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MATH'S Project Report On Pythagoras Theorem Submitted To Mr. Munish Sharma Submitted by Class - X-B ROLL. NO.13 Uspc Jain Public School

The document is a project report on the Pythagorean theorem submitted by Himanshu Sundriyal to his teacher Mr. Munish Sharma. It contains 3 sections: (1) an explanation of the Pythagorean theorem and how it can be written as the equation a2 + b2 = c2, (2) several proofs of the theorem including using similar triangles and Euclid's original proof, (3) applications of the theorem in mathematics.

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ashutosh singh
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3K views5 pages

MATH'S Project Report On Pythagoras Theorem Submitted To Mr. Munish Sharma Submitted by Class - X-B ROLL. NO.13 Uspc Jain Public School

The document is a project report on the Pythagorean theorem submitted by Himanshu Sundriyal to his teacher Mr. Munish Sharma. It contains 3 sections: (1) an explanation of the Pythagorean theorem and how it can be written as the equation a2 + b2 = c2, (2) several proofs of the theorem including using similar triangles and Euclid's original proof, (3) applications of the theorem in mathematics.

Uploaded by

ashutosh singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A

MATH’S Project report


On
Pythagoras theorem

SUBMITTED TO
MR. MUNISH SHARMA

SUBMITTED BY
HIMANSHU SUNDRIYAL
CLASS – X-B
ROLL. NO.13

USPC JAIN PUBLIC


SCHOOL
Pythagorean
Theorem

The Pythagorean Theorem: The sum of


the areas of the two squares on the legs
(a and b) equals the area of the square
of the hypotenuse(c).

In mathematics, the
Pythagorean Theorem (in American
English) or Pythagoras’ theorem (in
British English) is a relation in
Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle
(right-angled triangle in British English). It states:

In any right triangle, the area of the square whose side is the
hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the
sum of the areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs (the
two sides that meet at a right angle).

The theorem can be written as an equation:

a2 + b2 = c2
Where c represent the length of the hypotenuse, and a and b
represent the length of the other two sides.
The Pythagorean Theorem is named after the Greek
mathematician Pythagoras, who by tradition is credited with its
discovery and proof, although it is often argued that knowledge
of the theory predates him. (There is much evidence that
Babylonian mathematics understood the principle, if not the
mathematical significance.)

1. In formulae
If we let c be the length of the hypotenuse and a and b be the
lengths of the other two sides, the theorem can be expressed
as the equation:

c = √a2+b2
or, solved for c:

c = √a2+b2
If c is already given, and the length of one of the legs
must be found, the following equations (which are
corollaries of the first) can be used:

c2 – b2 = a2
This equation provides a simple relation among the
three sides of a right triangle so that if the lengths of the
third side can be found. A generalization of this theorem
is the law of cosines, which allows the computation of
the lengths of two sides and the size of the angle
between them. If the angle between the sides is a right
angle, it reduces to the Pythagorean theorem.

2. Proofs
This is a theorem that may have more known proofs
than any other (the law of quadratic reciprocity being
also a contender for that distinction); the book
Pythagorean Proposition, by Elisha Scott Loomis,
contains 367 proofs.

 Proof using similar triangles


Like most of the Proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem, this one is based on
the proportionality of the sides of two similar triangles.

Let ABC represents a right triangle, with the right angle located at C, as
shown on the figure. We draw the altitude from point C, and call H its
intersection with the side AB. The new Triangle ACH is similar to our
triangles ABC, because they both have a right angle (by definition of the
altitude), and they share the angles at A, meaning that the third angle will
be the same in both triangles as well. By a similar reasoning, the triangle
CBH is also similar to ABC.
The similarities lead to the two ratios:

a HB b AH
= and =
b a c b

Euclid’s proof

Proof in Euclid’s Elements

In Euclid’s Elements, Proposition 47 of Book 1, the Pythagorean theorem


is proved by an argument along the following lines. Let A, B, C be the
vertices of a right triangle, with a right angle at A. Drop a perpendicular
from A to the side opposite the hypotenuse in the square on the
hypotenuse. That line divides the square on the hypotenuse into two
rectangles, each having the same areas as one of the two squares on the
legs.

For the formal proof, we require four elementary lemmata:

1. If two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the
other, each to each, and the angles included by those sides equal, then
the triangles are congruent.(Side-Angle-Side theorem)
2. The area of a triangle is half the area of any parallelogram on the same
base and having the same altitude.
3. The area of any square is equal to the product of two of its sides.
4. The area of any square is equal to the product of two adjacent sides
(follows from Lemma 3).

The intuitive idea behind this proof, which can make it easier to follow, is
that the top squares are morphed into parallelograms with the same size,
then turned and morphed into the left and right rectangles in the lower
square, again at constant area.

Illustration including the new lines

The proof is as follows:

1. Let ACB be a right-angled triangle with right angle CAB.


2. On each of the sides BC, AB, and CA, squares are drawn, CBDE,
BAGF, and ACIH, in that order.
3. From A, draw a line parallel to BD and CE. It will perpendicularly
intersect BC and DE at K and L respectively.
4. Join CF and AD, to form the triangles BCF and BDA.
5. Angles CAB and BAG are both right angles; therefore angle ABD
equals angle FBC, since both are the sum of a right angle and angle
ABC.
6. Angles CBD and FBA are both right angles; therefore angle ABD
equals angle FBC, since both are the sum of a right angle and angle
ABC.
7. Since AB and BD are equal to FB and BC, respectively, triangle ABD
must be equal to triangle FBC.
8. Since A is collinear with K and L, rectangle BDLK must be twice in area
to triangle ABD.
9. Since C is collinear with A and G, square BAGF Must be twice in area
to triangle FBC.
10. Therefore rectangle BDLK must have the same area as square BAGF
= AB2. Similarly, it can be shown that rectangle CKLE must have the
same area as square ACIH = AC2
11. Adding these two results, AB2 + AC2 = BD x BK + KL x KC
12. Since BD = KL, BD*BK + KL x KC = BD(BK +KC) = BD x BC
13. Therefore AB2 + AC2 = BC2, since CBDE is a square.
This proof appears in Euclid’s Elements as that of Proposition 1.47`

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