COLLEGE OF CREATIVE ARTS- AFRICA.

FACULTY OF ARTS
DEPARTMENT OF FILM AND THEATRE ARTS

NAME: Tawanda S. Gombami.

REGISTRATION: C17004.

DEGREE: Bachelor of Arts Honours Degree in Film and Theatre Arts.

MODE OF ENTRY: Conventional.

LEVEL: 4.2

SUPERVISOR: Mr. B. Dube.

Media Crisis: Analyzing the extent to which Hollywood science fiction ideologies and agenda
have influenced the society of Zimbabwe.
Declaration.

I Tawanda S. Gombami (C17004) declare that this research is a result of my work. It is being
submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Bachelors in Media and Society Studies
Honors Degree in Faculty of Social Sciences at, Midlands State University.

……………………………. …………………………
Signature Date
MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY

APPROVAL FORM

The undersigned certify that they have read and recommended to the Midlands State University
for acceptance; a research project entitled “Media Crisis: Analyzing the extent to which
Hollywood science fiction ideologies and agenda have influenced the society of Zimbabwe.
Submitted by Tawanda S. Gombami in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the bachelor of
arts honors degree in film and theatre arts studies.

……………………………………….

………………………………………..

SUPERVISORS

…………………………………………

CHAIRMAN OF THE DEPARTMENT

DEDICATION

This dissertation is dedicated to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Gombami whose constant
encouragement has been my source of inspiration. Their encouragement has kept me going all
these years. May the good Lord bless the work of your hands! I would also like to thank entire
family for all your support, it is because of all of you that I have finally completed this course.
Thank you very much and may the good Lord bless all of you!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the heavenly father God from who all life and
blessings flow. Making it through this course is not because of my own making but it is through
the grace of God. I would like to thank God for granting me the wonderful opportunity to learn
this course and be part of the amazing world of academia. I would like to thank my supervisor
Mr. B. Dube whose patience, encouragement, constructive input and guidance has made this
process a whole lot easier. Without him this task would not have been possible.

Words alone cannot describe the gratitude I feel towards my parents Mr. and Mrs. Gombami and
my sisters Simbisai and Jacqueline. I appreciate their support emotionally and financially which
has been forthcoming constantly, to them I say thank you!
ABSTRACT

The Hollywood Science fiction film is a popular genre with global wide audiences including
Zimbabwe. Science fiction films are not just entertainment per se. In other words, these films are
cultural commodities with commercially vested interest from stake holders since they are the
material product of a capitalist economic system. Therefore, it is only legitimate that these films
are embedded with social engineering and ideological programming which helps to sustain the
cultural hegemony or to perpetuate the going order in the globalist capitalist environment. This
study’s mandatory goal was to analyze the extent to which these Hollywood science fiction
ideologies and agendas have influenced the society of Zimbabwe. Using a qualitative research
approach with interviews and questionnaires as instruments, the researcher purposively
interviewed ten respondents who are tertiary students. The study discovered that the majority of
the youth in Zimbabwe are immersed in the science fiction film genre. Many mentioned the
aesthetical visual effects and the display of transhumanist futuristic technologies like Nano
technology, Artificial Intelligence and robotics as the science fiction characteristics which elicit
their interests, this interest was attributed to be the result of the cultivation, propaganda,
predictive programming and agenda setting hypotheses the study is tied to. To curb this cultural
imperialism, it was recommended that the local film industry should produce more quality
content, the youth fall prey to these ideologies due to a lack of quality local film texts competing
with foreign ones. It was further recommended that the local film industry should strengthen
their marketing and distribution strategies since the reason why Hollywood is reaching as far as
Africa with its ideologies and agendas is because of strategized and efficient marketing skills.
 Table of Contents

Contents

Table of Contents

Content Page

Cover Page i

Release Form ii

Approval Form iii

Declaration iv

Dedication v

Acknowledgements vi

Abstract vii

Contents viii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction 11

1.1 Background to the study 11

1.2 Statement of the problem 14

1.3 Research Aims and Objectives. 14

1.4 Research Questions. 15

1.5 Justification of the Study. 15

1.6 Delimitations of the Study. 16

1.7 Limitations of the Study. 16

1.8 Assumptions of the Study. 16

1.9. Chapter Summary. 16

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.0 Introduction 17

2.1 Social Engineering. 17

2.2 Hollywood Social engineering and ideological programming. 19

2.3 Transhumanism. 21

2.3.1 History of Transhumanism 24

2.3.2 Transhumanism & Science Fiction 25

2.3.3 Transhumanism in Science Fiction Films. 24

2.4. Technology 25

2.5. Artificial Intelligence 26

2.6. Globalisation. 27

2.6.1 Media and Identity challenges of globalization 28

2.7. Theoretical Framework. 28

2.7.1. The Propaganda Model. 29

2.7.2 Predictive Programming 29

2.7.3. The Agenda Setting Theory. 30

2.7.4 The Cultivation Theory. 30

2.7.5 Uses and Gratification Theory. 31

2.8 Chapter Summary 31

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction 33

3.1 Qualitative Research 33

3.1.1.1 Justification of Approach and Paradigm 34

3.1.1.2 Limitations of Approach Paradigm 35

3.2 Descriptive Research Design 35

3.2.1 Characteristics of Explanatory research 36

3.3 Research Paradigm 37

3.4 Research Instruments 37

3.4.1 Questionnaires 38

3.4.2 Disadvantages of Questionnaires. 38

3.5 Interviews 38

3.5.1 Semi-Structured Interviews 39

3.6 Target Population. 39

3.7 Sampling 39

3.7.1 Advantages of Purposive Sampling. 40

3.7.2 Disadvantages of Purposive Sampling. 40

3.8 Data Collection Procedure. 40

3.9 Data Analysis and presentation Procedure. 41

3.9.1 Content Analysis 41

3.9.1.1 Justification of Research Instrument 42

3.9.1.2 Limitations of Research Instruments 42

3.10. Summary. 43
CHAPTER IV: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 44

4.2 Overview of the Respondents 44

4.3. Overview of the findings 43

4.4. Data Presentation and Analysis 45

4.4.1 The Perceived notion and relevance of transhumanism/Augmentation 45

4.4.2 Information Illiteracy vs. Computer literacy 46

4.5 Discussion of findings from questionnaires 46

4.5.2 Interpretation. 47

4.5.3 Interpretation of survey findings. 48

4.6. Conclusion. 48

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary 49

5.2 Conclusions 49

5.3Recommendations 50

5.4 Summary 50
References 52

1.0 Introduction.

Hollywood Science Fiction films are a popular film genre that is often discounted as illusory
science however this genre is probably the most important genre as to predicting how globalists
want the future of the world to be like. This research aims to analyse the extent to which
Hollywood science fiction films have an influence of the society of Zimbabwe. Using primary
data in the form of interviews and questionnaires and secondary data the research will seek to
discover how literate or illiterate Zimbabwean society is to ideas presented by Hollywood
science fiction films. The study will also discuss some of the ideologies that permeate throughout
Hollywood science fiction films whilst also denoting their ethical underpinnings.

1.1. Background of the Study.

Since the dawn of time human beings have always sought to find ways to improve their lives
through technology whether it is the use of rudimentary tools like digging tools, spears to hunt or
computers to automate tasks. Human beings have always challenged the status quo as far as
technology is concerned. Over the course of many lifetimes there has always been new forms of
technology that are developed, the question that is always asked is how our advances in moral,
religious, scientific, and other areas of thought can be improved toward making great strides in
the larger human quest of reaching understanding and perfection.

However, as the cliché saying states, with great knowledge comes great power and absolute
power corrupts absolutely. Some will argue that the imminently forth coming technologies will
be more detrimental than helpful to the human species. Flores (2018) says that those that support
technological advancements hide two subjects the first being the use of technological implants as
a weapon against the citizen and second being the method they are developing their dangerous
projects with, which is suspected to be illicit human experiments in the world. Flores (2018) also
says technological implants like brain nanobots might cause memory losing mind control and
thus, the carriers can be controlled by others and lose their autonomy, they can be spied
permanently with the cerebral internet and can lose their privacy and their memory can be
deleted and can lose their identity.

Over the last 100 years or so there has been hugely significant technological developments to say
the least. May (2014) says There are a number of technologies that currently exist, or are being
developed, that could be deemed transhumanist technologies. Many of these technologies
overlap in their affiliations as having applications to both standard biomedical uses and
transhumanist ones. These technologies include genetic engineering of offspring, genetic
manipulation of adult humans, human-machine interfacing, neurological enhancement, and
artificial intelligence. Each of these technologies can be utilized to promote transhumanist goals
The past 100 years have seen a huge growth of scientific developments there has been an advent
rise of a technology. Interestingly as well is the fact that there are countless films that directly
address these scientific developments. For genetic engineering of offspring and genetic
engineering there is a films like Gattaca (1997) and X-Men: The Last Stand (2004) and many
others for human machine interfacing and A.I (Artificial Intelligence) there is films like The
Terminator (1983).

It seems transhumanism is an important concept because it is a recurring theme that those that
produce Hollywood cinema feel obligated to talk about and want us to at least understand and at
most embrace and accept. Kirby (2000) says A technological revolution is occurring in the
biosciences that will transform humanity more profoundly in the coming decades than has
occurred in the previous thousand years. As biotechnology continues its rapid expansion, the
world at large is confronted with new and unique bioethical dilemmas. Throughout the history of
cinema, science fiction films have addressed ethical issues associated with new technologies
Kirby (2000). Since the studio system of Hollywood cinema in the 1940s and onwards there have
been numerous Hollywood films categorized as Science fiction. A lot of these films depict a
dystopian future where human beings have been augmented using technological advancements.
Time and time again we see these transhumanist ideas popping up in many Hollywood films.
This paper will seek to verify the extent to which these science fiction ideologies have an
influence within the context of a Zimbabwean set up.

Since the early 20th Century for a generation and then the subsequent two generations that have
followed, cinema has been the social engineering and ideological programing which is delivered
to the world en masse with unmitigated bias by Hollywood. Hollywood cinema is owned by a
small elite group of globalists who control and run all media dissemination platforms including
the major film studios, television and news networks. As Bernays, (2005:18) a propagandist put
it across “we are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes are formed, our ideas suggested
largely by men we have never heard of...” Institutes like the Tavistock Institute of Human
Relations which the majority of the population has never heard of and which base their theories
and ideologies on Carl Jung’s are said to be pseudo Human relations institutions in which the
psychological molding of the masses’ social behaviors, and public discourses using powerful
mediums like Hollywood cinema, Television and news are carried out and a lot of the world
population is not aware of this. Tavistock in Sussex, England is the world’s center for mass
brainwashing and social engineering activities. Estulin (2015).

Since the release of movies like metropolis (1957) there has been a lot of science fiction films in
Hollywood. These films have intertextual ideas about space travel, like Stanley Kubrick’s 2001:
A Space Odyssey or alien invasions and or communication with alien entities like in the film
Arrival (2016) there are also recurrent themes of transhumanism wherein humans are either
merging with technology or fighting against technology like in the Terminator trilogy and Lucy
(2014). Surely these films are not coincidentally communicating the same themes and are
specifically created as part of an agenda to bring to the public consciousness transhumanism as
predictive programming for ideas like a future where the natural course of evolution for human
beings is to merge and become one with technology. Whatever the answer may be the main
worry at this particular juncture is where the cinema society of Zimbabwe stands in this
particular situation. The Zimbabwean society as far as technological developments are concerned
is backward and it is quite difficult to tell whether the messages communicated by science fiction
texts from Hollywood are serving the objective intended by these so called oligopolies. Such
kind of issues are what this research intends to investigate.

Institutions like the Tavistock institute purvey the strategies to socially engineer the masses and
do so in service to the Hollywood cinema and television industries which are monopolized by 5
or less corporations and this inherently poses a problem, it means that Hollywood cinema and
Television are a monopoly and essentially the world is subjected to perspectives as viewed by 5
corporations which are owned by elite globalist oligarchs. The oligarchical elites have religious
and ideological dogma that they seek to communicate with the masses and that these broad
agendas range from an anti-Judeo-Christian stance, blatant promotion of sexual liberalism and
violence through film, the emasculation of men and destruction of traditional family values,
homosexual and transgender agendas, the promotion of materialism subliminally on films and
more overtly through commercials on television and an agenda to ideologically program the
masses about aliens and trans humanism and relative ideas about space. In the case of Zimbabwe
which is largely dominated by Christian ideologies it is critical to investigate to what extent are
theses ideologies being accepted and approved by the local society.

1.2. Statement of the problem.

Hollywood science fiction cinema is mostly received by audiences as impressive art that projects
scientific fantasies using aesthetically pleasing symbolism, editing techniques and mise-en-scène
to entertain with no obvious, deep or controversial ideologies underlying. These films however
are well funded by powerful globalist societal interests who want to advance their ideological
agendas on a global scale. Therefore, every film becomes an inevitable mouthpiece to propagate
the ideologies of these dominant elite who have the means of material production to fund the
projects. In a world that is fast becoming digitalized and technology-dominated now more than
ever the science fiction genre and how its ideologies influence society matters. This study seeks
to find out the extent to which Hollywood science fiction ideologies and agendas resonate within
a Zimbabwean context.

1.3. Research Aims and Objectives.

The research’s mandatory goal is to ascertain and or prove that Hollywood cinema has an
overarching agenda to impose transhumanist ideologies through the use of mass propaganda that
deceptively presents itself as entertainment in the form of cinema. The objectives of the research
are as follows;

- To analyze the extent to which the science fiction genre of Hollywood has influenced the
youth of Zimbabwe.
- To use films to explore science fiction concepts like augmentation and discuss the ethical
underpinnings of its ideas.
 - To exhume whether Science Fiction in Hollywood was created specifically to seek public
approval for artificial intelligence and Transhumanist ideas.

1.5 Research Questions.

- Do Hollywood Science Fiction Ideologies resonate with Zimbabwean Youths?
- Is Hollywood cinema intricately and purposefully designed to sway and influence public
opinion?
- What are some of the Agendas in Hollywood Science Fiction films?
- Was the Sci-fi genre created to purposefully push a transhumanist agenda?

1.5. Justification of the Study.

With regards to Hollywood cinema possibly being a purveyor of transhumanist social

engineering and programming system, there is relatively not that much extensive scholarly
research that has been done to address this crucial issue, the world is fast becoming technological
in every imaginable way and perhaps Hollywood cinema has had a role in facilitating an
acceptance of these technologies suffice to say that The study is valuable because it brings to the
fore the science fiction sinister ideologies and agendas within the context of what many people
are exposed to which are Hollywood films. A lot of people do not know much about the concepts
of social engineering, subliminal programming and predictive programming that has been
carefully and deliberately devised and used in Hollywood cinema and television since the 20 th
Century to brainwash and program the masses.

Film scholars, media scholars, psychology scholars and any other individuals seeking knowledge
will benefit greatly from this study, the study wants to provide the necessary knowledge that will
help film scholars and other scholars understand how Hollywood Cinema and have socially
engineered and programmed the world since the 20 th Century. Any other reader will benefit
greatly from this knowledge as it will help them become at least aware and perhaps resistant to
some of this programming.

1.6. Delimitations of the Study.

The research under study focused on solely on the science fiction genre of Hollywood together
with the ideologies and agendas encircling it.
1.7. Limitations of the Study.

The limitations encountered by the researcher within this study were the lockdown and
quarantine measures implemented globally by governments, which restricted the researcher from
conducting many face to face interviews.

1.8. Assumptions of the Study.

- Hollywood cinema studios are owned by and production is controlled by a small group of
globalist oligarchs.
- Most Hollywood cinema films subliminally through iconography, symbolism and
numerology communicate ideologies in tandem with what the oligarchical owners of
these productions want to be communicated to the masses.

1.9. Chapter Summary.

This chapter set the background and premise of the research into context. It parlayed the
foundation to an understanding of the research problem, posing a very pertinent question; is
Hollywood cinema specifically the science fiction genre used as propaganda to bring to the
public consciousness a transhumanist agenda? The research’s aims and objects were also
discussed including but not limited to assessing if, why and how Hollywood cinema is used as
predictive programming to impose transhumanist ideologies on the masses. Whilst also
evaluating transhumanism through the medium of film by ideologically uncovering the
ideological esotericism of Hollywood Science fiction cinema.
Chapter 2:

Literature review and theoretical framework

2.0 Introduction

This chapter seeks to review the relevant literature in relation to Transhumanism, Hollywood
Cinema and how the latter is having a lot of films that thematically concerned with the former.
The chapter will discuss the theoretical underpinnings of transhumanism, its brief history and
how its relativity to Hollywood Cinema and the Science Fiction genre. this chapter will also
discuss the theoretical framework. The Review of literature mainly focuses on different
categorized sections that are relevant and relative to the current study.

2.1. Social engineering.

This paper will use the sociology/political science definition of social engineering. According to
Harvey (2012) Social engineering refers to the idea that people can be manipulated into social
structures. The idea was current in the late 19th century and early 20th century in Europe and
America. It was usually linked with the idea that sociology was a new science that could be used
to create a stable, less fragmented or antagonistic society. Harvey (2012) purports that it is social
change that is planned by Governments.

Murphy’s Assertion is concurrent with Harvey’s notion. Murphy, J.W. (1981) says “The process
of social engineering usually carries connotations of serious finality. The social engineer,
because of his/her belief in absolute rationality, is thought to suppress social spontaneity.”
Harvey and Murphy both agree that social engineering’s main goal is to have a less ideologically
fragmented and spontaneous society.

Burton et al. (2016) believe audio visual entertainment is one of the more prolific ways social
engineers use to engineer society. According to Burton et al. (2016) We live in an age where
culture has become highly weaponized, and audio visual entertainment presents a way to hack
directly into the human mind.
2.2. Hollywood Social engineering and ideological programming.

Hollywood cinema is a powerful medium from the aesthetical beauty of the films to the
connection that the audience has with the actors the whole product has mass appeal. Wiekle
(2018) says films were, and are, the perfect vehicle for shaping popular opinion, largely because
seeing a movie provides such a galvanizing, shared experience. Hollywood happens to the
biggest industry that produces films and can be undisputedly regarded as the biggest film
industry in the world. According to Gomery (1986) for well over ninety years an oligopoly of
Hollywood studios comprising Universal, Paramount, M.G.M., United Artists, Fox, Columbia,
Warner Brothers, R.K.O. and Walt Disney, known collectively as ‘the Majors’ have dominated
world cinema.

All these studios can be collectively called ‘Hollywood.’ Schatz and Peren (2004) say the term
Hollywood refers to “three interrelated aspects of American cinema: the industrial, the
institutional, and the formal-aesthetic.” Schatz and Peren (2004:495) As an industry, Hollywood
is a vast, integrated commercial enterprise with specific business practices and standard
operating procedures geared primarily to producing and distributing feature-length films
“Hollywood movies”. Schatz and Peren (2004).

Fearing (1947) says with a few exceptions everybody including social scientists, movie makers,
and laymen seems to agree that there are profoundly important relationships between motion
pictures and human behavior” Society is highly susceptible to the influence of movies

According to Elezaj, R. (2019) “The power of audiovisuals has been manifested and exploited
politically, socially, and economically throughout history. Leaders such as Adolf Hitler, for
example, successfully used films as propaganda tools during World War II. Facts like these show
the raw power of film: An immense power that has even caused revolutions.”

May (2014) says films are everywhere. U.S. and global culture is saturated with advertisements
for movies and their stars. Movie theaters are present in towns and cities of almost any size,
while DVD players allow for access in the home. May (2014) says that recent advances in
internet streaming technology allow for movies to be watched anywhere there is an internet
connection. Our lives are shaped by the pervasive nature of films. Like other communication
tools such as written works and television, films are conduits for ideas.
According to Lee (2008) the Motion Picture Association of America ("MPAA"), Hollywood’s
lobbying group, proudly proclaims that the U. S film industry provides the majority of home
entertainment products seen in millions of homes throughout the world. Lee (2008) says
Hollywood’s worldwide box office revenue amounted to $25.82 billion in 2006. Approximately
85% of worldwide ticket sales are directed toward Hollywood movies, and international sales
generate approximately half of the U.S. film industry's revenues. According to Amobi and
Donald (2007) Just 6 major film studios (Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros.
Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, Columbia Pictures, 20th Century Fox) that are part of six
diversified media conglomerates dominate the Hollywood, whose various film production and
distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80–85% of U.S. box office
revenue.

The sector could be defined as an oligopoly, with few (six at the present time) major players, all
units of publicly traded media and entertainment conglomerates, accounting for the large
majority of the product distributed in the United States and globally. The Hollywood studios,
both domestically and internationally have a clear leadership at the box-office. Data from
boxofficemojo.com report that over the period 2001–2006, the market share of the six
Hollywood studios (considered within their conglomerates) averaged approximately 80% or
more in the US theatrical market. Also globally, the six Hollywood studios consistently rank at
the top of worldwide charts in approximately the same period, as reported by Showbizdata.com.
In particular, Warner Bros. ranked first with 16.2% of the global theatrical gross in 2007,
Sony/Columbia Tristar in 2006 with 16.4%, Warner Bros. in 2005 and 2004 with 15.7 and
14.2%, respectively, and Buena Vista International (the distribution arm of the conglomerate
Disney) in 2003 with 18.1%. In the same 5 year period, only once was there a non-US or non-
Hollywood affiliated distributor among the top 10 positions in the share of global gross theatrical
revenue (the Japanese Toho ranking tenth in 2006). Sigismondi (2006)

Kellner (2011:7) says “media culture helps shape the prevalent view of the world and deepest
values: it defines what is considered good or bad, positive or negative, moral or evil.” Media
scholar George Gerbner concurs with Kellner and posits that the 20th century marked a point
where film and television took an enormous presence and influence in peoples’ lives. Gerbner et
al. (1986) says that film has become the primary storyteller replacing parents and grandparents as
main sources of knowledge, he warns that society is receiving its teachings about values and
morals from people with something to “sell” rather than tell Gerbner et al. (1986).

2.3. Transhumanism.

The term "transhumanism" was coined by the evolutionary biologist and First Director-General
of UNESCO, Julian Huxley (1887–1975) in 1951 at a lecture entitled “Knowledge, Morality and
Destiny” in 1951 and later wrote it for his 1957 book “New Bottles for New Wine.”

Huxley who also happens to be the younger brother of prominent science fiction dystopia figure
and writer Aldous Huxley says "I believe in transhumanism: once there are enough people who
can truly say that, the human species will be on the threshold of a new kind of existence, as
different from ours as ours is from that of Peking man. It will at last be consciously fulfilling its
real destiny." Huxley, J. (1957).

Huxley (1957) advocates for what he calls the “fulfillment society” which will be committed to
the full development of human potential and will replace the “welfare society” or the “power
society” as he calls them. Huxley defines Transhumanism as the effort by humanism to transcend
itself not just sporadically but in its entirety as humanity, man remaining man but transcending
by realizing new possibilities for his human nature. Estulin (2015) says that Transhumanism is
an ultra-high tech dream of computer scientists, philosophers, neural scientists and many others.
It seeks to use radical advances in technology to augment the human body, mind and ultimately
the entire human experience. It is the philosophy that supports the idea that mankind should pro-
actively enhance itself and steer the course of its own evolution.

One of the most prominent figures in the world of transhumanism is Ray Kurzweil, Kurzweil
who is a head figure at global tech company google and often called a legitimate successor to
Thomas Edison says “By the time we get to the 2040s, we’ll be able to multiply human
intelligence a billion fold. That will be a profound change that’s singular in nature. Computers
are going to keep getting smaller and smaller. Ultimately, they will go inside our bodies and
brains and make us healthier, make us smarter.” Kurzweil, R. (2005:13).

Another prominent voice in the transhumanism studies is Max More, More says;
“transhumanism is both a reason-based philosophy and a cultural movement that affirms the
possibility and desirability of fundamentally improving the human condition by means of science
and technology. Transhumanists seek the continuation and acceleration of the evolution of
intelligent life beyond its currently human form and human limitations by means of science and
technology, guided by life-promoting principles and values.” More, M. (2010:22).

Estulin (2015) says that the whole idea of the transhumanist agenda is to make humans view
inanimate objects and technology as being on the same level as a human being. The main agenda
is to slowly but surely using social engineering and predictive programming facilitate a society
that will eventually view robots and humanoids as natural if not equal to human beings.

According to Franssen, cited in Sampanikou (2017:4) “Transhumanists believe that we can and
should take control of our nature, and cross our ‘natural boundaries’, for it will make us
healthier, more intelligent, prettier, and happier. Central is a striving for perfection, for self-
creation, and in its most radical form the idea that we should use any means possible to achieve
this post human state.” In striving for perfection perhaps transhumanism will follow a well laid
evolutionary phases. Lindgren cited in Blessed (2017) says transhumanism intends to follow a
four step evolution. Step 1: A Humanoid robot controlled by the human brain via brain and
machine interface, Step 2: A Conscious human brain transmitted into a humanoid robot brain,
Step 3: A Human consciousness alone uploaded into a computer and finally Step 4: A Hologram
with a fully conscious mind. Lindgren cited in Blessed (2017).

Transhumanism is highly controversial, Allenby (2007) says there are significant and growing
arguments over whether “transhumanism” is a desirable direction for humanity to be going.
Some argue in favor of human enhancement and a continuation of medical progress, others
against it on equitable grounds, and even on the basis that it constitutes blasphemy, a primordial
sin against the order that God has established. There are scholars that believe it is a necessary
step in human evolution one of the leading scholars in this realm is Nick Bostrom. According to
Bostrom (2005) Transhumanism is a loosely defined movement that has developed gradually
over the past two decades. It promotes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding and
evaluating the opportunities for enhancing the human condition and the human organism opened
up by the advancement of technology. Attention is given to both present technologies, like
genetic engineering and information technology, and anticipated future ones, such as molecular
nanotechnology and artificial intelligence.

Other scholars however believe it is a detrimentally dangerous idea such scholars are epitomized
by Francis Fukuyama. In a widely cited 2004 article in the journal Foreign Policy, Fukuyama
described transhumanism as “the most dangerous idea in the world.” Fukuyama, F. (2004:2) says
If we start transforming ourselves into something superior, what rights will these enhanced
creatures claim, and what rights will they possess when compared to those left behind? If some
move ahead, can anyone afford not to follow? Fukuyama says these questions are troubling
enough within rich, developed societies. If we also add in the implications for citizens of the
world's poorest countries for whom biotechnology's marvels likely will be out of reach and the
threat to the idea of equality becomes even more menacing.

Flores (2018) is also a detractor and criticizes the ideology’s stand point of going against nature
viewing it as a stumbling block towards human perfection, Flores says the transhumanists
consider the body as a deficient and obsolete object that shall be thrown away like “scrap” or
“excess luggage" to replace it with a “better container, “for that reason, the transhumanist
symbol is the cyborg, that represents the man whose body abandons nature; he says for the
transhumanists, nature is considered an adversary.

2.3.1 History of Transhumanism.

According to Blessed (2017) Transhumanism can be traced back to the Josiah Macy foundation
in the 1940s where the idea of Cybernetics was created. Estulin (2015) says cybernetics is
foundational and inseparable from transhumanism. Estulin (2015) says that Cybernetics states
that the human brain does not reproduce reality but it calculates it like a computer this led to idea
of applying the binary system to the human brain like it is a computer system. According to Pias,
C. (2016:13) “Between 1946 and 1953, the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation sponsored a series of
conferences aiming to bring together a diverse, interdisciplinary community of scholars and
researchers who would join forces to lay the groundwork for the new science of cybernetics.”

According to Pias (2016) these conferences were attended by world renowned scholars like
cultural anthropologist Margret Mead, British polymath, philosopher, logician, mathematician,
historian Bertrand Russell and others all to discuss concepts like cybernetics. Rapid
technological advances prompted scholars of the 20th century to view enhancement of humans
as a more realistic possibility. Scholarly and entertainment articles sprang up in the latter half of
the 20th century describing the transhumanist technologies of life extension, cryonics, etc. In
1992, Max More and Tom Morrow founded the Extropy Institute an organization that sought to
become a center for futuristic thinking. May (2014).

2.3.2 Transhumanism and Science Fiction.

Estulin (2015) says a closer look at the themes of science fiction demonstrates that the entire
genre is, not quite the source of collective enlightenment and a body of imaginative literature it is
made out to be, but rather, oriented towards something far more sinister in need of
deconstruction. The science fiction genre might have started off in the literary works of
progenitors like George Wells and Aldous Huxley through intertextuality it eventually made its
way into Hollywood Films. According to Mathpadi (2020). Herbert George Wells (1866-1946)
and Aldous Leonard Huxley (1894-1963) are the prominent and most renowned figures of this
stream of writing where they tried to represent the future world with the help of scientific
fantasies and social realities. Their works undoubtedly were the progenitor of the modern sci-fi
genre as seen in literature, music and cinema.

Estulin, D. (2015:285) says “Frankenstein may have been the first science fiction novel;
however, the originator of the science fiction genre without a doubt was H.G. Wells. At the end
of the 19th century H.G. Wells gave us the War of the Worlds, which in 1953, over half a
century later, would be transformed into a Hollywood blockbuster.” Kirby (2015) H.G. Wells
was once referred to as ‘the Shakespeare of Science Fiction.’ He is more often called ‘the father
of Science Fiction’ and regarded, along with Jules Verne, as one of the creators of the genre.
Kirby (2015) says that Today, much of the science fiction we read or watch owes something to
Wells.

According to May, N. (2014:20) “With respect to transhumanism, films can offer us a glimpse
into our hopes and fears regarding a future technology, or act as a critical tool for analyzing
current ones. In short, films offer us an understanding of our relationship with technology that
complements our rational, professional discourses.” According to Ezpeleta and Segara (2017).
Transhumanism in science fiction films incorporates two distinct categories. The first group
portrays the gradual steps to ensure that artificial intelligence becomes more humane with
features proper of the human nature arriving to develop self-con-sciousness. The second group of
films show the evolution to incorporate different aspects of technology in the human beings
towards the Homo sapiens technologicus.” According to Estulin (2015) Aldous Huxley was a
grandson of the famous biologist, Thomas Henry Huxley, whose outspoken support of Charles
Darwin’s theory of evolution earned him the nickname, ‘Darwin’s Bulldog.”

2.3.3 Transhumanism in Hollywood Science Fiction Cinema.

Estulin (2015) says another key issue of transhumanism is the fostering of a particular agenda as
the basis of forms of entertainment. A simple example of this can be found in numerous
Hollywood films or television shows, which include robots or androids. They often make the
viewer feel sympathetic towards the robot and in turn this makes them feel emotional, if say, the
robot was to be ‘killed’ by a human. 

Lance (2019) says that Transhumanism has been a common trend since the 1970s. Although the
first example of a transhumanist film can be of Metropolis released in 1927. All the
transhumanist concepts have been present there in movies, things such as androids, merging of
humans and machines, advanced AI, virtual reality, cyborgs, clones, chimeras, mind uploading
etc. have been subjects of a number of movies, tv shows, music videos, fashion magazines and
novels. Some example of movies pushing this theme are Island, Lucy, Blade Runner,
Terminator, Matrix, Moon, Transformers, Johnny Mnemonic.The Hollywood science fiction
genre is undoubtedly one of the most popular film genres, some of the greatest films to be ever
made are classified under the science fiction genre.

Hung (2000) says the reason why Hollywood science fiction films are popular is that science not
only inform but they also entertain. Hung says science fiction films are based on a collective set
of beliefs concerning the future of humanity, the idea of technological advancement both
biologically and technically have attracted human beings because they are fundamentally
curious. Science fiction has become especially popular in the 21 st Century given that technology
is fast evolving in this century. Peters (2017) says science fiction is one of the most dominant
genres of our time. Though it has been popular throughout the last 50 years, it hasn’t had as great
of an influence on culture as it has today, and though this can be traced back to the development
of special effects technology, it’s in large part due to the current moment we live in. Though sci-
fi can be brushed aside as fantastical. Peters says it represents the cultural moment of the 21st
century better than any other genre, and that its influence will only continue to grow as we live in
this ever-complicating world.

2.4 Technology.

There are a number of technologies that are currently being developed that one could deem to be
transhumanist technologies. Most people in the world today can no longer live without their
smartphones according to India today (2019) a study was done where 76 college students ranging
in age from 18 to 22, had no access to food for three hours and no access to their smartphones for
two hours. After that, the students were more tempted to use their smartphones instead of getting
a 100-calorie diet. Kurzweil, R. (2016) says “We’re merging with these non-biological
technologies. We’re already on that path. I mean, this little mobile phone I’m carrying on my
belt is not yet inside my physical body, but that’s an arbitrary distinction. It is part of who I am
not necessarily the phone itself, but the connection to the cloud and all the resources I can access
there.”

May (2014) says that human-machine interfacing is a field of research that has clinical and
transhumanist applications. Put simply, human-machine interfacing represents the coming
together of man and machine. Such interfacing already exists if one considers individuals with
prosthetic limbs. Some may argue that the interfacing needs to be at a deeper level, something
that researchers have done with brain implants.

Technology like powered exoskeletons has been developed to which leading transhumanist
Zoltan Istvan says in the future will help everyone climb mount Everest. Itsvan (2020) says about
a third of everyone on planet earth has mobility issues and exoskeleton technology seeks to fix
those issues.

Allanby (2007) says current technological evolution is unprecedented. Previous technology

clusters revolved around one or perhaps two evolving technologies –like rails and steam, or
automobiles and petroleum. Allanby (2007) says “The constellation of nanotechnology,
biotechnology, robotics, ICT, and cognitive science, however, marks a culmination of sorts of
traditional technological evolution, for among other things it extends control of materials to the
atomic scale, and lays the groundwork for the complete integration of the human and the
technological.”

2.5 Artificial Intelligence.

According to Frankenfield. J. (2021) Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of

human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their
actions. He says the term may also be applied to any machine that exhibits traits associated with
a human mind such as learning and problem-solving.

Estulin (2015) says Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Data Science are popular terms in
this era. And knowing what it is and its value in the coming years is more crucial than ever.
Although Hollywood movies tend to exaggerate for dramatic effects, there is still some truth in
these movies. According to Advani (2021) Artificial Intelligence is an intelligent entity created
by humans capable of performing tasks intelligently without being explicitly instructed and is
also capable of thinking and acting rationally and humanely.

Van Duin and Bakhshi (2017) give some general definitions of A.I, they say

- “Artificial intelligence is a computerised system that exhibits behaviour that is commonly

thought of as requiring intelligence.”
- “Artificial Intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require
intelligence if done by man.”

Some scientists whilst championing A.I have also warned of its dangers. Elon Musk cited in the
guardian (2014) says the world should be very careful about artificial intelligence. Musk says
humanity’s biggest existential threat is probably A.I. One of transhumanism’s biggest proponents
Nick Bostrom also talks of the dangers of Artificial Intelligence, Bostrom (2005) likens human
beings experimenting with Artificial Intelligence with small children playing with a bomb.
Bostrom (2005) says human beings are not ready to deal with what he calls “superintelligence.”
Bostrom, N. (2005) says “For a child with an undetonated bomb in its hands, a sensible thing to
do would be to put it down gently, quickly back out of the room, and contact the nearest adult.
Yet what we have here is not one child but many, each with access to an independent trigger
mechanism. The chances that we will all find the sense to put down the dangerous stuff seem
almost negligible.

Vladimir Putin, president of one of the most powerful countries in the world Russia has also
expressed his concerns over A.I. Putin quoted on theverge.com (2017) says “Artificial
intelligence is the future, not only for Russia, but for all humankind. It comes with colossal
opportunities, but also threats that are difficult to predict. Whoever becomes the leader in this
sphere will become the ruler of the world.”

2.6. Globalization

Chase-Dunn et al. (2000) says Globalization is the communication and collaboration between
companies, governments and people, this ideology of globalization contribute to the distribution
of international exchange of ideas to trade Matusitz, (2011). Yalcin (2018) paraphrases the term
globalization as an extensive network of economic, cultural, social and political interconnections
and also processes which go beyond national boundaries Yeates, (2002). Globalization is not
exactly a policy option but rather a fact to which policy makers are to adapt Wells (2006).

There are a variety of views concerning to the emergence of globalization, it has been said to be
as a result of issues to do with technical development and market economy. Another claim
stresses that globalization is an outcome of capitalist progress Glazter & Rueschemeyer (2005).
According to Yalcin (2018)

As advancement of communication technologies and the increase in productivity necessitate

states’ expansion of their market territory. The decline in protective social policies, the increase
in the incentives for foreign trade and the convergence of free market economy, are all in line
with these “perceived” global necessities. Increase in the vulnerability to external fluctuations,
shrinkage in the stability of domestic economies, decline in domestic policy autonomy, and
restructuring of governance are all accompanied by globalization.

Furthermore, the rise of overlaps with the action of free trade of goods, finances and the
international involvement of neo liberal programs
According to Babran (2008:212) “Many have expressed different and even contradictory
definitions of globalization in their discussions over the past few years. According to British
sociologist Anthony Giddens, some social sectors are utterly pessimistic about globalization and
reject it in its entirety” There are other who view globalization as an undeniable outcome with
inevitable and profound consequences. Ultimately we have others who are referred to as global
expansionist who view globalization as an inescapable reality developing momentum which is
ever increasing due to the intensification of global interactions and the importance of
international boundaries. Babran (2008). Furthermore, they believe that national cultures,
policies and economies will eventually integrate into one single network, national or local
authority will diminish in favor of a homogenous global economy and culture Held (2000). On
the other hand, there is an opposing spectrum against globalization which Giddens (2003) has
referred to as pessimists. They perceive the idea of globalization as a concept synonymous to
Americanization. Babran (2008) stresses that the opposing school of thought in question argues
that globalization ultimately will create a team of winners and losers a long with the global
conquest of economic domination of specific political groups. The example proposed is that of
wealthy nations like America which are strong enough to resist any pressure to alter new world
order and could impose their desires and goals as global agendas and work plans Babran (2008).

2.6.2 Media and Identity challenges of globalization

The assessment of mass media and the role it plays in the age of information on the issues
pertaining to identity and cultural crisis in network societies, has become very important that it is
impossible to discuss of about globalization out mentioning the presence of media Babran,
(2008). Mass media has been highlighted by some scholars as the main player in the
globalization process Rapping (1997).

2.7. Theoretical framework.

Propaganda Model by Herman and Chomsky (1986), The Propaganda Theory by Edward
Bernays (1928), Agenda Setting Theory by Shaw (1973), The Cultivation Theory and the Uses
and Gratification theory.
According to Mirriam Webster a theory is a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as
the basis of action or an ideal or hypothetical set of facts, principles, or circumstances often used
in the day to day lives, or a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of
principles offered to explain phenomena. A framework is a real or conceptual structure intended
to serve as a support or guide for the building of something that expands the structure into
something useful.

This study’s theoretical framework is premised on the Propaganda model by Herman and
Chomsky, Propaganda theory brought forth by Edward Bernays and the agenda setting theory.

2.7.1 The Propaganda Model.

The Propaganda model as proposed by Herman and Chomsky is premised on as Herman and
Chomsky (1986) explain “the view that, among their other functions, the media serve, and
propagandize on behalf of, the powerful societal interests that control and finance them. The
representatives of these interests have important agendas and principles that they want to
advance, and they are well positioned to shape and constrain media policy.”

Klaehn (2005) says that the propaganda model postulates that elite media interlock with other
institutional sectors in ownership, management and social circles, effectively circumscribing
their ability to remain analytically detached from other dominant institutional sectors

2.7.2 Predictive Programming.

According to Beaver (2018) Predictive Programming is the theory that the government or other
higher-ups are using fictional movies or books as a mass mind control tool to make the
population more accepting of planned future events. Beaver (2018) says Predictive programming
is essentially a tactic to reduce resistance by introducing concepts that seem farfetched and
continuously reintroducing them to make these concepts appear more likely or at the very least
acceptable. Films are used as the common vessel because when watching something a person
typically perceives it as entertainment and their theoretical guard will be lowered and the
subliminal messages will directly go to the subconscious.

Alan Watt is often referred to as the man that coined the term “predictive programming” Alan
Watt cited in Beaver (2018) says Predictive programming is a subtle form of psychological
conditioning provided by the media to acquaint the public with planned societal changes to be
implemented by our leaders. The public will already be familiarized with them and will accept
them as natural progressions.

Watt says the idea of Predictive Programming is simple, the populace is prepared or programmed
in advance for the coming changes with the help of fiction. It is an act of psychologically
engineering the masses. Radical changes would be rejected by the people and a conditioning
process is required to make them acceptable, this conditioning is done indirectly using fictional
sources like movies and tv programs. In this way people are exposed to the ideas and concepts of
the desired changes as they are interwoven in the storylines of movies, tv shows, music videos,
novels etc.

After this has been done for a long period of time, slowly the changes are implemented and
become the new norm. People are trained unknowingly for the coming changes subtly with the
help of fiction. It is a form of mind control. Watt cited in Beaver (2018) says that predictive
programming is necessary is because It is difficult to break people’s habits and customs, they
like familiarity and routine. You can’t just order people to march towards a change. You first
need them to prepare them.

The desired future concepts and ideas like for example transhumanism are present everywhere in
popular culture. All these ideas and concepts are embedded in the collective psyche through
fiction. They were already present there in the public subconscious mind before becoming
reality.

This is the how the process of predictive programming works

1. Desensitize (exposure)

2. Repetition (conditioning)

3. Multiple platforms to convey the messages (music, fashion, novels etc.)

4. Slowly and systematically the concepts are normalized (successful conditioning)

5. People accept the changes as normal and natural (desired outcome)

Mayukhmali (2020) sentimentally agrees with Beaver and Watt and touches a little on science
fiction, the main genre that usually showcases transhumanist ideas; he says Science fiction
smacks of surrealism, disarming the public from seeing it as undesirable. In films, things and
ideas are inserted into the realm of fantasy that would otherwise be considered bizarre, vulgar,
undesirable or impossible. When a change is announced, the public is familiarized with it and
accepts it as natural progress, thereby reducing any public opposition or uproar.”

2.7.3. The Agenda Setting Theory.

In its most basic sense the Agenda setting theory is based on the concept that agenda setting is
the creation of public awareness and concern of prominent issues by media like film, television
and the news. Shaw, E.F. (1973) defines what the Agenda setting theory necessitates “the media
are persuasive in focusing public attention on specific events, issues, and persons and in
determining the importance people attach to public matters. The agenda-setting theory says that
because of news-papers, television, and other news media, people are aware or not aware pay
attention to or neglect, play up or downgrade specific features of the public scene.”

Potter (2019) says the media agenda is reflected by what is emphasized most in the media. The
public agenda is reflected by what issues people think are the most important ones in society at a
given time. Thus the public’s agenda is shaped by the media agenda as people come to believe
that the issues most emphasized film, television, literature and music are the most important
issues for them to think about.

2.7.4. Cultivation theory

Cultivation theory as proposed by its founder George Gerbner (1998), suggests that when people
watch television frequently they are more likely to be consumed and influenced by the content
they are watching. The influence is so intense that it percolates subconsciously in the mindset of
the viewer, it affects their world views and perceptions as they start reflecting on what they
monotonously saw and heard on television. Ultimately the television is depicted as and
considered to be independently contributing to the why society views things. Cultivation theory
argues that, the media in general terms presents pictorial view of the world that does not reflect,
reality. Information which is showcased on television is an absolute exaggeration of what is
actually true or exists in the world. According to sources from Communications Theory (2012)

There is a disproportionate number of handsome gentlemen, beautiful women, crime, wealth and
violence. As a result, people end up perceiving the real world in a distorted manner and viewing
actuality through a ‘television perspective.’

Television in essence provides a superfluity of conceptions and ideas on a variety of cultural and
social dynamics ranging from sexuality race and gender. Over time, a fixed graphical mag e of a
variety groups of people are informed, viewers begin to absorb these ideas which they in turn use
to model and shape their daily lives. The consistent and monotonous exposure to television
content cultivates special beliefs values, desires and attitude in people. These newly perceived
notions and perceptions have shaped out the norms and values of people in societies on how they
view the world and ultimately influences how others perceive the world Vinney (2019). Based
on what they consume in media texts, people begin to unconsciously shape their thought
processes and behavior. Surprisingly, people of the modern world are increasingly depending on
technology and television compared to any other medium to grasp the complex hub of norms and
values in the midst of the social paradigm we are living in Gerbner (1998). This theory’s
trajectory is essential for the research as it elicits the idea of how the science fiction media texts
in question can influence the behavior of the of the Zimbabwean society bur however although it
mirrors the majority of the research’s needs it comes with criticism. For instance, the theory
takes media consumers as passive participants. Cultivation theory ignores the idea of actual
behavior, focusing on the patterns of media messages instead of individual response Vinney et al
(2019). Challenging this theory is the uses and gratifications theory which shall be discussed
below.

2.7.5. Uses and Gratification theory

Uses and gratifications theory emerged from the field of mass communication and it posits that
media users are not passive bur rather active users who have active control over the content they
consume Ruggiero (2000). The theory insights that people are motivated individuals who use
media to gratify their needs and wants and they are by no means controlled by the text the
consume Vinney et al (2019).

However, while the theory may be essential in informing the researcher of the variations in
audience reception and use of texts in this research it also comes with a few critiques that
undermine it Vinney et al (2019). For instance, the theory downplays the importance of media as
a result, an oversight is created in the way media influences people especially unconsciously
Rubin (1993).

2.8. Chapter Summary.

This segment assessed the writings on the ideologies and agendas of science fiction in
Hollywood films, exhuming issues to do with Transhumanism or augmentation, its relativity to
Hollywood Cinema and the connection with the ideas of social engineering and predictive
programming. It established that Hollywood Cinema has a powerful influence on how society
perceive ideas and because of global reach that it has it makes it a powerful vehicle to socially
engineer and predictively program society.

The related writing likewise uncovered that science fiction one of the biggest literature and film
genres was the brainchild of biological and technological augmentation and futurist ideology
believers like George Wells and the brother of the man who coined the term “transhumanism”
Julian Huxley, his brother being Aldous Huxley. This section likewise exhibited the hypothetical
system of this review which comprises of three theories that are the Propaganda Model by
Herman and Chomsky (1986), The Propaganda Theory by Edward Bernays (1928) and the
Agenda Setting Theory by Shaw (1973). The next chapter will therefore explain the research
design and the writer will address the research problem and a detailed outline of how an
investigation will take place, how the data is going to be collected and the instruments which are
to be used to collect the data. More so the chapter will explain the research methodology
whereby the methods used will be systematically analyzed.
Chapter 3

Research Methodology.

3.0 Introduction.

A research design is the framework of the research methods and techniques chosen by the
researcher and it provides the researcher the allowance to utilize the research methods that are
suitable the subject matter (QuestionPro, 2020). The design of a research explains the type of the
research (experimental or survey). The type of the research problem an organization or
researcher is facing will determine the research design and not vice versa. Furthermore, the
research design phase of a project is the one which determines the tools to be used and the
manner of usage. Jansen and Warren (2020) describes a research methodology as the practical of
any given research in which a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and
reliable results that address the aims and objectives of the researcher. Sileyew (2019) addresses
the research methodology as a path through which the researcher conducts the research,
formulating their problem and objectives and also present their results from the data obtained
during the period of study.

For the purpose of this research which is an assessment of the extent to which Hollywood
science fiction ideologies and agendas have influenced the youth of Zimbabwe, a descriptive and
explanatory qualitative design has been chosen. The researcher has chosen to combine
descriptive and explanatory designs as one single entity because of their nature and qualities
which are described below.

3.1 Qualitative Research.

This research will be approached from a qualitative paradigm. According to Ritchie et.al.(2013)
there is a challenge to define the term qualitative research clearly due to the fact that it does not
have its theory or paradigm nor an obvious set of methods or practices that are specifically of its
own.

Qualitative research is characterized by its aims, which relate to understanding some aspect of
social life, and its methods which in general generate words, rather than numbers, as data for
analysis. Brikci (2007). Bhandari (2020) says Qualitative research involves collecting and
analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or
experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for
research.

3.1.1.1 Justification of Approach and Paradigm.

Many research methods discount human instinct in the data collection process. The qualitative
research process allows for human instinct to play a role. The subconscious mind offers many
secrets that we may not scientifically understand, but we can collect the data it produces. That
data often has a higher level of accuracy and authenticity than any other form of data offered.

Numerous restrictions are part of the data-collection process in most research methods. This is
done to help create measureable outcomes in a short time period. Instead of focusing on a
specific metric, qualitative research focuses on data subtlety. It wants as many details as
possible, whether those details fit into a specific framework or not. It is within those details that
genuine insights tend to be found.

flexibility to follow unexpected ideas during research and explore processes

effectively;

• sensitivity to contextual factors;

• ability to study symbolic dimensions and social meaning;

• increased opportunities

- to develop empirically supported new ideas and theories;

3.1.1.2 Limitations of Approach Paradigm.

Because qualitative research is based on individual perspectives, it is almost impossible to
duplicate the results that are found. Even the same person may have a different perspective
tomorrow than they had today. That means the data collected through qualitative research can be
difficult to verify, which can lead some to question the conclusions that researchers generate
through this process.

researchers may disagree about the value of data being collected because of their different
perspectives. What is included during the qualitative research process or what is excluded relies
upon the researcher involved. That is why this data collection process is highly subjective.
Detailed data is always possible, but only if the researcher can set aside their bias and
perspective to present the data collected in raw form.

Even though there is a certain authenticity to qualitative research, there is also a certain
subjectivity to it. Because of this nature, the data collected may not be accepted. If similar
qualitative research efforts cannot produce similar results, the data originally collected might
even be rejected.

3.2 Descriptive research design

McCombs (2020) outlines descriptive research design as framework which aims to accurately
and systematically describe a population situation and sometimes phenomenon. A descriptive
research design is capable of answering questions such as the when, where, what and how but
neglects the why part of the question .Descriptive research has the ability to use a wide variety of
research methods to investigate variables. In this particular design, the researcher does not
manipulate any of the variables but only has to observe and measure them. An example of
descriptive research methods bring used in this research is the survey method. Surveys are quite
handy within this research as they shall aid in describing the demographics of the population
under study in the country together with gauging public opinion pertaining to the questions that
the researcher shall pose within the questionnaires.

3.2 Explanatory research design

This is a type of a research design which is applicable in situations where there is an
investigation of a phenomenon which has never been studied before or has not been thoroughly
researched .The intention is to provide clarity and understanding in situations where the area
understudy is unknown. The researcher develops a general idea of a situation and uses the
research design as a yardstick to guide the research to issues that can be addressed in future.

3.2.1 Characteristics of explanatory research

 The design uses secondary research as a source of information such as published articles
and literature carefully chosen to have a broad understanding of the topic. In this case
articles and journals pertaining to Science fiction ideologies and agendas for new world
order in Hollywood have been reviewed.
 The research allows for heightened understanding of a specific topic and although it does
not offer conclusive results it allows the researcher to find reasons why phenomenon
occurs.
 A researcher can distinguish causes of why a situation occurs during a research process
and anticipate changes.

An example of an explanatory research method to be utilized in this research are in-depth

interviews which shall be discussed independently in this chapter.

3.3 Research Paradigm

For the purpose of this research, the research paradigm that has been seen to been deemed
applicable is critical theory. This is a social sciences theory oriented towards critiquing and
challenging the societal structures as a whole Crossman (2019). Unlike the traditional theory
which only focuses on solely on understanding and explaining the society, critical theory goes on
extra mile of digging beneath the surface of social life itself. The theory exhumes the information
that keeps the human race from uncovering the real truth about their way of life and
surroundings.
Critical theory in essence emerged from Marxist ideologies and it was further developed by a
groups of sociologists at the University of Frankfurt Germany who began to refer to themselves
as the Frankfurt School.

Today the theory can be traced to Marxists critiques of the economy and society, inspired by
Karl Marx’s formulation of the relationship between economic base and ideological
superstructure. The theory also goes on to focus on how power and the aspect of domination
operate. Gyorgy Lukács and Antonio Gramsci followed in the footsteps of Marx and further
developed the theory, concentrating on exploring cultural and ideological sides of power and
domination and both centered their criticism on the social forces that retard people from
understanding how power affects their lives

Crossman (2019) Outlines that Marx Horkheimer asserted that critical theory must serve two
particular issues: it must account for the society within a historical context and it should also
seek to provide a somewhat robust holistic critique by a way of incorporating insights from
social sciences. In Horkheimer’s view, the theory can only be considered as true if it is
explanatory, normative and practical. The theory must also adequately chronicle the social
problems that exist and offer solutions that are practical for hoe to respond to them and stand by
the norms of criticisms established by the field. Given the weight of agitation this theory has
upon the social paradigm the research has seen it applicable in the research to serve as yardstick
of enlightenment to the youth of Zimbabwe.

3.4 Research instruments

To begin with, research instruments are tools used to obtain, measure and analyze data gathered
from subjects around the research under study. The decision of chosen the research tools to
utilize is based upon the type of study conducted. For instance since this research is choosing the
qualitative mixed method approach the research tools that have been chosen are questionnaires
and audio recording devices (tape recorder and cellphones)

3.4.1 Questionnaires
By Definition, a questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a set of questions or other
types or forms of prompts that aim to collect information from the subject or respondent.
Typically, a questionnaire consists of close ended and open ended questions. Open ended
questions offer the respondent the ability to elaborate more on their responses while close ended
circumscribe the respondent from elaborating Dubois (2019).

Advantages of questionnaires as a data gathering instrument

 They provide respondent anonymity

 It promotes group administration and is adaptable for any use, covering a large group at
the same time
 Questionnaire are easy to plan and easy to administer as well
 Once the investigator has skillfully constructed it they can give it to anybody to
administer them on their behalf.
 Questionnaires assist in focusing the respondent or subject’s attention on all significant
items. AS it is issued in a written form, recording of responses from respondents ensures
uniformity.

3.4.2. Disadvantages of questionnaires as a data gathering instrument

 Questionnaires’ reliability and validity are low it gives secondary information when
primary evidence is at hand
 The issue of non-responses is always a very reprehensible issue hence it provides a biased
sample.
 Questionnaires are not helpful in finding information regarding intricate emotional
subjects
 Behavior, gestures assertions and emotions of participants remain unknown.
 Questionnaires are not suitable when dealing with illiterate population
3.5 Interviews

In essence an interview is a qualitative research technique which involves a transactional

conversation between the researcher and subject or interviewee. The interviewer in frequent
cases is the expert who intends to understand the respondents’ opinions in a well-crafted and
executed series of questions and answers.

3.5.1. Semi-structured interviews

QuestionsPro (2012) highlights that semi-structured interviews offer a leeway to the researcher
to probe the respondents along with maintaining basic interview structure. Although the
interview may be a guided one between the researcher and interviewee an appreciable flexibility
is offered to the researchers. Furthermore, whilst keeping the structure in mind, the researcher
can follow any idea and take creative advantage of the entire interview. The best application of
semi structured interview is when the researcher does not have time to conduct research and
requires detailed information about the topic.

3.6 Target Population

The population targeted for this research are the youth of Zimbabwe of the age ranging from 20
to 35 years of age. The researcher has chosen this population as they are the approximate age that
is fascinated by popular culture and cultural imperialism. The researcher not only intends to
target the youth of specific age range but has purposively selected students from tertiary
education who are either studying film, media studies or mass communication. The researcher
has purposively selected these individuals as they are literate enough to understand the scope of
the research and can easily relate to the concepts under study.

3.7. Sampling

In order to answer the research questions, it is doubtful that researcher should be able to collect
data from all cases. Thus, there is a need to select a sample. Since, researchers neither have time
nor the resources to analysis the entire population so they apply sampling technique to reduce the
number of cases. Taherdoost (2016)
According to McBratney and Webster (1986) “A sample is a finite part of a statistical population
whose properties are studied to gain information about the whole.” Mugo (2002) says that
Sampling is the act, process, or technique of selecting a suitable sample, or a representative part
of a population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of the whole
population.

As far as the sampling strategy is concerned purposive sampling has been used. Purposive
sampling which is sometimes known as judgement, selective or subjective sampling is a
technique in which the researcher relies on their judgement in selecting whom to choose as a
participant in the research. In purposive sampling, we sample with a purpose in mind. We
usually would have one or more specific predefined criteria we are seeking Trochim (2020). The
sampling design is based on the judgement of the researcher as to who will provide the best
information to succeed for the objectives study. Etikan and Bala (2017:215).

3.7.1 Advantages of Purposive sampling

 Purposive sampling technique is both cost effective and time effective in essence
 The technique can be effective in situations in which there is need of exploring
anthropological situations where the discovery of meaning can benefit from an intuitive
approach.
 It can stand as the only appropriate method if there are only a limited amount of primary
data sources contributing to the study.

3.7.2 Disadvantages of purposive sampling

 The method is prone to errors due to the subjectivity of the researcher.

 The researcher can have troubles generalizing the research findings.

3.8 Data collection procedure

As far as the proceedings of the data collecting procedures are concerned, meetings or
arrangements with candidates scheduled for interviews were held between 25 and 28 April so as
to gain their official acceptance in the interviews of the research. The researcher also came in
touch with other colleagues who helped with distributing questionnaires to the purposively
selected candidates at tertiary institutions. Before issuing questionnaires, the nature and scope of
the research under study was elaborately explained to participants together with what the
researcher intended to do with the findings. During interviews with those designated for
interviews, candidates were free to bring about films and concepts that were not inquired by the
researcher.

3.9. Data analysis and presentation procedure.

The data that was gathered from the research was analyzed using a combination of thematic and
content analysis. Caulfield (2020) describes thematic analysis as a method of analyzing
qualitative data and it is usually applied in a set of texts such as interview transcripts. Data
collected is closely examined by the researcher and common themes within the data set are
extracted, coming from topics ideas and patterns of meaning that reoccur in interviews.

Thematic analysis is essential in situations where by the researcher wants to find out about
people’s views, opinions and knowledge pertaining to a certain subject.

3.9.1. Content analysis

Content analysis on the other hand is a research method used to identify patterns in recorded
communication and to conduct content analysis, data must be systematically collected from sets
of texts which can be written oral or even visual Luo (2021). Examples of texts appropriate for
content analysis are:

 Newspapers, Magazines and books

 Interviews and speeches
 Films and photographs
 Social media posts and web content.

Leedy and Ormrod (2001) define this method as “a detailed and systematic examination of the
contents of a particular body of materials for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes, or
biases” Content analysis review forms of human communication including books, newspapers,
and films as well as other forms in order to identify patterns, themes, or biases. The method is
designed to identify specific characteristics from the content in the human communications. The
researcher is exploring verbal, visual, behavioral patterns, themes, or biases.

Krippendorff (2004) says content analysis is distinguished from other kinds of social science
research in that it does not require the collection of data from people. Like documentary
research, content analysis is the study of recorded information, or information which has been
recorded in texts, media, or physical items.

3.9.1.1 Justification of Research Instrument.

- Directly examines communication using text.

- Allows for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.

- Provides valuable historical and cultural insights over time.

- Allows a closeness to data.

- Coded form of the text can be statistically analyzed.

- Unobtrusive means of analyzing interactions.

- Provides insight into complex models of human thought and language use.

- When done well, is considered a relatively “exact” research method.

- Content analysis is a readily-understood and an inexpensive research method.

3.9.1.2 Limitations of Research Instrument.

- Can be extremely time consuming.

- Is subject to increased error, particularly when relational analysis is used to attain a
higher level of interpretation.
- Is often devoid of theoretical base, or attempts too liberally to draw meaningful.
inferences about the relationships and impacts implied in a study
- Is inherently reductive, particularly when dealing with complex texts.
 - Tends too often to simply consist of word counts.
- Often disregards the context that produced the text, as well as the state of things after the
text is produced.

After data has been analyzed using the combination of thematic and content analysis, tables shall
be constructed in which findings shall be placed according to themes and codes.

3.10 Chapter Summary

In conclusion, this chapter has managed to fulfill the requirements of this chapter highlighting
important aspects such as the research methodology of the research, research paradigm, sampling
procedures and data analysis and presentation. The next chapter will extensively discuss the
findings of the research, interpretations, summery and conclusions.
Chapter 4

Data analysis, Interpretation, and presentation.

4.1 Introduction

The chapter presents and analyses data obtained from content analysis of the semi-structured
interviews carried out with a quota of the youth that were selected for participation in the
interviews along with the survey questionnaires distributed to the majority of the students who
completed the sample The study sought to analyze the extent to which the Hollywood science
fiction ideologies and agendas have influenced the mind-sets of the Zimbabwean youth. The
study also sought to understand the perceptions of the youth towards science fiction ideas
pertaining to transhumanism or human augmentation.

4.2. Overview of the respondents

The study gathered data and went on to do a content analysis of the interview results pertaining
to the extent to which science fiction ideologies and agendas have influenced the youth of
Zimbabwe through semi-structured interviews. The researcher purposively interviewed ten
respondents who are both filmmakers and students at tertiary institutions who were either
studying media studies, biotechnology and film and theatre arts.

4.3. Overview of the findings

The study discovered that the majority of the youth in Zimbabwe are immersed in the science
fiction film genre. The majority of them consume the film texts due to the public attention the
genre has worldwide, moreover, many mentioned the use of visual effects and futuristic
inventions like Nano technology and robotics as the science fiction characteristics which elicit
their interests. . Many of the respondents also went on to mention film texts from Disney such as
Iron Man and Captain America as science fiction film texts that largely captivate them. The
reoccurrence of these film texts within the interviews was fortuitous these are films which reflect
on human genetic modification, artificial intelligence and symbiosis of human and machinery.
4.4. Data Presentation and Analysis
The presentation and discussion of findings was divided into three sub-sections classified in-line
with the study’s themes: The perceived notion and relevance of transhumanism/human
augmentation in the Zimbabwean society. Artificial intelligence per public opinion in Zimbabwe.
Hollywood science fiction ideologies vs information and computer literacy in Zimbabwe. Firstly,
the study presents findings in sync with the objectives of the study and then continues to discuss
these findings linking them with the literature review and theories informing the study.

4.4.1. The perceived notion and relevance of transhumanism/human augmentation in the

Zimbabwean society

The study discovered that in the process of consuming science fiction films from Hollywood the
participants develop their own notions based on their sphere of interaction or profession. For
instance one elaborated that the idea of transhumanism or human augmentation can curb the
disability of those currently handicapped and suffering from inferiority complexes. An example
that the participant gave was that of the character Alex Murphy from Robocop

Alex Murphy who later is referred to as Robocop is a policeman who loses his body appendages
as a result of an explosion, through the use of artificial intelligence he becomes an efficient police
officer immune to corruption and the further facelift he receives of technological and biological
augmentation he is able to perform the humanistic deeds that he couldn’t after the accident.

Because of the aspect of phenomenology the participant related the fictional scenario of Alex
Murphy with that of real life individuals. This response is in tandem with the uses and
gratifications theory elaborated in the literature review.

4.4.2. Information illiteracy versus computer literacy

The other participant stressed artificial intelligence is essential for security and defence purposes
in scenarios where violence is of great magnitude. His main point was that valuing human life
should be a great necessity. The film reference he gave in line with artificial intelligence was that
of Chappie which chronicles of a futuristic South Africa infested with violence and the greatest
line of defence the police service of South Africa had were robots with artificial Intelligence. The
ability to possess humanistic elements makes the artificial intelligence and Transhumanistic
ideologies acceptable as far as public acceptability is concerned. This responses alludes to the
propaganda theory and agenda theory, the individuals that were interviewed by the researcher
seemed to give response based on the issues chronicled to them by the film text. Hollywood set
the agenda to perpetuate the idea of artificial intelligence to Africa Through the film Chappie and
the masses absorbed the denotative meaning whilst ignoring the connotative meaning. This also
goes on to exhume the issues to do with the information illiteracy in the country, people are
oblivious of the agendas set by Hollywood films.

Moreover, respondents that are computer literate seem to be more gullible to the science fiction
ideologies like artificial intelligence and human augmentation while those that are computer
illiterate seem to find no particular resonance to some of the ideologies disseminated by
Hollywood science fiction texts for example interview participant B seemed to express views
such as these.

I don’t know how far true and credible Nano technology is but what I think is that the
technology showcased in films like Chappie advocate for technological upgrades in
Africa
These responses shows that the respondent does not possess detailed knowledge about these
science fiction ideologies and therefore analyses the film text at face value. On the other hand,
respondents that are computer literate like interview participant D outlined such issues

The Nano technology exhibited in films like Avengers and Spiderman is handy for
morphing of objects, which can be the kind of technology to be applied in military
warfare therefore the world should embrace the age of artificial intelligence and human
augmentation.

4.5. Discussion of findings from questionnaires

Fig: 1 Participant questionnaire responses

4.5.2. Interpretation
The graph above shows the age groups of participants who participated in the interviews. From
the illustration above it can be seen that the majority of respondents to the questionnaires were of
20 to 24years. This also points out to the fact that science fiction mainly appeals to the younger
youth as it falls under popular culture. Young people are mostly susceptible to popular trends
which further exhumes their vulnerability and gullibility.

4.5.3. Interpretation of survey findings

From the questionnaires that were distributed the majority of the respondents responded
admitting to be fans of Hollywood science fiction movies Three quotas of them highlighted to be
fans of films such as Transformers, Avengers, Justice League and Terminator which are films
centred on the aspect of Transhumanism and extra-terrestrial science. These responses prove the
extent to which science fiction ideology has consumed the majority of the youth of Zimbabwe.
However, from the people that expressed dislike towards science fiction films a smaller fraction
alluded to science fiction being part of conspiracy theories meant to destruct societies.

4.6. Chapter Summary

This chapter has managed to present the findings of the research, outlining the overview of
respondents, data analysis interpretation of findings and even illustration of questionnaires.
Based the information outlined in this chapter it can be said that the chapter fulfilled its purpose.
The following chapter is the final phase of the research as a whole and it carries the research
summary of the overall findings conclusions and recommendations.
Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

5.1 Summary.

The objectives of this study were to analyze the extent to which the science fiction genre of
Hollywood has influenced the youth of Zimbabwe. This study posits that the Hollywood film
industry is an industry run by a secret oligopoly which operates from the shadows concocting
dubious and diabolic agendas whose intensions are unethical. The content which it exhibits
subliminally propagates for the agendas being perpetuated by these oligopolies. The science
fiction genre in particular exhumes ideological thematic concerns which mirror the agendas and
objectives of these oligopoly. The issue of globalization which has an exchange of content
between nations and continents is promoting the dissemination of the ideologies carried by the
Hollywood science fiction genres. Given the situation which has been outlined the researcher
sought to discover the extent to which these ideologies have affected the youth of Zimbabwe.
The researcher also sought to explore the science fiction concepts like augmentation or
transhumanism and discuss with participants the ethical of its ideas. The research preliminarily
was of the view that the concept of transhumanism or augmentation is reprehensible and thus
needed to hear from the Zimbabwean society of the views they have pertaining to the subject.

5.2. Conclusions

As mentioned in the summery, the objectives of this study were to analyze the extent to which
the Hollywood science fiction genre has influenced the youth of Zimbabwe. Based on the
findings of the research it can be said that within the Zimbabwean society, there is communalism
of film audiences. There are audiences who have been intensively absorbed by science fiction.
These audiences within this group cherish and embrace the ideologies posed by Hollywood
science fiction genre advocating for innovative forms advancements like Nano technology. This
community of youth, understands the science fiction text from both connotative and denotative
meanings. Their glory in science fiction texts clouds their judgement as they cannot percolate
deep to assess the stakeholders involved in the filmmaking business in Hollywood. This
particular situation does not simply indicate shortsightedness but also reflect on total cultural
dilution.

On the other hand we have another community which is fond of the science fiction genre but
understands the meaning of the text from a denotative level. The ideology and agendas behind
these science fiction films from Hollywood are not known. These are the audience that consume
the film text for entertainment without any intertextual or phenomenological reference to it.
Furthermore, these kind of audiences are docile as a result of information illiteracy. Less
knowledge is known about the text they consume therefore they are passive audience vulnerable
to outside stimuli

5.3. Recommendations

After assessing the foregoing the researcher has the following recommendations

Recommendations to the local film industry

 The local film industry should produce content in access in order to curb issues related to
cultural imperialism. The youth fall prey to western ideologies due to lack of local film
texts competing with foreign ones.
 The local film industry should strengthen their marketing and distribution strategies. The
reason why Hollywood is reaching as far as Africa with its ideologies and agendas is
because of strategized and efficient marketing skills.
 Broadcasting and Distribution of more Hollywood films than local content should be
attacked in Zimbabwe. Countries that are not the United States of America should
broadcast more less Hollywood films.
 If one is to watch Hollywood movies they should watch them with an open eye, most
Hollywood ideologies are not good for society. Therefore, those that still enjoy
Hollywood movies should do so with the fore knowledge that most of Hollywood cinema
has ominous hidden ideological agendas.

 Zimbabwe should start producing more quality content that has rich and relevant
storytelling, this has the tremendous potential to keep a lot of viewers from being
brainwashed by Hollywood cinema.
 More quality content should be produced that promotes other different ideologies to
challenge the ideological hegemony of Hollywood cinema.

 Film makers from across the globe should not seek to replicate Hollywood cinema in
terms of content. Hollywood is seriously funded and those that try to compete with
Hollywood by replicating it are always more likely to fall short and make Hollywood
look even better. Film makers should instead focus on creating something different that
will actually challenge Hollywood.
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