plasma that

contains a specified amount of preformed antibodies to a variety of common
infectious diseases including Measles, Diphtheria, and Polio. It also contains a
variable amount of antibodies to several other common infections like varicella and
hepatitis B. Immunoglobulins can be administered either intravenously or
intramuscularly depending on the exact formulation. There is generally a higher
incidence of allergic reactions with immunoglobulins.
Specific Immunoglobulin
Specific immunoglobulin are special preparations that are very high in antibody
content against a particular disease are also available. They are prepared using
only immunized donors or individuals recovering from a recent infection. Common
examples include Tetanus Immunoglobulin. They are always given intra-
muscularly.
Antitoxins
Antitoxins are antibodies to specific bacterial toxins that have been derived from
animals. Examples include diphtheria and botulinum anti toxins.
6.3 Types of Vaccines

Refer to Appendix 9.1
6.3.1 Live Attenuated Vaccines:
Live, attenuated vaccines contain a version of the living microbe that has been
weakened in the lab so it can’t cause disease. Because a live, attenuated vaccine is
the closest thing to a natural infection, these vaccines are good “teachers” of the
immune system: They elicit strong cellular and antibody responses and often confer
lifelong immunity with only one or two doses.
Live attenuated vaccines cannot be given to immuno-compromised individuals or

their close contacts, or during pregnancy. Examples of live attenuated vaccines are:
measles, mumps, and rubella, polio, and varicella vaccines
6.3.2 Inactivated Viral or Bacterial Vaccines:
Inactivated vaccines were produced by killing the disease-causing microbe with

chemicals, heat, or radiation. Such vaccines are more stable and safer than live
vaccines: The dead microbes can’t mutate back to their disease-causing state.
Inactivated vaccines usually don’t require refrigeration, and they can be easily stored
and transported in a freeze-dried form, which makes them accessible to people in
developing countries. It would likely take several additional doses, or booster shots,
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to maintain a person’s immunity. Examples include hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HPV,

inactivated polio and tetanus vaccines
6.3.3 Toxoid Vaccines
For bacteria that secrete toxins, or harmful chemicals, a toxoid vaccine might be the
answer. These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness.
It was found that they can inactivate toxins by treating them with formalin, a solution
of formaldehyde and sterilized water. Such “detoxified” toxins, called toxoids, are
safe for use in vaccines.
When the immune system receives a vaccine containing a harmless toxoid, it learns
how to fight off the natural toxin. The immune system produces antibodies that lock
onto and block the toxin. Vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus are examples of
toxoid vaccines.
6.4 Vaccine Administration

Appropriate vaccine administration is critical to vaccine effectiveness. The following
information provides general guidelines for administration of vaccines for those who
administer vaccines. This information should be used in conjunction with professional
standards for medication administration and vaccine manufacturer’s product
guidelines.
6.4.1 Employee Preparation for Vaccination:
Employees should be prepared for vaccination with consideration for their age.
Patients should be encouraged to take an active role before, during and after the
administration of vaccines.
6.4.2 Screening
Any employee to receive vaccine should be screened for contraindications and

precautions for each scheduled vaccine.
6.4.3 Employee Education
Healthcare professionals should be prepared to discuss the benefits and risks of

vaccines using Vaccine Information Statements (VIS) and other reliable resources.
6.4.4 A Traumatic Care
Healthcare providers need to utilize a variety of techniques to minimize the stress

and discomfort associated with receiving injections.
6.5 Infection Control
Healthcare professionals should follow Standard Precautions to minimize the risks of

spreading disease during vaccine administration.
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6.5.1 Hand washing
Hands should be washed thoroughly with soap and water or cleansed with an
alcohol-based waterless antiseptic, before vaccine preparation or any time hands
become soiled.
6.5.2 Gloving
Gloves are not required to be worn when administering vaccines unless the person
administering the vaccine is likely to come into contact with potentially infectious
body fluids or has open lesions on the hands.
6.5.3 Needle stick injuries
Needle stick injuries should be reported immediately to the site supervisor, with
appropriate care and follow-up given as directed by the institution guidelines.
6.5.4 Equipment disposal
All used syringe/needle devices should be placed in puncture proof containers to

prevent accidental needle sticks and reuse. Empty or expired vaccine vials are
considered medical waste and should be disposed according to local regulatory
authority guidance.
6.6 Vaccine Preparation
6.6.1 Equipment selection
Syringe Selection - A separate needle and syringe should be used for each injection.
A parenteral vaccine may be delivered in either a 1-mL or 3-mL syringe as long as
the prescribed dosage is delivered.
Needle Selection - Vaccine must reach the desired tissue site for optimal immune
response. Therefore, needle selection should be based upon the prescribed route,
size of the individual, volume and viscosity of the vaccine, and injection technique.
6.6.2 Inspecting vaccine
Each vaccine vial should be carefully inspected for damage or contamination prior to
use. The expiration date printed on the vial or box should be checked. Vaccine can
be used through the last day of the month indicated by the expiration date unless
otherwise stated on the package labeling. Expired vaccine should never be used.
6.6.3 Reconstitution
Some vaccines are prepared in a lyophilized form that requires reconstitution, which
should be done according to manufacturer guidelines. Diluent solutions vary; use
only the specific diluent supplied for the vaccine. Once reconstituted, the vaccine
must be either administered within the time guidelines provided by the manufacturer
discarded. Changing the needle after reconstitution of the vaccine is not necessary
unless the needle has become contaminated or bent.
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6.6.4 Prefilling syringes
Filling syringes in advance is strongly discouraged, because of the increased risk of

administration errors, and possible contamination in vaccines that do not contain a
preservative. Syringes other than those filled by the manufacturer are designed for
immediate administration, not for vaccine storage. Only in certain circumstances,
more than one syringe can be filled. One person should prefill only a few
syringes at a time, and the same person should administer them. Any syringes left at
the end of the clinic day should be discarded. Under no circumstances should MMR,
varicella, or zoster vaccines ever be reconstituted and drawn prior to the immediate
need for them. These live virus vaccines are unstable and begin to deteriorate as
soon as they are reconstituted with diluent.
6.6.5 Labeling
Once a vaccine is drawn into a syringe, the content should be indicated on the
syringe. There are a variety of methods for identifying or labeling syringes (e.g. keep
syringes with the appropriate vaccine vials, place the syringes in a labeled partitioned
tray or use color coded labels or (preprinted labels).
6.7 Routes of Administration
6.7.1 Subcutaneous injections (SC)
Sub-Q or SC injections are administered into the fatty tissue found below the dermis
and above muscle tissue.
Site-Subcutaneous tissue can be found all over the body. The usual sites for vaccine
administration on upper outer triceps of the arm (for Adults).
Needle Gauge & Length - SQ injections can be achieved using 5/8-inch, 23-to 25-
gauge needle.
Technique - Follow standard medication administration guidelines for site

assessment/selection and site preparation. However, care should be taken to avoid
the routine use of alcohol swabs to prepare the injection site since it can reduce the
affectivity of the vaccine.
To avoid reaching the muscle, pinch up the fatty tissue, insert the needle at a 45°
angle and inject the vaccine into the tissue. Withdraw the needle and apply light
pressure to the injection site for several seconds with a dry cotton ball or gauze.
6.7.2 Intramuscular injections (IM)
IM injections are administered into muscle tissue below the dermis and subcutaneous
tissue.
Site - Although there are several IM injection sites on the body, the recommended IM
site for vaccine administration the deltoid muscle (upper arm). The site depends on the
age of the individual and the degree of muscle development.
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Needle Gauge - needle size 23- to 25-gauge is recommended for intramuscular

injection.
Needle Length - For all intramuscular injections; decision on needle size and site of
injection must be made for each person on the basis of the size of the muscle, the
thickness of adipose tissue at the injection site, the volume of the material to be
administered, injection technique, and the depth below the muscle surface into which
the material is to be injected.
Adults, the deltoid muscle is recommended for routine intramuscular vaccinations. The
anterolateral thigh also can be used. For men and women weighing less than 130 lbs
(60kg) a 5/8-1-inch needle is sufficient to ensure intramuscular injection. For women
weighing 130-200lbs (60-90 kg) and men 130-260 lbs (60-118kg), a 1-1½-inch needle
is needed. For women weighing more than 200 lbs (90 kg) or men weighing more than
260 lbs (118 kg), a 1½-inch needle is required.
Technique - Follow standard medication administration guidelines for site

assessment, selection and site preparation. However, care should be taken to avoid
the routine use of alcohol swabs to prepare the injection site as it can reduce the
affectivity of the vaccine.
To avoid injection into subcutaneous tissue, spread the skin of the selected vaccine
administration site taut between the thumb and forefinger, isolating the muscle.
Another technique, acceptable mostly for pediatric and geriatric patients, is to grasp
the tissue and “bunch up” the muscle.
Insert the needle fully into the muscle at a 90° angle and inject the vaccine into the
tissue.
Withdraw the needle and apply light pressure to the injection site for several seconds
with a dry cotton ball or gauze.
Aspiration is the process of pulling back on the plunger of the syringe and should be
performed prior to injection to ensure that the medication is not injected into a blood
vessel. Although this practice is advocated by some experts, the procedure is not
required because no large blood vessels exist at the recommended injection sites.
6.8 Vaccine Management and Cold Chain

6.8.1 Vaccine Storage and the Cold Chain
It is an organized system composed of people, equipment and procedures aimed to

maintain and monitor vaccines at an acceptable temperature from the manufacturer to
the persons who are to be vaccinated so as to preserve safety, efficacy and potency of
the vaccine.
Anyone handling vaccination is responsible for their potency, at each step in transport,
storage and administration of vaccines. Vaccines are delicate biological substances
that can become less effective or destroyed if they are frozen, exposed to heat or
direct sunlight or fluorescent light.
Generally, vaccines must be strictly maintained at a temperature between 2°C and

8°C. The Cold Chain reaches from the manufacturer to the recipient needs
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6.8.2 Vaccine Storage Equipment
Refrigerator has two compartments: the main compartment and the freezer.
The main compartment is where vaccines are stored. It should work at temperatures
between 0°C and +8°C. The freezer is where ice is made; it works at temperatures
below freezing point. To ensure that the refrigerator works well; it should be loaded
and used correctly, and desired temperature should be maintained and monitored
continuously.
Loading and using the refrigerator
 The vaccines should be kept on the top and middle shelves of the main
compartment.
 The vaccines should be stacked carefully so that air can circulate between the boxes.
 In standard refrigerators, plastic bottles of water or spare ice packs should be kept on
the lower shelf of the main compartment; this helps to maintain the refrigerator
working a constant temperature.
 The diluent water, used to reconstitute vaccines such as measles vaccine, should be
kept in the main compartment with the vaccine.
 A special box in the main compartment should be used for keeping returned vaccines
that has been taken to an immunization session in a vaccine carrier.
 Ice packs and ice cubes should be kept in the freezer.
 Absolutely, no food or drink should be kept in the vaccine refrigerator.
 Vaccines should never be stacked on the shelves of the refrigerator door because
this area is not cold enough.
 Expired and partially used vaccines should never be kept in the refrigerator and
should be discarded immediately.
 In case they have to be saved for replacement or documentation; they have to be

marked clearly and kept somewhere else outside the refrigerator.
 The refrigerator door should be kept closed. Opening the refrigerator door should be
limited to no more than two to three times a day and should be closed quickly. Thus,
planning ahead of time is essential to avoid unnecessary prolonged or frequent
opening of the refrigerator door
 Vaccine refrigerator should be defrosted regularly. Newer refrigerators specific for
vaccines usually are equipped with auto-defrost.
Maintaining and monitoring the temperature of the main compartment
 The refrigerator is equipped with a thermostat to control the refrigerator temperature.

The thermostat is adjusted using a knob in the main compartment. The knob has
numbers 1-6 or 1-7, and an arrow to show which number is currently in use. Higher
numbers indicate colder temperature.
 A thermometer should be used to measure the refrigerator temperature continuously;
this should be kept in the main compartment.
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 The refrigerator temperature should be checked twice daily, once in the morning and
once in the afternoon, and should be recorded. The temperature record should be
kept on top of the refrigerator or on the outside of the refrigerator door.
 It is advisable to assign one person to be in charge for the vaccine refrigerator
temperature checks and records. However, all staff who use the vaccine refrigerator
should be aware of these checks and records, and recognize any temperature
default and what actions to take.
Vaccine carriers are containers made of insulation material (Figure 4). They are
used for carrying and storing small quantities of vaccines during transportation and
immunization sessions. Ice packs are used in vaccine carriers to preserve
temperature. Care should be taken to avoid direct contact of certain vaccines vials,
including DTP/DTap, DT, Td, TT, Hib, HBV, and pneumococcal vaccines, with ice
packs.
Ice packs are flat plastic bottles filled with water or gel (Figure 5). They are used for
lining the walls of cold boxes and vaccine carriers to keep them cold, and in vaccine
refrigerator to help to stabilize its temperature and to maintain a safe temperature
level for longer period of time in case of electricity failure. When fillingice packs with
water, they should not be filled all the way to the brim; air space should be left to
allow ice expansion. Salt should not be added to the water as it lowers the
temperature to sub-zero temperature; which is not recommended for some vaccines
that should not be exposed to freezing point including DTP, DTap, DT, Td, TT, Hib,
and pneumococcal vaccine. Ice packs should be loosely packed in deep freezer or
freezer compartment in upright or oblique position; they should not be stacked on top
of each other to avoid cracking the freezer compartment. Any damaged or leaking ice
packs should not be used and should be replaced.
Cold boxes are used to collect and transport large quantities of vaccines for health
centers and regional store. Cold boxes can be used to store vaccines for several
days (maximum 144 hours or 6 days without opening the box) in case of electricity
failure. Ice packs (24 packs) are usually required to maintain desired temperature in
the ice box.
6.9 Vaccine Cold Chain Monitors

6.9.1 Cold Chain Monitor Card (CCM)
CCM was introduced to monitor international shipment of vaccines. WHO

recommends one card per shipping box containing 3000 doses. The monitor card
has two heat-sensitive indicators in the form of as trip with 4 windows. The first
indicator is for the A, B, and C windows, and the second one is for the D window.
They are separate because they are activated by different temperatures. The
instructions for interpreting the readings are printed on the monitor card
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To activate the card a small tab on the left hand side of the strip should be pulled out.
When the strip is exposed to temperature above 10°C; a blue color begins to appear
in the first window, marked ‹A›. If the temperature then drops below 10°C the blue
color stops spreading to next window. Each time the strip is exposed to temperatures
above 10°C the blue color will spread further across the windows from A to C. The
color change is irreversible. When the card is exposed to temperature above 34°C;
the window labeled D turns blue within one hour. Once the color has changed to blue
it will never change back to white
There is usually one monitor card packed with each shipment of 3,000 doses of
vaccine. When the vaccine arrives at each level, central or regional stores the
distributor should check the monitor card for any blue color on the strip. If there is no
blue color, it means that this shipment of vaccine has never been exposed to
temperature above 10 C. The distributor should fill in top part of the monitor card with
the date of arrival of the shipment, the name, the location of the cold store and mark
the index column. In case there is no blue color showing in any of the windows, a
dash filled in the index column. If window A is entirely blue, the letter “A” should be
written in the index column. If window A & B are entirely blue, the letters “A & B”
should be written and so on. If any window is partially blue it should be documented
in the index column.
The monitor cards should always be kept in the cold room or refrigerator, along with
the vaccines with which they are originally packed with. The card should be checked
periodically for any color changes and appropriate actions must be taken when there
is blue color showing in any of the cards. The distributor may have to send vaccines
to several destinations at the same time. The ideal situation would be to have enough
monitor cards for each destination. Before the distributor puts the monitor card with
vaccine he has to write the date on which the vaccine leaves the store, and enter the
index registered on the monitor.
The healthcare professionals at regional, sub-regional and health center levels

should follow the same steps when they pack their cold boxes and vaccine carriers.
In case of vaccines with VVM the CCM will not be applicable.
6.9.2 Cold chain refrigerator and freezer graph
The purpose of the graph is to monitor the refrigerator and freezer temperature and
to identify any impending problem of cold chain failure. It is important that at least
one vaccine thermometer is available in each vaccine refrigerator to monitor
temperature. There are several types of vaccine thermometers for this purpose
If the temperature rises steadily over a few days it may probably mean that the
compressor is failing. Immediately the responsible staff should be informed to take
appropriate action for repairs.
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If the temperature chart shows wide variations between the beginning of the session
and the end of the session, this may indicate frequent opening of the refrigerator
door. In this case actions should be taken to minimize door opening and perhaps to
increase the temperature stability by increasing the number of cold packs in the
refrigerator.
In case of a cold chain failure due to power failure for short breaks (< 2 hours); the
best solution is to keep the fridge door closed with the vaccines inside, meanwhile,
time should be utilized for identifying the problem, solving it, and the cold box.
If power failure continued beyond 2 hours; the vaccines and cold chain monitors
should be transferred to a vaccine carrier or vaccine cold box.
After the problem has been solved and the temperature of the refrigerator has
returned to the safe range 2°C to 8°C the vaccines and cold chain monitors should
be replaced in the refrigerator.
6.9.3 Freezer indicators
Freezer indicator is irreversible temperature indicator, to show if a package of

vaccines was exposed to freezing temperature. The color changes from white to blue
if exposed to temperature below 0°C (blue) for more than 1 hour. This warns the
recipient that the vaccine was probably frozen
Vaccines such as DTP, T, DT, Td, Hib and HBV lose their potency if frozen or
exposed to freezing temperature. If it is suspected that these vaccines have been
frozen the “shake test” should be performed as described below to confirm or rule out
whether the vaccine being tested has been frozen or not
The shake test is most easily demonstrated using a vaccine vial that you personally
froze and do not intend to use for immunization. This vial can be used as a “frozen
control sample’” and is to be compared with suspect vaccines from the same batch
number. To perform the test; both vials should be shaken vigorously for 10-15
seconds, then left at rest, and observed to compare sedimentation rate. If the frozen
control vial shows much faster sedimentation than in the vial being tested, the
vaccine in question is probably potent and may be used. If, however, the
sedimentation rate is similar and contains flakes, the vial under test should not be
used. It is important that the shake test is done using both “tested” and “control”
vaccine vials produced by the same manufacturer. Since the batches may behave
differently, therefore the shake test should be repeated with all batches involved in
the shipment.
6.9.4 The vaccine vial monitor
The Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) is one of the most significant developments in the
history of cold chain technology. It is applied directly to a vaccine vial by the vaccine
Page 15 of 33
manufacturer; it enables the health care professional to verify at the time of use
whether each vaccine is in usable condition and has not lost its potency and/or
efficacy due to exposure to heat. More and more vaccines are now being supplied
with VVM.
Vaccine itself exhibits no visible change with heat exposure. Prior to the development
of the vaccine vial monitor, there was no way for health care professional to
recognize if a vaccine had been properly refrigerated. Now, with the vaccine vial
monitor, the health care professional can easily identify if a vial had been exposed to
too much heat and thus avoid giving it to patients .WHO, UNICEF and manufacturers
of OPV decided in their meeting in Oct 1994 that all vials of oral polio vaccine, which
meet WHO standards, shall be fitted with vaccine vial monitors as of 1st January
1996.
*The benefits of using vaccine vial monitors include the ability to keep opened vials of
polio vaccine until fresh supplies arrives, decrease in vaccine wastage rates by 30%,
the flexibility to take vaccine «beyond the cold chain» where it is necessary in
reaching difficult locations, and giving the health care professionals confidence that
they are administering vaccines unharmed by heat exposure.
Future vaccines will contain individual vaccine vial monitors.
*Note: In Petrofac Central Clinic no opened vaccines are used.
6.10 Key points for handling and storing vaccines

6.10.1 Ordering vaccines
It is recommended to keep 2-3 weeks supply at a time. The quantity of required

vaccines can be estimated based on usage and left over, seasonal variations,
disease outbreaks, and storage capacity.
6.10.2 Receiving vaccines
Upon receiving vaccines from the distributor, the health care provider should make
sure that the packs are still cool, the contents of the shipment match the order form,
and the monitor card does not reflect any heat exposure. Afterward the new stock of
vaccines should be entered ledger book. And vaccines should be stored in the fridge
immediately, with the new vaccines behind current stock to ensure rotation.
When storing vaccines, the following points should be considered:
 Vaccines should be kept in their packaging as this provides insulation and protects
against thermal insult.
 Monitors should be kept together with the vaccine they arrived with
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 The door and drawers of fridges should be filled with bottles of water to maintain
steady temperatures.
 Vaccine stock should not exceed 50% of a domestic fridge volume in order to allow
for circulation of air in fridge.
 Vaccines should not be stored against the walls of the refrigerator, on the refrigerator
door, close to the rear freeze plate or the refrigerator icebox.
The refrigerator should be placed in a well-ventilated room, away from direct sunlight
or heat source, and along an internal rather than external wall.
6.11 Immunization information system
Vaccination Information System (VIS) generally require updating the registry forms
and vaccination cards used for recording and reporting vaccine administration, forms
for adverse events, forms for ordering vaccines and vaccine stock ledgers, and any
other forms that are required by health regulation or public health and safety
department.
The forms used should reflect the vaccine that is actually used according to the
immunization schedule. In addition to the forms, the various sectors that use the
information will also need to be updated to assure unified reporting system.
The VIS process includes aggregate immunization coverage data from the
vaccination clinics (public and private) levels upwards, including reporting at national
level.
Collaboration and communication with the different sectors providing vaccination

services is needed to make sure of adequate VIS that required for monitoring and
evaluation of immunization services.
6.11.1 General recommendations

Vaccine Qualified Clinics (VQCs) should have a book or register where each
immunization history can be registered and tracked back.
 Immunization cards should be available at each VQC visit.

 The clinics must make regular reports to Regulation Department the progress of the
immunization activities.
 All private clinics must maintain an immunization record register.
 Monthly vaccination and consumption of the vaccines reports should be completed.
6.11.2 Basic recording tools
The main recording tools that each health facility must use are:
 Immunizations register.
 Immunization card.
 Tally sheets.
 Vaccination Adverse Events Reporting form.
 System for tracking defaulters.
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6.11.3 Immunization Register
The immunization register helps health professionals keep track of the immunization
services they offer to each employee. A register should include the following
information.
 A unique identification number.

 Registration date (usually the date of the first visit).
 Name of the employee.
 Date of birth/Age.
 Details of vaccinations provided.
 Next appointment.
6.11.4 Employee immunization card

An employee’s immunization card is a document that reflects employee’s
immunization status, which can be a separate document or part of employee health
record
The immunization card should include:
 The employee’s unique identification number.

 Name of employee.
 Employee’s birth date/Age.
 Employee’s gender.
Each employee should have an immunization card. The immunization card should
reflect the national immunization schedule with the employee’s immunization history
and status marked correctly. The immunization card should be checked and updated
at each immunization visit, including documentation of the date of each immunization
and the due date for the next immunization.
The immunization card serves as a reminder for employees to return to the clinic for
the next immunization visit, helps the health team to determine employee’s
immunization status, and can be useful to conduct coverage surveys.
In certain circumstances the immunization card is the only available document for the
employee’s immunization records; this is usually the case if the employee moves
from one project to another.
6.11.5 Tally sheets
Tally sheets are forms on which health care professionals make a mark every time a
dose of vaccine is administered. Tally sheets are useful for survey and reporting
purposes.
A new tally sheet should be used for each vaccination session. At the end of each
immunization session the tally sheet provides data on the total the number of doses
of each vaccination given during the session. Information obtained will be used to
monitor vaccination performance and prepare a monthly report.
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6.12 Vaccination Adverse Events reporting form
Adverse event following vaccination is a medical incident that occurs after

administration of vaccine, causes concern, and is believed to be caused by the
vaccination.
Common events are to be expected and health professionals should advise parents
at each visit of the likely consequences of vaccination and how to deal with them.
Rare events which might be serious and should be reported include the following:
 All injection site abscesses.

 All deaths that are thought by health professionals, or the public, to be related to
immunization.
 All cases requiring hospitalization that is thought by health professionals, or the
public, to be related to immunization.
 Other severe or unusual medical incidents that are thought by health professionals,
or the public, to be related to immunization.
These events usually occur within a month of immunization. However, some medical
incidents can be related to immunization have a delayed onset.
6.13 System for tracking defaulters

Different means of contact can be used such as phone calls or e-mails. Here are
some tracking systems that can easily be used for tracking defaulters. Monitoring and
follow up of defaulters should be done regularly. Upon identifying defaulters,
immediate contact with employee should be made to remind them about vaccination
date.
6.13.1 Electronic tracking system

Immunization register– Immunization register can be used to identify defaulters. At
the end of each month, the immunization register can be reviewed to identify
employee who may have failed to receive doses of vaccine when due.
Reminder cards - To make immunization “reminder” cards; a copy of the

immunization card should be filed in a box for the month when the infant’s next
vaccination is due.
6.13.2 Reporting immunization services

The immunization data collected needs to be consolidated into a Summary Report,
either manually or electronically, for transmission from the health facility to the higher
authority levels. At each level the data should be analyzed and used to improve
immunization services.
The format of the summary report should be defined at local/national level and
should be standard for all health facilities. Health professionals should ensure that
the reports prepared are complete, timely and accurate.
Summary Report should include:
 Reporting on vaccinations given.
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 Reporting on vaccine-preventable diseases in your area.

 Reporting on any adverse reactions following immunization.
 Reporting vaccine usage and wastage patterns.
 Any specific problems encounter enduring the reporting period (e.g. stock outs,
transportation problems, cold chain failure).
6.14 Vaccines
6.14.1 BCG Vaccine
BCG, or bacille Calmette-Guerin, is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. The BCG
vaccination is recommended for all babies up to one year old who are born in areas
where the rates of TB are high and have one or more parents or grandparents who
were born in countries with a high incidence of TB. The BCG vaccination is
recommended for all older children and adults at risk of TB including older children
with an increased risk of TB who were not vaccinated against TB when they were
babies or anyone under 16 who has come from an area where TB is
widespread .Anyone under 16 who has been in close contact with someone who has
pulmonary TB (TB infection of the lung).
6.14.2 Hepatitis-B
Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B
virus. It is a major global health problem. It can cause chronic liver disease and chronic
infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and liver
cancer. A vaccine against hepatitis B has been available since 1982. Hepatitis B
vaccine is 95% effective in preventing infection and its chronic consequences. The
virus is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected
person.
The vaccination schedule for adults is 3 intramuscular injections, the second and third
doses administered 1 and 6 months, respectively, after the first dose.
6.14.3 Hepatitis-A
Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is primarily
spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingests food or water that is
contaminated with the faces of an infected person. The disease is closely associated
with a lack of safe water, inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene. Unlike
hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A infection does not cause chronic liver disease and is
rarely fatal, but it can cause debilitating symptoms and fulminant hepatitis (acute liver
failure), which is associated with high mortality. Improved sanitation and the hepatitis A
vaccine are the most effective ways to combat the disease.
The Hepatitis A vaccine is given as 2 shots, 6 months apart. The Hepatitis A vaccine
also comes in a combination form, containing both Hepatitis A and B vaccine, that can
be given to persons 18 years of age and older. This form is given as 3 shots, over a
period of 6 months.
6.14.4 Diphtheria
Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria, is an acute

communicable respiratory infection. This germ produces a toxin that can harm or
destroy human body tissues and organs. One type of diphtheria affects the throat and
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sometimes the tonsils. Another type, more common in the tropics, causes ulcers on
the skin. Diphtheria affects people of all ages, but most often it strikes unimmunized
children.
6.14.5 Pertussis
Pertussis (whooping cough) is an important cause of infant death .The best way to

prevent pertussis among infants, children, teens, and adults is to get vaccinated.
There are vaccines for children, pre-teens, teens, and adults. The childhood vaccine is
called DTaP, and the pertussis booster vaccine for adolescents and adults is called
Tdap. These are combination vaccines that protect against three diseases:
diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis.
6.14.6 Tetanus
Tetanus is a serious illness caused by Clostridium bacteria. The bacteria live in soil,
saliva, dust, and manure. The bacteria can enter the body through a deep cut, like
those you might get from stepping on a nail, or through a burn. The infection causes
painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to "locking" of
the jaw. This makes it impossible to open mouth or swallow. Tetanus is a medical
emergency, required treatment in a hospital.
A vaccine can prevent tetanus. It is given as a part of routine childhood immunization.

Adults should get a tetanus shot, or booster, every 10 years. If you get a bad cut or
burn, Visit doctor you may need a booster. Immediate and proper wound care can
prevent tetanus infection.
6.14.7 Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus
There are four combination vaccines used to prevent diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis

(whooping cough): DTaP, Tdap, DT, and Td. Two of these (DTaP and DT) are given to
children younger than seven years of age, and two (Tdap and Td) are given to older
children and adults.
Td is a tetanus-diphtheria vaccine given to adolescents and adults as a booster shot

every 10 years, or after an exposure to tetanus under some circumstances. Tdap is
similar to Td but also containing protection against pertussis. Adolescents 11 through
18 years of age should receive a single dose of Tdap. One dose of Tdap is also
recommended for adults 19 years of age and older who did not get Tdap as an
adolescent. Expectant mothers should receive Tdap during each pregnancy,
preferably at 27 through 36 weeks. Tdap should also be given to 7-10 year olds who
are not fully immunized against pertussis. Tdap can be given no matter when Td was
last received.
(Upper-case letters in these abbreviations denote full-strength doses of diphtheria (D)

and tetanus (T) toxoids and pertussis (P) vaccine. Lower-case “d” and “p” denote
reduced doses of diphtheria and pertussis used in the adolescent/adult-formulations.
The “a” in DTaP and Tdap stands for “acellular,” meaning that the pertussis
component contains only a part of the pertussis organism.)
6.14.8 Poliomyelitis
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Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system,
and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. The virus enters the body through
the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. Initial symptoms are fever, fatigue, headache,
vomiting, and stiffness in the neck and pain in the limbs. One in 200 infections leads to
irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Among those paralysed, 5% to 10% die
when their breathing muscles become immobilized. There is no treatment to reverse
the paralysis of polio.
There are two types of vaccine that protect against polio: inactivated polio vaccine
(IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV). IPV is given as an injection in the leg or arm,
depending on the patient's age. Polio vaccine may be given at the same time as other
vaccines. Most people should get polio vaccine when they are children.
6.14.9 Haemophilus Influenza / Influenza
Haemophilus influenza (including Hib) is a bacterium that can cause a severe

infection, occurring mostly in infants and children younger than five years of age. It can
cause lifelong disability and be deadly. In spite of its name, Haemophilus
influenza bacteria do not cause influenza (the "flu").
There are six identifiable types of Haemophilus influenza bacteria (a through f) and
other non-identifiable types (called nontypeable). The one most people are familiar
with is Haemophilus influenza type b, or Hib. There's a vaccine that can prevent
disease caused by Hib, but not the other types of Haemophilus influenza bacteria.
People over 5 years old usually do not need Hib vaccine. But it may be given to older
children or adults before surgery to remove the spleen or following a bone marrow
transplant. It may also be given to anyone with certain health conditions such as sickle
cell disease or HIV/AIDS.
Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can

cause mild to severe illness. Serious outcomes of flu infection can result in
hospitalization or death. Some people, such as older people, young children, and
people with are at high risk for serious flu complications. The best way to prevent the
flu is by getting vaccinated each year.
6.14.10Pneumococcal Vaccine
Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus) remains a leading cause of serious illness,
including bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia among children and adults
worldwide. It is also a major cause of sinusitis and acute otitis media (AOM).
Conditions that increase the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease include decreased
immune function from disease or drugs, functional or anatomic asplenia, chronic heart,
pulmonary including asthma, liver, or renal disease, smoking cigarettes, and
cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF leak.
There are more than 90 types of pneumococcal bacteria. PCV13 protects against 13
of them. These 13 strains cause most severe infections in children and about half of
infections in adults. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) protects against
23 types of pneumococcal bacteria, including those most likely to cause serious
disease.
All adults 65 years of age or older receive a dose of PCV13 followed by a dose of
PPSV23 6 to 12 months later. If a dose of PPSV23 cannot be given during this time
window, it should be administered later, during the next doctor’s visit. PCV13 and
PPSV23 should not be administered on the same day: the minimum acceptable
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interval between PCV13 and PPSV23 is 8 weeks. Adults 19 years of age or older with
immunocompromising conditions, functional or anatomic asplenia, CSF leaks, or
cochlear implants, and who have not previously received PCV13 or PPSV23, should
receive a dose of PCV13 first followed by a dose of PPSV23 at least 8 weeks later.
Subsequent doses of PPSV23 should follow current PPSV23 recommendations for
high risk adults. Specifically, a second PPSV23 dose is recommended 5 years after
the first PPSV23 dose for persons aged 19 through 64 years with functional or
anatomic asplenia and for persons with immunocompromising conditions. A second
dose of PPSV23 is not recommended for persons 19 through 64 years of age with
cochlear implants or CSF leaks. Additionally, those who received one or more doses of
PPSV23 before age 65 years for any indication should receive another dose of the
vaccine at age 65 years or older if at least 5 years have elapsed since their previous
PPSV23 dose. If a dose of PPSV23 was received at age 65 years or later, no
additional doses of PPSV23 are recommended.
6.14.11Measles, Mumps and Rubella
Measles virus causes rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and fever. It can lead to
ear infection, pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring), brain damage, and death.
Mumps virus causes fever, headache, muscle pain, loss of appetite, and swollen
glands. It can lead to deafness, meningitis (infection of the brain and spinal cord
covering), painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries, and rarely sterility.
Rubella virus causes rash, arthritis (mostly in women), and mild fever. If a woman gets
rubella while she is pregnant, she could have a miscarriage or her baby could be born
with serious birth defects.
These diseases spread from person to person through the air. You can easily catch
them by being around someone who is already infected.
Adults should also get MMR vaccine: Generally, anyone 18 years of age or older who
was born after 1956 should get at least one dose of MMR vaccine, unless they can
show that they have either been vaccinated or had all three diseases. Adolescents and
adults who have not had measles or have not been vaccinated should get 2 doses,
separated by at least 28 days.
6.14.12Varicella vaccine
Chickenpox is a common childhood skin disease caused by a viral infection. The virus
involved is called the varicella-zoster virus. Varicella-zoster virus is often categorized
with the other common so-called "viral exanthems" (viral rashes) such
as measles(rubeola), German measles (rubella), fifth disease (parvovirus
B19), mumps virus, and roseola (human herpes virus 6), but these viruses are
unrelated except for their tendency to cause rashes.
In unimmunized populations, most people contract chickenpox by age 15, the majority
between ages 5 and 9, but all ages can contract it. Chickenpox is usually more severe
in adults and very young infants than children. Winter and spring are the most
common times of the year for chickenpox to occur. People 13 years of age and older
(who have never had chickenpox or received chickenpox vaccine) should get two
doses at least 28 days apart.
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6.14.13Meningococcal vaccine
Meningococcal disease occurs in the form of epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and in

large gatherings as in Hajj or Umrah. N. Meningitis has several sero-groups based on
differences in the capsular proteins. They include serogroups A, B, C, Y and W-135.
90% of all disease is caused by A, B and C. Most epidemics in the “meningitis belt” in
Africa are caused by sero-group A, whereas B and C are more common elsewhere in
the world. However, recent reports of W-135 meningococcal disease in Saudi Arabia
and Y- group in the US are evidence of shifting trends.
There are two types of meningococcal vaccines available: Polysaccharide and

Conjugate. Meningococcal Polysaccharide vaccines, MPSV4 (Menomune) are
purified, heat-stable, lyophilized capsular polysaccharides from meningococci of the
respective sero-groups. They are either bivalent (A and C) or quadrivalent (A, C, Y and
W-135). MPSV4 is approved for ages 2years and above. The recommended single
dose of reconstituted vaccine contains 50 mgm of each polysaccharide group. It is
given subcutaneously. It is the only vaccine approved for over 56 yrs.
There are two kinds of meningococcal vaccine.
1. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) is the preferred vaccine for people 55

years of age and younger.
2. Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4) has been available since the

1970s. It is the only meningococcal vaccine licensed for people older than 55.
6.14.14Rotavirus vaccine
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young
children worldwide. The clinical spectrum of rotavirus illness in children ranges from
mild, watery diarrhea of limited duration to severe diarrhea with vomiting and fever
than can result in dehydration with shock, electrolyte imbalance, and death.
6.14.15Typhoid vaccine
Typhoid fever is an acute, life-threatening febrile illness caused by the bacterium

Salmonella Enterica, serotype Typhi. Paratyphoid fever is a similar illness caused by
S. Paratyphi A, B or C. It is characterized by fever, headache, severe malaise and
often mild abdominal pain. Serious complications include intestinal hemorrhage or
perforation. Typhoid vaccines do not protect against paratyphoid fever.
There are currently two formulations: oral live, attenuated vaccine manufactured by
Ty21a strain of S.typhi and a VI capsular polysaccharide vaccine for intra-muscular
use. A third heat-phenol parenteral inactivated vaccine is also available, but its use is
associated with substantially more adverse reactions, with no increase in efficacy
compared to either Ty21a or ViCPS. Thus, when not contraindicated, either oral Ty21a
or parenteral ViCPS is preferable. Oral Ty21 a vaccine is indicated for children 6 years
of age and older and adults. The vaccine should be taken as one enteric-coated
capsule every other day for a total of four capsules. Each capsule should be taken with
cool liquid, no warmer than 37 C, approximately 1 hour before meals. The capsule
must be kept refrigerated and all four doses must be taken to achieve maximal
efficacy. Booster doses are recommended every 5 years for individuals with ongoing
risk. Vi Capsular Polysaccharide vaccine is the primary vaccination of persons 2 years
of age and older with Vi CPS.
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It consists of one 0.5ml (25mcg) dose administered intramuscularly. Booster doses

recommended every 2 years for those at risk. Parenteral Inactivated vaccine is now no
longer recommended. If necessary, it consists of two doses given subcutaneously at
interval of 4 weeks or longer. For those 10 years of age and older, the dose is 0.5 ml.
If time is insufficient for administration of two doses of the vaccine at an interval of four
weeks or longer, three doses of the parenteral vaccine at weekly intervals are given.
However, this schedule may be less effective. The protective efficacy of the vaccine is
50-80% and continued precautions about food and water are still recommended.
Typhoid vaccine is recommended for travelers to areas where a risk of exposure to S
typhi is recognized. Risk is greatest for travelers to developing countries especially
South Asia including India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Latin America, and Africa,
who have prolonged exposure to contaminated food and drink.
6.14.16Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
HPV remains the most common sexually transmitted infection all over the world. It is
caused by Human Papilloma Virus. In the majority of persons, infection is transient,
asymptomatic and resolves spontaneously. But in a minority of people, it causes
genital warts, abnormal pap smears and various forms of anogenital cancers
including cervical, rectal, and anal cancer. There are more than 100 serotypes of
papilloma virus, but types 6 and 11 cause more than 90% of all genital warts .Types
16 and 18 cause more than 70% of all cervical cancers.
There are two types of HPV vaccines currently approved. A quadravalent vaccine
(HPV 4- Gardasil) protects against types 6, 11, 16 and 18. It is approved for ages 9-
26 years in girls and women as well as males. Because it attacks the non-oncogenic
as well as oncogenic types, this vaccine is approved for protection from genital warts
as well as cervical cancer. The other vaccine is a bivalent vaccine (HPV 2- Cervarix),
that is approved for protection against types 16 and 18 only It can be given to
females 10 – 25 years of age.HPV 4 (Gardasil) is approved for protection from
cervical cancer as well as genital warts in both males and females. HPV2 (Cervarix)
is approved for cervical cancer. Both vaccines are also effective for preventing pre-
cancer cervical lesions. Persons who already have genital warts or pre-cervical
lesions are still recommended to receive the vaccine because they may get infected
with a different serotype in future. However, they should be advised that vaccine will
have no therapeutic response on an existing infection or lesion.
6.14.17Rabies vaccine
Rabies is a severe form of encephalomyelitis caused by neurotropic viruses called
Rhabdoviridae. The clinical illness progresses from a non-specific prodrome to
paresis or paralysis; spasms of swallowing muscles can be initiated by sound, sight
or perception of water (hydrophobia), convulsions develop, followed rapidly by coma
and death. The disease is endemic in all continents except Antartica and is
transmitted by an animal bite. In developing countries, dogs are the most common
reservoirs, but monkeys that live around temples, bats and indeed all mammal bites
need evaluation and treatment.
Pre-exposure Vaccination:
A three dose series of 1.0 ml given at 0,7 and 21 or 28 days intramuscularly is

recommended for prophylactic purposes. Both types of vaccine are given in the same
schedule.
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Post-exposure vaccination schedule:
If pre-exposure vaccinations are not given, the patient will need rabies immune
globulin as well as a 5 part series of the rabies vaccine, 1.0 ml given intramuscularly
at 0,3,7,14 and 28 days. The rabies immunoglobulin dosage is 20 IU /kg body weight,
given as local infiltration at the bite site, if possible and the rest to be given intra-
muscular.
6.14.18Yellow fever vaccine
Yellow fever virus is a single –stranded RNA virus, belongs to the family of vector–
borne hemorrhagic fevers acquired in parts of Africa and South America. There are 3
transmission cycle for yellow fever: Sylvatic (Jungle), intermediate (Savannah), and
urban. Sylvatic cycle involves transmission of the virus between nonhuman primates
and mosquito. Intermediate cycle involves transmission from tree hole-breeding,
human living or working in jungle border areas. The urban cycle involves
transmission of virus between human and urban mosquitoes.
It presents as influenza –like illness with fever, headache, myalgia, prostration,

nausea and vomiting. Approximately 15% of all patients develop a more serious form
of the disease with jaundice, hemorrhagic symptoms and multi-organ failure. For
these patients, fatality rate is 20-50%.
6.15 Immunization adverse effects

An adverse event following immunization (AEFI) is any adverse event that follows
immunization and is believed to be caused by the immunization. Reported adverse
events can either be true adverse events, i.e. really a result of the vaccine or
immunization process, or coincidental events that are not due to the vaccine or
immunization process but are temporally associated with immunization.
Every immunization program should endeavor to make vaccination risk-free.
Furthermore, those in charge should address any cause for concern that arises in the
population about the safety of immunization, for example the effects observed during
clinical trials prior to the issuing of licenses or during the experimental stages of a
vaccine’s development.
The failure to deal rapidly and effectively with allegations of vaccine related adverse
events can undermine confidence in a vaccine and ultimately reduce immunization
coverage and increase disease incidence.
The existence of many events that are supposedly related to a given vaccine indicate
that there may be a problem with its application (program operation errors), such as
contamination, improper injection, problems in the cold chain, dosage errors, or
dilution or administration of vaccines as though they were drugs. It is imperative that
each vaccination provider be aware of these potential problems and recognizes them
when they occur, so that they are corrected immediately. Nevertheless, vaccine-
associated adverse events may affect healthy people and should be promptly
identified to allow for additional research and appropriate action.
In order to respond promptly, efficiently, and with scientific rigors to vaccine safety
issues, WHO has established a Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety.
Petrofac has established a reporting system and all vaccine related adverse events
will be reported.
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AEFIs are classified into five categories; vaccination reaction, program error,
coincidental, injection reaction, and unknown when the cause of the AEFI remains
unknown.
6.15.1 Vaccine reactions
Vaccine reactions are events caused or precipitated by the vaccine when given
correctly caused by the inherent properties of the vaccine.
Vaccine reactions may be classified into common, minor reactions or rare, more
serious reactions. Most vaccine reactions are minor and settle on their own. More
serious reactions are very rare and in general do not result in long-term problems.
6.15.2 Common, minor vaccine reactions
Common, minor vaccine reactions include local and systemic reactions.

These reactions can result as part of the immune response, or reaction to some of
the vaccine’s components such as aluminum adjuvant, stabilizers or preservatives.
These reactions occur within a day or two of immunization (except for measles/MMR
– 6 to 12 days after immunization) and they only last one to a few days.
6.15.3 Local reactions
Local reactions include pain, swelling and/or redness at the injection site and can be
expected in about 10% of vaccines, except for those injected with DTP (whole cell),
or tetanus boosters, where up to half can be affected. BCG causes a specific local
reaction that starts as a papule (lump) two or more weeks after immunization that
then becomes ulcerated and heals after several months, leaving a scar. Keloid
(thickened scar tissue) from the BCG lesion is more common among Asian and
African populations.
6.15.4 Systemic reactions
Systemic reactions include fever and occur in about 10% or less of vaccines, except
for DTP where it is again about half. Other common systemic reactions (e.g.,
irritability, malaise, loss of appetite) can also occur after DTP. For measles/ MMR
and OPV the systemic reactions arise from vaccine virus infection.
Measles’ vaccine causes fever, rash and/or conjunctivitis, and affects 5-15% of
vaccines. It is very mild compared to ‘wild’ measles, but for severely immune
compromised individuals, it can be severe, even fatal. Vaccine reactions for mumps
(swollen parotid gland) and rubella (joint pains and swollen lymph nodes) affect less
than 1% of children.
Rubella vaccine causes symptoms more often in adults, with 15% suffering from joint
pains. Systemic reactions from OPV affect less than 1% of vaccines with diarrhea,
headache and/or muscle pain.
7.0 DOCUMENTED INFORMATION TO BE RETAINED (RECORDS)

It is important that all vaccinations have to be recorded for follow-up, future
references and for reporting to relevant health regulatory authority.
Page 27 of 33
8.0 FLOWCHART
N/A
9.0 APPENDICES
9.1 Types of vaccines
Killed vaccines / inactivated Live vaccines Toxoids

Pertussis component in DTP/DTap /Tdap Oral polio vaccine Tetanus &
Diphtheria
components in DTP
/DTap/Tdap
HepA &Hep B vaccines MMR Tetanus Toxoid(TT)
Injectable polio vaccine BCG Tetanus &
Diphtheria in DT/td
Meningococcal vaccine Varicella vaccine
Influenza Yellow fever
vaccine
Cholera Oral typhoid
vaccine
Rota virus vaccine
Vaccine Local Reaction ; Fever more
pain than
Redness , 38 C
swelling
BCG 90-95% -
Hib 5-15% 2-10%
Hep B 15% 1-6%
MMR /Measles 10% 5-15%
OPV - Less than 1%
TD/Td 10% 10%
DTP Up to 50% Up to 50%
Treatment Cold Rehydration ,

compressors at paracetamol ,
injection site , sponge bath
paracetamol
Pneumococcal vaccine
Rabies
Haemophilus influenza B
Typhoid capsular polysaccharide
Human papilloma virus vaccine
Page 28 of 33
9.2 Common minor vaccine reactions and treatments.

Below table summarizes the occurrence of common minor vaccine reactions and treatments.
Vaccine Local Reaction ; Fever more than 38 Irritability ,

pain C malaise , and
Redness , swelling systemic symptoms
BCG 90-95% - -
Hib 5-15% 2-10% -
Hep B 15% 1-6% -
MMR /Measles 10% 5-15% 5% rash
OPV - Less than 1% Less than 1%
TD/Td 10% 10% 25%
DTP Up to 50% Up to 50% Up to 50%
Treatment Cold compressors at Rehydration , Extra fluids ,

injection site , paracetamol , paracetamol
paracetamol sponge bath
9.3 Monthly Tally Sheet for Immunization

Name of Health Facility: Petrofac Central Clinic
Health Facility Address: Sharjah, UAE
Date of Session: _______________________
Number of Doses Of Vaccines Administered By Age Group
VACCINE 19-21 22-26 27-49 50-59 60-64 65 and Tot

above al
Influenza (Flu)
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Tetanus
Tetanus, Diptheria,
Pertussis (TD/Tdap)
Page 29 of 33
Meningococcal
Measles, Mumps,
Rubella, (MMR)
Pneumococcal
( Pneumonia)
Polio
Varicella
(Chickenpox)
Rabies
Typhoid
Yellow fever
Others
9.4 Petrofac Refrigerator Temperature Chart
Page 30 of 33
9.5 Immunization Schedule
Page 31 of 33
Page 32 of 33
Page 33 of 33

Immunization and Vaccination

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Document Number PEC-HS-GDE-X-15756

Document Type Guidelines

Immunization & Vaccination

REVISION / APPROVAL HISTORY

0 12- Apr-2017 First Issue Ronald Irshad Nazih

Rev Date Description of Change Developer Reviewer Approver

Documented Information of approvals are retained in QMS

5.0 RESPONSIBILITY & AUTHORITY..............................................................................5

6.8.1 Vaccine Storage and the Cold Chain..............................................................11

6.15 Immunization adverse effects.............................................................................26

7.0 DOCUMENTED INFORMATION TO BE RETAINED (RECORDS)...........................27

2.1 Effective applicable date of this document

Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease

Ministry of Health (http://www.moh.gov.ae/ar/pages/default.aspx)

5.0 RESPONSIBILITY & AUTHORITY

6.1 Immunization Concept

Immunization is a form of preventive medicine. It prepares the body to fight against

Immunization is one of the most successful and cost-effective public health

Disease prevention results in substantial cost savings whether measured by personal,

6.2 Immunization & Vaccination Procedures

Immunobiologics – all biological material involved in the production of specific immune

Active immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune

A suspension of either whole or part of an organism that is used to induce

Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather

These antibodies are provided generally in any of the following forms:

Immunoglobulin is a preparation derived from a large pool of human plasma that

6.3 Types of Vaccines

Live attenuated vaccines cannot be given to immuno-compromised individuals or

6.3.2 Inactivated Viral or Bacterial Vaccines:

Inactivated vaccines were produced by killing the disease-causing microbe with

to maintain a person’s immunity. Examples include hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HPV,

6.3.3 Toxoid Vaccines

6.4 Vaccine Administration

6.4.1 Employee Preparation for Vaccination:

Any employee to receive vaccine should be screened for contraindications and

6.4.3 Employee Education

Healthcare professionals should be prepared to discuss the benefits and risks of

6.4.4 A Traumatic Care

Healthcare providers need to utilize a variety of techniques to minimize the stress

6.5 Infection Control

Healthcare professionals should follow Standard Precautions to minimize the risks of

6.5.1 Hand washing

6.5.3 Needle stick injuries

6.5.4 Equipment disposal

All used syringe/needle devices should be placed in puncture proof containers to

6.6 Vaccine Preparation

6.6.1 Equipment selection

6.6.2 Inspecting vaccine

6.6.4 Prefilling syringes

Filling syringes in advance is strongly discouraged, because of the increased risk of

6.7 Routes of Administration

6.7.1 Subcutaneous injections (SC)

Technique - Follow standard medication administration guidelines for site

6.7.2 Intramuscular injections (IM)

Needle Gauge - needle size 23- to 25-gauge is recommended for intramuscular

Technique - Follow standard medication administration guidelines for site

6.8 Vaccine Management and Cold Chain

It is an organized system composed of people, equipment and procedures aimed to

Generally, vaccines must be strictly maintained at a temperature between 2°C and

6.8.2 Vaccine Storage Equipment