2 Rational Numbers

2.1 Rational Numbers

Rati
Ration
2.2
2 2 Addi
Adding Rational Numbers
2.3 Subtracting Rational Numbers
2.4 Multiplying and Dividing
Rational Numbers

7
1 , 4 3 , 4 ,...”
4
ive you “1, 2, 3, 4, 2 4 8
o f 5 , I’ m going to g
oun t its.”
“On the c dog biscu
half of my

“I entered a contest for dog

“I was notified that the num
biscuits.” ber of
biscuits I won was in the
three-digit range.”

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 What You
Learned Before
“Let’s play
a game. Th
positive ra
tional num e goal is to say a
the other p ber
et’s numb that is less than
er... You go
first.”

2
Example 1 Write 0.37 as a fraction. Example 2 Write — as a decimal.
5

0.37 = —
37 2 2 2 ⋅
— = — = — = 0.4
4
100 5 5 2 ⋅ 10

Write the decimal as a fraction or the fraction as a decimal.

3 7
1. 0.51 2. 0.731 3. — 4. —
5 8

1 1 1 2
Example 3 Find — + —. Example 4 Find — − —.
3 5 4 9
1
—+—=—+—
1 1 5⋅ ⋅
1 3 1
—−—=—−—
2 ⋅
1 9 2 4 ⋅
3 5 3 5⋅ ⋅
5 3 4 9 ⋅
4 9 9 4 ⋅
5 3 9 8
=—+— =—−—
15 15 36 36
8 1
=— =—
15 36

Example 5 Find — —.
5
6 ⋅ 34 Example 6 Find — ÷ —.
2
3
9
10
⋅
1
5
—
6 ⋅ 3
—=—
4
5 3
6 4 ⋅
2
—÷—=—
3
9
10
2
3 ⋅—
10
9
Multiply by the
reciprocal of
2
5 =—
2 10⋅ the divisor.
=—
8
3 9 ⋅
20
=—
27

Evaluate the expression.

1
5. — + —
4
13
20
14
6. — − —
15
1
3
3
7. — —
7 ⋅ 109 4
8. — ÷ —
5
16
17

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 2.1 Rational Numbers

How can
canyou
youuse
useaanumber
numberline
lineto
toorder
order
rational numbers?

Rational
The word rational comes from the word ratio.
Recall that you can write a ratio using fraction
notation.
If you sleep for 8 hours in a day, then 8h
the ratio of your sleeping time to the — .
total hours in a day can be written as 24 h
A rational number is a number that can be written as the ratio of two integers.
2 −3 1 −1 1
2=— −3 = — −— = — 0.25 = —
1 1 2 2 4

1 ACTIVITY: Ordering Rational Numbers

Work in groups of five. Order the numbers from least to greatest.

● Use masking tape and a marker to make a number line on the floor
similar to the one shown.

Ź2 Ź1.5 Ź1 Ź0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

● Write the numbers on pieces of paper. Then each person should

choose one.

Rational Numbers ● Stand on the location of your number on the number line.
In this lesson, you will
● understand that a rational ● Use your positions to order the numbers from least to greatest.
number is an integer
divided by an integer.
1 5 7 1 1
● convert rational numbers a. −0.5, 1.25, −—, 0.5, −— b. −—, 1.1, —, −—, −1.3
to decimals. 3 3 4 2 10

3 9 1 5 5
c. −1.4, −—, —, —, 0.9 d. —, 0.75, −—, −0.8, −1.1
5 2 4 4 4

44 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 2 ACTIVITY: The Game of Math Card War
Preparation:
● Cut index cards to make 40 playing cards.
Math -0.6
Practice ● Write each number in the table on a card.
Consider Similar To Play:
Problems
3
What are some ● Play with a partner. 4
ways to determine ● Deal 20 cards to each player facedown.
which number
is greater? ● Each player turns one card faceup. The player with the greater
number wins. The winner collects both cards and places them at
the bottom of his or her cards.
● Suppose there is a tie. Each player lays three cards facedown, then
a new card faceup. The player with the greater of these new cards
wins. The winner collects all ten cards and places them at the
bottom of his or her cards.
● Continue playing until one player has all the cards. This player
wins the game.

3 3 3 5 3
−— — −— −0.6 1.25 −0.15 — — −1.6 −0.3
2 10 4 4 5

3 8 19 6 3
— — −1.2 — 0.75 −1.5 −— −— 1.2 0.3
20 5 10 5 5

3 5 2 3 19
1.5 1.9 −0.75 −0.4 — −— −1.9 — −— −—
4 4 5 20 10

6 3 2 3 8
— −— 1.6 −— 0.6 0.15 — −1.25 0.4 −—
5 10 5 2 5

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a number line to order
rational numbers? Give an example.
The numbers are in order from least to greatest. Fill in the blank spaces
with rational numbers.
1 1 7 5 2
4. −—, , —, , —, 5. −—, , −1.9, , −—,
2 3 5 2 3

1 4
6. −—, , −0.1, , —, 7. −3.4, , −1.5, , 2.2,
3 5

Use what you learned about ordering rational numbers to

complete Exercises 28 –30 on page 48.

Section 2.1 Rational Numbers 45

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 2.1 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
rational number,
p. 46 Rational Numbers Rational Numbers
2
terminating decimal, A rational number is a number that Ź1.2 Ź
Integers 3
p. 46 a
can be written as — where a and b are Ź10 Ź2
repeating decimal, b
p. 46 integers and b ≠ 0. 0
Whole Numbers
1 4
3 5.8
2

Because you can divide any integer by any nonzero integer, you can use
long division to write fractions and mixed numbers as decimals. These
decimals are also rational numbers and will either terminate or repeat.

A terminating decimal is a decimal that ends.

1.5, −0.25, 10.625
A repeating decimal is a decimal that has a pattern that repeats.
—
−1.333 . . . = −1.3
Use bar notation to show
—
0.151515 . . . = 0.15 which of the digits repeat.

EXAMPLE 1 Writing Rational Numbers as Decimals

1 5
a. Write −2 — as a decimal. b. Write — as a decimal.
4 11
1 9
Notice that −2— = −—. Divide 5 by 11. 0.4545
4 4
11 )‾
5.0000
Divide 9 by 4. 2.25 −44
4 )‾
9.00 60
−8 − 55
10 50
−8 − 44
20 60
The remainder is 0. So, it − 20 The remainder repeats. So,
− 55
is a terminating decimal. 0 it is a repeating decimal.
5

1 5 —
So, −2— = −2.25. So, — = 0.45.
4 11

Write the rational number as a decimal.

Exercises 11–18 6 3 3 5
1. −— 2. −7 — 3. −— 4. 1—
5 8 11 27

46 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 EXAMPLE 2 Writing a Decimal as a Fraction

Write −0.26 as a fraction in simplest form.

Study Tip Write the digits after the decimal

point in the numerator.
If p and q are integers, 26
p −p p −0.26 = −—
then −— = — = —. 100
q q −q The last digit is in the hundredths
place. So, use 100 in the denominator.
13
= −— Simplify.
50

Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form.

Exercises 20–27 5. −0.7 6. 0.125 7. −3.1 8. −10.25

EXAMPLE 3 Ordering Rational Numbers

T table shows the elevations of four sea creatures relative to
The
Elevation
Creature ssea level. Which of the sea creatures are deeper than the whale?
(kilometers)
Explain.
E
13
Anglerfish −—
10 Write each rational number as a decimal.
W
1 13
Squid −2— −— = −1.3
5 10
2 1
Shark −— −2— = −2.2
11 5
Whale −0.8 2 —
−— = −0.18
11
Then graph each decimal on a number line.
T
Squid Anglerfish Whale Shark
Ź2.2 Ź1.3 Ź0.8 Ź0.18
Elevation
(kilometers)
Ź2.4 Ź2.0 Ź1.6 Ź1.2 Ź0.8 Ź0.4 0

Both −2.2 and −1.3 are less than −0.8. So, the squid and the
anglerfish are deeper than the whale.

1
9. WHAT IF? The elevation of a dolphin is −— kilometer. Which of the
10
Exercises 28– 33 sea creatures in Example 3 are deeper than the dolphin? Explain.

Section 2.1 Rational Numbers 47

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 2.1 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY Is the quotient of two integers always a rational number? Explain.

2. WRITING Are all terminating and repeating decimals rational numbers? Explain.

Tell whether the number belongs to each of the following number sets:
rational numbers, integers, whole numbers.
—
3. −5 4. −2.16 5. 12 6. 0

Tell whether the decimal is terminating or repeating.

—
7. −0.4848 . . . 8. −0.151 9. 72.72 10. −5.236

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Write the rational number as a decimal.

7 1 7 17
1 11. — 12. — 13. −— 14. −—
8 11 9 40
5 17 7 15
15. 1— 16. −2 — 17. −5 — 18. 8 —
6 18 12 22

19. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error

in writing the rational number as a decimal.
✗ −— = −0.6—
7
11
3

Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form.

2 20. −0.9 21. 0.45 22. −0.258 23. −0.312
24. −2.32 25. −1.64 26. 6.012 27. −12.405

Order the numbers from least to greatest.

3 2 7 9 4 8 1
3 28. −—, 0.5, —, −—, 1.2 29. —, −2.5, −1.1, −—, 0.8 30. −1.4, −—, 0.6, −0.9, —
4 3 3 5 5 5 4
6 9 5 7 5 4 11 15
31. 2.1, −—, −—, −0.75, — 32. −—, −2.8, −—, —, 1.3 33. −—, −2.4, 1.6, —, −2.25
10 4 3 2 4 3 5 10

34. COINS You lose one quarter, two dimes, and two nickels.
a. Write the amount as a decimal.
b. Write the amount as a fraction in simplest form.
5
35. HIBERNATION A box turtle hibernates in sand at −1 — feet. A spotted turtle
8
16
hibernates at −1 — feet. Which turtle is deeper?
25

48 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.
15 7
36. −2.2 −2.42 37. −1.82 −1.81 38. — 1—
8 8
6 3 — 13 11
39. −4 — −4.65 40. −5 — −5.2 41. −2 — −2 —
10 11 16 14

42. OPEN-ENDED Find one terminating decimal and one repeating decimal
1 1
between −— and −—.
2 3

Player Hits At Bats 43. SOFTBALL In softball, a batting average is the number
Eva 42 90 of hits divided by the number of times at bat. Does Eva
Michelle 38 80 or Michelle have the higher batting average?

44. PROBLEM SOLVING You miss 3 out of 10 questions on a science quiz and
4 out of 15 questions on a math quiz. Which quiz has a higher percent of
correct answers?

45. SKATING Is the half pipe deeper than the skating pool? Explain.

Lip Lip
Skating pool Half pipe
5
Ź10 ft Ź9 ft
6
Base Base

46. ENVIRONMENT The table shows the Week 1 2 3 4

changes from the average water level of
a pond over several weeks. Order the Change 7 5 91
−— −1— −1.45 −1—
numbers from least to greatest. (inches) 5 11 200

47. Given: a and b are integers.

1 1
a. When is −— positive? b. When is — positive ?
a ab

Add or subtract. (Skills Review Handbook)

3 2 9 2
48. — + — 49. — − — 50. 8.79 − 4.07 51. 11.81 + 9.34
5 7 10 3

52. MULTIPLE CHOICE In one year, a company has a profit of −$2 million. In the
next year, the company has a profit of $7 million. How much more profit did
the company make the second year? (Section 1.3)
A $2 million
○ B $5 million
○ C $7 million
○ D $9 million
○

Section 2.1 Rational Numbers 49

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 2.2 Adding Rational Numbers

How can you use what you know about

adding integers to add rational numbers?

1 ACTIVITY: Adding Rational Numbers

Work with a partner. Use a number line to find the sum.
a. 2.7 + (−3.4)

Start at 0. Move 2.7 Add Ź3.4. Then move 3.4 units

units to the right. left to end at Ź0.7.
2.7

Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2 3

So, 2.7 + (−3.4) = .

b. 1.3 + (−1.5) c. −2.1 + 0.8

d. −1— + —
1
4
3
4
3
e. — + −—
10 ( ) 3
10

2 ACTIVITY: Adding Rational Numbers

Work with a partner. Use a number line to find the sum.
a. −1— + −—
2
5 ( ) 4
5

4 Start at 0. Move
Then move unit Add Ź

.
4
5 5 2
left to end at








. 2 1 units to the left.
Rational Numbers Ź1 5
5
In this lesson, you will
● add rational numbers.

● solve real-life problems.

Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2 3

2
So, −1— + −— =
5 ( )
4
5
.

7
b. −— + −1—
10 ( 7
10 ) 2
c. −1— + −1—
3 ( ) 1
3

d. −0.4 + (−1.9) e. −2.3 + (−0.6)

50 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 3 ACTIVITY: Writing Expressions
Work with a partner. Write the addition expression shown. Then find
the sum.
Math a.
Practice Start at 0. Move 1.5 Add Ź2.3. Then move 2.3 units
Use Operations units to the right. left to end at Ź0.8.
1.5
What operation is
represented in each
number line? Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2 3
How does this
help you write
an expression?
b. 7
7 Add 3


.
Then move 3 units 10 1
10 Start at 0. Move 2
1 10
right to end at







. Ź2
10 units to the left.

Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2 3

c.
Then move 0.7 unit Add Ź0.7. Start at 0. Move 1.1
left to end at







. Ź1.1 units to the left.

Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2 3

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use what you know about adding
integers to add rational numbers?

PUZZLE Find a path through the table so that the numbers add up to the sum.
You can move horizontally or vertically.
3
5. Sum: — 6. Sum: −0.07
4

1 2 5
Start — — −— Start 2.43 1.75 −0.98
2 3 7
1 3 1
−— −— — End −1.09 3.47 −4.88 End
8 4 3

Use what you learned about adding rational numbers to

complete Exercises 4− 6 on page 54.

Section 2.2 Adding Rational Numbers 51

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 2.2 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Adding Rational Numbers

Words To add rational numbers, use the same rules for signs as you
used for integers.
1 1 −2 1 −2 + 1 −1 1
Numbers −— + — = — + — = — = — = −—
3 6 6 6 6 6 6

EXAMPLE 1 Adding Rational Numbers

8 5
Find − — + —. Estimate −3 + 1 = −2
3 6
Study Tip 8 5 −16 5
−— + — = — + — Rewrite using the LCD (least common denominator).
In Example 1, notice 3 6 6 6
8
how −— is written as −16 + 5 Write the sum of the numerators
3 =—
6 over the common denominator.
8 −8 −16
− — = — = —.
3 3 6 −11
=— Add.
6
5
= −1— Write the improper fraction as a mixed number.
6

The sum is −1 —.
5
6
Reasonable? −1 — ≈ −2
5
6
✓

EXAMPLE 2 Adding Rational Numbers

Find −4.05 + 7.62.

−4.05 + 7.62 = 3.57 ∣ 7.62 ∣ > ∣ − 4.05 ∣. So, subtract ∣ − 4.05 ∣ from ∣ 7.62 ∣.
Use the sign of 7.62.

The sum is 3.57.

Add.
Exercises 4 –12 7
1. −— + —
8
1
4
2.
1
−6 — + —
3
20
3
3. ( )
2 + −—
7
2

4. −12.5 + 15.3 5. −8.15 + (−4.3) 6. 0.65 + (−2.75)

52 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 EXAMPLE 3 Evaluating Expressions
1 3
Evaluate 2x + y when x = — and y = −—.
4 2

() ( )
1
2x + y = 2 — + −—
4
3
2
1 3
Substitute — for x and −— for y.
4 2
−3
1
=—+ —
2 ( )2
Multiply.

1 + (−3) Write the sum of the numerators

=—
2 over the common denominator.

= −1 Simplify.

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

The table shows the annual profits (in billions of dollars) of a financial
Profit (billions company from 2008 to 2012. Positive numbers represent gains, and
Year
of dollars) negative numbers
numb represent losses. Which statement describes the
2008 −1.7 profit over the five-year period?
2009 −4.75 A gain of $0
○ $0.3 billion B gain of $30 million
○
2010 1.7 C loss of $3 million
○ D loss of $300 million
○
2011 0.85
To determine w
whether there was a gain or a loss, find the sum of
2012 3.6 the profits.
fitt = −1.7 + (−4.75) + 1.7 + 0.85 + 3.6
five-year profi Write the sum.
= −1.7 + 1.7 + (−4.75) + 0.85 + 3.6 Comm. Prop. of Add.
= 0 + (−4.75) + 0.85 + 3.6 Additive Inv. Prop.
= −4.75 + 0.85 + 3.6 Add. Prop. of Zero
= −3.9 + 3.6 Add −4.75 and 0.85.
= −0.3 Add −3.9 and 3.6.

The five-year profit is −$0.3 billion. So, the company has a five-year loss
of $0.3 billion, or $300 million.

D .
The correct answer is ○

1 5
Evaluate the expression when a = — and b = −—.
2 2
Exercises 15–17
7. b + 4a 8. |a + b|

9. WHAT IF? In Example 4, the 2013 profit is $1.07 billion. State the
company’s gain or loss over the six-year period in millions of dollars.

Section 2.2 Adding Rational Numbers 53

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 2.2 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. WRITING Explain how to find the sum −8.46 + 5.31.

1
2. OPEN-ENDED Write an addition expression using fractions that equals −—.
2
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

Add −4.5 and 3.5. What is the distance between −4.5 and 3.5?

What is −4.5 increased by 3.5? Find the sum of −4.5 and 3.5.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Add. Write fractions in simplest form.

1 2 11
4. — + −—
12 ( )
7
12
1
( )
5. −1— + −—
5
3
5
6. −4.2 + 3.3

9
7. −— + —
14
2
7 ( )
8. 4 + −1 —
2
3
15
( )
9. — + −4 —
4
1
3

10. −3.1 + (−0.35) 11. 12.48 + (−10.636) 12. 20.25 + (−15.711)

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the sum.

✗ ✗
13. 14.
−3.7 5 1 −5 + 1 −6 3
−— + — = — = — = −—
+ (−0.25) 8 8 8 8 4

−0.62

1 7
Evaluate the expression when x = — and y = − —.
3 4

3 15. x + y 16. 3x + y 17. −x + ∣ y ∣

18. BANKING Your bank account balance is −$20.85. You deposit $15.50.
What is your new balance?

3
19. HOT DOGS You eat — of a pack of hot dogs.
10
1
Your friend eats — of the pack of hot dogs.
5
What fraction of the pack of hot dogs do

you and your friend eat?

54 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 Add. Write fractions in simplest form.

( ) ( )
20. 6 + −4 — + −2 —
3
4
1
8
2 1
21. −5 — + 3 — + −7 —
3 4 ( )
1
3
22. 10.9 + (−15.6) + 2.1

23. NUMBER SENSE When is the sum of two negative

mixed numbers an integer?

24. WRITING You are adding two rational numbers with

different signs. How can you tell if the sum will
be positive, negative, or zero?

25. RESERVOIR The table at the left shows the water level
(in inches) of a reservoir for three months compared
to the yearly average. Is the water level for the
June July August three-month period greater than or less than the
1 1 9 yearly average? Explain.
−2 — 1— −—
8 4 16

Profit (thousands
26. BREAK EVEN The table at the right shows the Year
of dollars)
annual profits (in thousands of dollars) of a
2008 2.5
county fair from 2008 to 2012. What must the
2012 profit be (in hundreds of dollars) to break 2009 1.75
even over the five-year period? 2010 −3.3
2011 −1.4
2012 ?
27. REASONING Is | a + b | = | a | + | b | for all
rational numbers a and b? Explain.

28. Repeated Evaluate the expression.

Reasoning

−18 −16 −4 −2
19
( ) 17
( )
—+ — +—+ — +...+ — +—+ — +—
20 20 20 20 ( ) 20
3
20 ( )
20
1
20

Identify the property. Then simplify. (Skills Review Handbook)

29. 8 + (−3) + 2 = 8 + 2 + (−3) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
30. 2 (4.5 9) = (2 4.5) 9

— ⋅— ⋅— = — ⋅— ⋅—
1
( ) ( )
3 1
31. — + — + — = — + — + —
4 4 8
1
4
3
4
1
8
32.
3 4 14 3 14 4
7 5 27 7 27 5

33. MULTIPLE CHOICE The regular price of a photo album is $18. You have a
coupon for 15% off. How much is the discount? (Skills Review Handbook)
A $2.70
○ B $3
○ C $15
○ D $15.30
○

Section 2.2 Adding Rational Numbers 55

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 2 Study Help
Graphic Organizer

You can use a process diagram to show the steps involved in a procedure. Here is an
example of a process diagram for adding rational numbers.

Adding rational
numbers

with with
the same sign different signs

Subtract the lesser

Add the absolute values
absolute value from the
of the rational numbers.
greater absolute value.

Write the sum by using the sign

Write the sum by using the
of the rational number with
common sign.
the greater absolute value.

Example Example
−5.5 + (−6.9) −5.5 + 6.9
Because the numbers have the Because the numbers have different
same sign, add −5.5 and −6.9 . signs, subtract −5.5 from 6.9 .
−5.5 + (−6.9) = −12.4 −5.5 + 6.9 = 1.4
Use the common sign. Use the sign of 6.9.

Make a process diagram with examples to

help you study the topic.

1. writing rational numbers as decimals

After you complete this chapter, make

process diagrams with examples for
the following topics.

2. subtracting rational numbers

3. multiplying rational numbers
4. dividing rational numbers
“Does this process diagram accurately
show how a cat claws furniture?”

56 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 2.1–2.2 Quiz
Progress Check

Write the rational number as a decimal. (Section 2.1)

3 11
1. −— 2. −—
20 6

Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form. (Section 2.1)
3. −0.325 4. −1.28

Order the numbers from least to greatest. (Section 2.1)

1 5 4 4
5. −—, −0.2, —, 0.4, 1.3 6. −—, −1.2, 0.3, —, −0.8
3 3 3 9

Add. Write fractions in simplest form. (Section 2.2)

4
7. −— + −—
5 ( ) 3
8
8. −— + —
13
6
7
12

9. −5.8 + 2.6 10. −4.28 + (−2.56)

3 1
Evaluate the expression when x = — and y = −— . (Section 2.2)
4 2
11. x + y 12. 2x + y

13. x + | y | 14. |−x + y |

15. STOCK The value of Stock A changes −$3.68, and the value of Stock B
changes −$3.72. Which stock has the greater loss? Explain. (Section 2.1)

2
16. LEMONADE You drink — of a pitcher of lemonade. Your friend
d
7
3
drinks — of the pitcher. What fraction of the pitcher do
14
you and your friend drink? (Section 2.2)

17. FOOTBALL The table shows the statistics of a running back

in a football game. Did he gain more than 50 yards total?
Explain. (Section 2.2)

Quarter 1 2 3 4 Total
1 1 1
Yards −8 — 23 42 — −2 — ?
2 2 4

Sections 2.1–2.2 Quiz 57

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 2.3 Subtracting Rational Numbers

How can you use what you know about

subtracting integers to subtract rational numbers?

1 ACTIVITY: Subtracting Rational Numbers

Work with a partner. Use a number line to find the difference.
1 1
a. −1— − —
2 2

1 Start at 0. Move
Then move unit 1
2 Subtract


. 1
2
left to end at . 1 1 units to the left.
Ź1 2
2

Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2 3

1 1
So, −1— − — = .
2 2

6 3 1 3
b. — − 1— c. −1— − 1—
10 10 4 4

d. −1.9 − 0.8 e. 0.2 − 0.7

2 ACTIVITY: Finding Distances on a Number Line

Work with a partner.
a. Plot −3 and 2 on the number line. Then find −3 − 2 and 2 − (−3). What do
you notice about your results?

Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Rational Numbers
In this lesson, you will
3 3 3
● subtract rational numbers. b. Plot — and 1 on the number line. Then find — − 1 and 1 − —. What do you
● solve real-life problems. 4 4 4
notice about your results?

Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2 3

c. Choose any two points a and b on a number line. Find the values of a − b
and b − a. What do the absolute values of these differences represent? Is
this true for any pair of rational numbers? Explain.

58 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 3 ACTIVITY: Financial Literacy
Work with a partner. The table shows the balance in
a checkbook.
● Black numbers are amounts added to the account.
● Red numbers are amounts taken from the account.

Date Check # Transaction Amount Balance

–– –– Previous balance –– 100.00
➡ 1/02/2013 124 Groceries 34.57
1/07/2013 Check deposit 875.50
1/11/2013 ATM withdrawal 40.00
1/14/2013 125 Electric company 78.43
1/17/2013 Music store 10.55
1/18/2013 126 Shoes 47.21
1/22/2013 Check deposit 125.00
1/24/2013 Interest 2.12
1/25/2013 127 Cell phone 59.99
1/26/2013 128 Clothes 65.54
➡ 1/30/2013 129 Cable company 75.00

Math You can find

find the balance in the second row
w two different ways
ways.
Practice 100.00 − 34.57 = 65.43 Subtract 34.57 from 100.00.
Interpret 100.00 + (−34.57) = 65.43 Add −34.57 to 100.00.
Results
What does your a. Copy the table. Then complete the balance column.
answer represent?
b. How did you find the balance in the twelfth row?
Does your answer
make sense? c. Use a different way to find the balance in part (b).

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use what you know about
subtracting integers to subtract rational numbers?
5. Give two real-life examples of subtracting rational numbers that are
not integers.

Use what you learned about subtracting rational numbers to

complete Exercises 3−5 on page 62.

Section 2.3 Subtracting Rational Numbers 59

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 2.3 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Subtracting Rational Numbers

Words To subtract rational numbers, use the same rules for signs as
you used for integers.
2+1
Numbers
2
5 ( ) 1
5
2
— − −— = — + — = — = —
5
1
5 5
3
5

EXAMPLE 1 Subtracting Rational Numbers

1
( )
Find −4 — − − — .
7
6
7
Estimate −4 − (−1) = −3

− ( − ) = −4
1 6 1 6 6
−4 — — —+— Add the opposite of −—.
7 7 7 7 7
29 6 Write the mixed number
= −— + —
7 7 as an improper fraction.

−29 + 6 Write the sum of the numerators

=—
7 over the common denominator.
−23
=— Add.
7
2 Write the improper fraction as
= −3 —
7 a mixed number.

The difference is −3 —.
2
7
Reasonable? −3 — ≈ −3
2
7
✓

EXAMPLE 2 Subtracting Rational Numbers

Find 12.8 − 21.6.

12.8 − 21.6 = 12.8 + (−21.6) Add the opposite of 21.6.

= −8.8 | –21.6 | > | 12.8 |. So, subtract | 12.8 | from | –21.6 |.

Use the sign of −21.6.

The difference is −8.8.

Exercises 3 –11
1
1. — − −—
3 ( ) 1
3
2.
1
−3 — − —
3
5
6
3.
1
4— − 5—
2
1
4
4. −8.4 − 6.7 5. −20.5 − (−20.5) 6. 0.41 − (−0.07)

60 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 The distance between any two numbers on a number line is the absolute
value of the difference of the numbers.

EXAMPLE 3 Finding Distances Between Numbers on a Number Line

Find the distance between the two numbers on the number line.
4
To find the distance between the numbers, first find the difference
3
2
1 of the numbers.
2 3

0
2
3
1
3
2
−2 — − 2 — = −2 — + −2 —
3 ( ) 1
3
1
Add the opposite of 2 —.
3

Ź1
8
= −— + −—
3 ( )7
3
Write the mixed numbers as improper fractions.

Ź2
2 −15
Ź3
Ź2
3 =— Add.
3
Ź4
= −5 Simplify.

2 1
Because |−5| = 5, the distance between −2 — and 2 — is 5.
3 3

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

In the water, the bottom of a boat is 2.1 feet below the surface, and the
top of the boat is 8.7 feet above it. Towed on a trailer, the bottom of the
boat is 1.3 feet above the ground. Can the boat and trailer pass under
the bridge?
Step 1: Find the height h of the boat.

Clearance: 11 ft 8 in. h = 8.7 − (−2.1) Subtract the lowest point from the highest point.
= 8.7 + 2.1 Add the opposite of −2.1.
= 10.8 Add.

Step 2: Find the height t of the boat and trailer.

t = 10.8 + 1.3 Add the trailer height to the boat height.
= 12.1 Add.

Because 12.1 feet is greater than 11 feet 8 inches, the boat and
trailer cannot pass under the bridge.

7. Find the distance between −7.5 and −15.3 on a number line.

Exercises 13–15 8. WHAT IF? In Example 4, the clearance is 12 feet 1 inch.
Can the boat and trailer pass under the bridge?

Section 2.3 Subtracting Rational Numbers 61

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 2.3 Exercises
Help with Homework

4 3
1. WRITING Explain how to find the difference −— − —.
5 5
2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which expression does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

5
−— − —
8
3
4
3
−— + —
4
5
8
5
−— + −—
8 ( ) 3
4
3
−— − —
4
5
8

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Subtract. Write fractions in simplest form.

1 2 5
3. — − −—
8 ( ) 7
8
1
4. −1— − 1—
3
2
3
5. −1 − 2.5

6. −5 − —
5
3
3
7. −8 — − 10 —
8
1
6
1
8. −— − −—
2 ( ) 5
9
9. 5.5 − 8.1 10. −7.34 − (−5.51) 11. 6.673 − (−8.29)

✗
12. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct
the error in finding the difference. 3 9 3−9 −6
— − — = — = — = −3
4 2 4−2 2

Find the distance between the two numbers on a number line.

1 3 2
3 13. −2 —, −5 — 14. −2.2, 8.4 15. −7, −3 —
2 4 3

5
16. SPORTS DRINK Your sports drink bottle is — full. After practice, the bottle is
6
3
— full. Write the difference of the amounts after practice and before practice.
8

17. SUBMARINE The figure shows the depths of 0

Ź100
a submarine.
Ź200
Ź300
a. Find the vertical distance traveled by the ź314.9 ft (now)
Ź400
submarine. Ź500

b. Find the mean hourly vertical distance Ź600

Ź700
traveled by the submarine. ź725.6 ft (3 hours ago)
Ź800

Evaluate.
1
18. 2 — − −— + −4 —
6 ( ) ( )
8
3
7
9
19. 6.59 + (−7.8) − (−2.41)
12
∣
20. −— + −— + −3 —
5
13
6
∣ ( )
2
3

62 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 21. REASONING When is the difference of two decimals an integer? Explain.
2 3
22. RECIPE A cook has 2 — cups of flour. A recipe calls for 2 — cups of flour. Does
3 4
the cook have enough flour? If not, how much more flour is needed?

Springville
23. ROADWAY A new road that connects Uniontown to
1
Springville is 4 — miles long. What is the change in
new road 3
3
2
8
mi distance when using the new road instead of the
dirt roads?
Uniontown
5
3 mi
6

RAINFALL In Exercises 24– 26, the bar graph shows the differences in a city’s rainfall
from the historical average.
Monthly Rainfall
24. What is the difference in
4.0
rainfall between the wettest
3.0

Rainfall (inches)
Historical Average 2.36
and the driest months? 2.0 1.39
0.94 0.83
1.0
25. Find the sum of the differences 0.35
0
for the year. Ź1.0 Ź0.45
Ź0.88 Ź0.96 Ź0.90
Ź2.0 Ź1.35 Ź1.39
26. What does the sum in Exercise 25 Ź1.67
Ź3.0
tell you about the rainfall for Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
the year? Month

27. OPEN-ENDED Write two different pairs of negative decimals, x and y, that
make the statement x − y = 0.6 true.

REASONING Tell whether the difference between the two numbers is always,
sometimes, or never positive. Explain your reasoning.
28. two negative fractions 29. a positive decimal and a negative decimal

30. Fill in the blanks to make the solution correct.

5. 4−( .8 ) = −3.61

Evaluate. (Skills Review Handbook)

2 1 4 1
31. 5.2 × 6.9 32. 7.2 ÷ 2.4 33. 2 — × 3 — 34. 9 — ÷ 3 —
3 4 5 2

35. MULTIPLE CHOICE A sports store has 116 soccer balls. Over 6 months, it sells
8 soccer balls per month. How many soccer balls are in inventory at the end
of the 6 months? (Section 1.3 and Section 1.4)
A −48
○ B 48
○ C 68
○ D 108
○

Section 2.3 Subtracting Rational Numbers 63

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 Multiplying and Dividing
2.4
Rational Numbers

Why is the product of two negative rational

numbers positive?

In Section 1.4, you used a table to see that the product of two negative integers is a
positive integer. In this activity, you will find that same result another way.

1 ACTIVITY: Showing (−1)(−1) = 1

Work with a partner. How can you show that (−1)(−1) = 1?

From the Additive Inverse Property, you know that 1 + (−1) = 0. If you
can show that (−1)(−1) + (−1) = 0 is true, then you have shown that
(−1)(−1) = 1.

Justify each step.

(−1)(−1) + (−1) = (−1)(−1) + 1(−1)

= (−1)[(−1) + 1]

= (−1)0

=0

So, (−1)(−1) = 1.

2 ACTIVITY: Multiplying by −1
Work with a partner.

a. Graph each number below on three different number lines. Then multiply
each number by −1 and graph the product on the appropriate number line.

Rational Numbers 2 8 −1
In this lesson, you will b. How does multiplying by −1 change the location of the points in part (a)?
● multiply and divide

rational numbers.
What is the relationship between the number and the product?
● solve real-life problems.
c. Graph each number below on three different number lines. Where do you
think the points will be after multiplying by −1? Plot the points. Explain
your reasoning.
1 5
— 2.5 −—
2 2
d. What is the relationship between a rational number −a and the product
−1(a)? Explain your reasoning.

64 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 3 ACTIVITY: Understanding the Product of Rational Numbers
Work with a partner. Let a and b be positive rational numbers.

a. Because a and b are positive, what do you know about −a and −b?
b. Justify each step.
(−a)(−b) = (−1)(a)(−1)(b)

= (−1)(−1)(a)(b)

= (1)(a)(b)

= ab

c. Because a and b are positive, what do you know about the product ab?
d. What does this tell you about products of rational numbers? Explain.

4 ACTIVITY: Writing a Story

Work with a partner. Write a story that uses addition, subtraction,
multiplication, or division of rational numbers.
● At least one of the numbers in the story has to be negative
and not an integer.
Math ● Draw pictures to help illustrate what is happening in the story.
Practice ● Include the solution of the problem in the story.
Specify Units
What units are in
If you are having trouble thinking of a story, here are some common
your story?
uses of negative numbers:
● A profit of −$15 is a loss of $15.
● An elevation of −100 feet is a depth of 100 feet below sea level.
● A gain of −5 yards in football is a loss of 5 yards.
● A score of −4 in golf is 4 strokes under par.

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Why is the product of two negative rational numbers
positive?
6. PRECISION Show that (−2)(−3) = 6.

7. How can you show that the product of a negative rational number and a
positive rational number is negative?

Use what you learned about multiplying rational numbers to

complete Exercises 7−9 on page 68.

Section 2.4 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers 65

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 2.4 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers

Words To multiply or divide rational numbers, use the same rules for
signs as you used for integers.
Remember
Numbers
2
⋅ 13 −2 1
−— — = — = — = −— ⋅ −2 2
a b
The reciprocal of — is —.
b a
7 7 3 ⋅ 21 21

1 4 −1
−— ÷ — = — — = — = — = −— ⋅ 94 −1 9 ⋅ −9 9
2 9 2 2 4 ⋅ 8 8

EXAMPLE 1 Dividing Rational Numbers

1 1 1
Find −5 — ÷ 2 —. Estimate −5 ÷ 2 = −2 —
5 3 2
1 1 26 7
−5 — ÷ 2— = −— ÷ — Write mixed numbers as improper fractions.
5 3 5 3
−26
=— —
5 ⋅ 37 Multiply by the reciprocal of —.
7
3

=—
−26 3 ⋅ Multiply the numerators and the denominators.
5 7⋅
−78 8
= —, or −2 — Simplify.
35 35

The quotient is −2 —.
8
35
8
Reasonable? −2 — ≈ −2 —
35
1
2
✓

EXAMPLE 2 Multiplying Rational Numbers

⋅
Find −2.5 3.6.
−2.5
The decimals have different signs.
× 3.6
150
750
−9.0 0 The product is negative.

The product is −9.

66 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 EXAMPLE 3 Multiplying More Than Two Rational Numbers

Find −—
1
7 ⋅ [ —45 ⋅ (−7) ].
You can use properties of multiplication to make the product easier
to find.

1
−—
7 ⋅ [ —45 ⋅ (−7) ] = −—17 ⋅ ( −7 ⋅ —45 ) Commutative Property
of Multiplication

1
⋅
= −— (−7) —
7 ⋅ 45 Associative Property of
Multiplication

=1 — ⋅ 45 Multiplicative Inverse Property

4
=— Multiplication Property of One
5
4
The product is —.
5

Multiply or divide. Write fractions in simplest form.

Exercises 10 – 30 6
1. −— ÷ −—
5 ( ) 1
2
2.
1
— ÷ −2 —
3 ( ) 2
3
3. 1.8(−5.1)

4. −6.3(−0.6) 5.
2
−— 7— —
3 ⋅ 78 ⋅ 32 6. ⋅ ⋅
−7.2 0.1 (−100)

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

An investor owns Stocks A, B, and C.
Account Positions
What is the mean change in the value
Stock Original Value Current Value Change of the stocks?
A 600.54 420.15 Ź180.39
B 391.10 518.38 127.28
C 380.22 99.70 Ź280.52

−180.39 + 127.28 + (−280.52) −333.63

mean = ——— = — = −111.21
3 3

The mean change in the value of the stocks is −$111.21.

7. WHAT IF? The change in the value of Stock D is $568.23.

What is the mean change in the value of the four stocks?

Section 2.4 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers 67

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 2.4 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. WRITING How is multiplying and dividing rational numbers similar

to multiplying and dividing integers?
2
2. NUMBER SENSE Find the reciprocal of −—.
5
Tell whether the expression is positive or negative without evaluating.
−8.16
3
3. −— × −—
10 ( ) 8
15
1
4. 1— ÷ −—
2 ( ) 1
4
5. −6.2 × 8.18 6. —
−2.72

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Multiply.

7. −1 — ()
4
5
8. −1 −3 — ( ) 1
2
9. −0.25(−1)

Divide. Write fractions in simplest form.

1 10. −— ÷ —
7
10
2
5
1
11. — ÷ −—
4 ( ) 3
8
8
12. −— ÷ −—
9 ( )
8
9
1
13. −— ÷ 20
5
4
14. −2 — ÷ (−7)
5
2
(
15. −10 — ÷ −4 —
7
4
11 ) 16. −9 ÷ 7.2 17. 8 ÷ 2.2

18. −3.45 ÷ (−15) 19. −0.18 ÷ 0.03 20. 8.722 ÷ (−3.56) 21. 12.42 ÷ (−4.8)

Multiply. Write fractions in simplest form.

2 3 22. −— × −—
1
4 ( ) 4
3
23. — −—
5
6 ( )8
15 ( )
24. −2 −1—
1
4

25. −3 —
1
3 ⋅( )
−2 —
7
10
26. 0.4 × (−0.03) 27. −0.05 × (−0.5)

28. −8(0.09)(−0.5) 29. —

5
6 ⋅ ( −4 —12 ) ⋅ ( −2 —15 ) ( )
30. −1 —
2 3
3

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error.

✗ ✗
31. 32.
13 4
3 12
−2.2 × 3.7 = 8.14 −— ÷ — = −— × — = −— = −6
4 2 1 2 2

33. HOUR HAND The hour hand of a clock moves −30° every
1
hour. How many degrees does it move in 2— hours?
5
Ź30í
34. SUNFLOWER SEEDS How many 0.75-pound packages
can you make with 6 pounds of sunflower seeds?

68 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 Evaluate.
35. −4.2 + 8.1 × (−1.9) 36. 2.85 − 6.2 ÷ 22 37. −3.64 ⋅ ∣ −5.3 ∣ − 1.5 3

5
9 ( ) ( )
38. 1 — ÷ −— + −2 —
2
3
3
5
3 5 1
39. −3 — × — − 2 —
4 6 3
40. −— ( ) ( )
2 2 3 1
3
− — 2—
4 3
3
41. OPEN-ENDED Write two fractions whose product is −—.
5

42. FENCING A farmer needs to

enclose two adjacent rectangular
pastures. How much fencing does
2
30 yd the farmer need?
9
5
50 yd
8

3
43. GASOLINE A 14.5-gallon gasoline tank is — full. How many gallons will it take
4
to fill the tank?
44. PRECISION A section of a boardwalk is made using 15 boards. Each board is
1
9 — inches wide. The total width of the section is 144 inches. The spacing between
4
V I D E O
each board is equal. What is the width of the spacing between each board?

45. RUNNING The table shows the changes in the times Teammate Change
(in seconds) of four teammates. What is the mean change?
1 −2.43
46. The daily changes in the barometric pressure 2 −1.85
for four days are −0.05, 0.09, −0.04, and −0.08 inches. 3 0.61
a. What is the mean change? 4 −1.45
b. The mean change after five days is −0.01 inch.
What is the change on the fifth day? Explain.

Add or subtract. (Section 2.2 and Section 2.3)

47. −6.2 + 4.7 48. −8.1 − (−2.7)

9
(
49. — − −2 —
5
7
10 ) 5
50. −4 — + −3 —
6 ( ) 4
9

51. MULTIPLE CHOICE What are the coordinates of the y

4
point in Quadrant IV? (Skills Review Handbook) 3
A

A (−4, 1)
○ B (−3, −3)
○ C
2
1
D
C (0, −2)
○ D (3, −3)
○ Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 O 1 2 3 4 x
F
Ź2
B E
Ź3
Ź4

Section 2.4 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers 69

ms_2017_red_pe_0204.indd 69 7/20/16 10:39:34 AM

 2.3–2.4 Quiz
Progress Check

Subtract. Write fractions in simplest form. (Section 2.3)

2
1. — − —
7 ()
6
7
12
2. — − −—
7 ( )2
9

3. 9.1 − 12.9 4. 5.647 − (−9.24)

Find the distance between the two numbers on the number line. (Section 2.3)
5. 7 1 6. Ź3.4 2.8
Ź4 Ź3
12 6
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2 3
Ź5 Ź4 Ź3

Divide. Write fractions in simplest form. (Section 2.4)

2
7. — ÷ −—
3 ( ) 5
6
5
8. −8 — ÷ −1 —
9 ( ) 4
7

9. −8.4 ÷ 2.1 10. 32.436 ÷ (−4.24)

Multiply. Write fractions in simplest form. (Section 2.4)

11. — × −—
5
8 ( ) 4
15
12. −2 — × —
3
8
8
5

13. −9.4 × (−4.7) 14. −100(−0.6)(0.01)

15. PARASAILING A parasail is at 200.6 feet above the water. After

5 minutes, the parasail is at 120.8 feet above the water. What is
the change in height of the parasail? (Section 2.3)

16. TEMPERATURE Use the thermometer shown. How much did

20
the temperature drop from 5:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.? (Section 2.3)
15

17. LATE FEES You were overcharged $4.52 on 10

your cell phone bill 3 months in a row. The 5:00 P.M. 7.1íF
5
cell phone company says that it will add −$4.52
to your next bill for each month you were 0

overcharged. On the next bill, you see an ź5

adjustment of −13.28. Is this amount correct? 10:00 P.M. ź10 Ź10.3íF
Explain. (Section 2.4)
ź15
1
18. CASHEWS How many 1—-pound packages can you make ź20
4
1
with 7— pounds of cashews? (Section 2.4)
2

70 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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 2 Chapter Review
Vocabulary Help

Review Key Vocabulary

rational number, p. 46 repeating decimal, p. 46
terminating decimal, p. 46

Review Examples and Exercises

2.1 Rational Numbers (pp. 44–49)

3
a. Write 4 — as a decimal.
5
3 23
Notice that 4 — = —.
5 5
4.6
Divide 23 by 5.  ‾
5 23.0
− 20
30
The remainder is 0. So, it −30
is a terminating decimal. 0

3
So, 4 — = 4.6.
5

b. Write −0.14 as a fraction in simplest form.

Write the digits after the

14 decimal point in the numerator.
−0.14 = −—
100
The last digit is in the hundredths
place. So, use 100 in the denominator.
7
= −— Simplify.
50

Write the rational number as a decimal.

8 5 13 7
1. −— 2. — 3. −— 4. 1 —
15 8 6 16

Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form.

5. −0.6 6. −0.35 7. −5.8 8. 24.23

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 2.2 Adding Rational Numbers (pp. 50–55)

7 5
Find −— + —.
2 4

7 5 −14 5
−— + — = — + — Rewrite using the LCD (least common denominator).
2 4 4 4
−14 + 5 Write the sum of the numerators
=—
4 over the common denominator.
−9
=— Add.
4
1
= −2 — Write the improper fraction as a mixed number.
4
1
The sum is −2 —.
4

Add. Write fractions in simplest form.

9
9. — + −—
10 ( ) 4
5
5
10. −4 — + —
9
8
9
11. −1.6 + (−2.4)

2.3 Subtracting Rational Numbers (pp. 58–63)

2
Find −4 — − −— .
5 ( ) 3
5
2
( ) 3
−4 — − −— = −4 — + —
5 5
2
5
3
5
Add the opposite of −—.
3
5
22 3
= −— + — Write the mixed number as an improper fraction.
5 5
−22 + 3 Write the sum of the numerators
=—
5 over the common denominator.
−19 4
= —, or −3 — Simplify.
5 5
4
The difference is −3 —.
5

Subtract. Write fractions in simplest form.

5 3 3 7
12. −— − — 13. 3 — − — 14. 3.8 − (−7.45)
12 10 4 8
5
15. TURTLE A turtle is 20 — inches below the surface of a pond. It dives to a
6
1
depth of 32 — inches. What is the change in the turtle’s position?
4

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 2.4 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers (pp. 64–69)

1 1
a. Find −4 — ÷ 1—.
6 3

1 1 25 4
−4 — ÷ 1 — = −— ÷ — Write mixed numbers as improper fractions.
6 3 6 3

−25
=— —
6 ⋅ 34 4
Multiply by the reciprocal of —.
3

=—
−25 3 ⋅ Multiply the numerators and the denominators.
⋅
6 4

−25 1
= —, or −3 — Simplify.
8 8
1
The quotient is −3 —.
8

b. Find −1.6 2.4. ⋅

−1.6
The decimals have different signs.
×
__2.4
64
__320
−3.84 The product is negative.

The product is −3.84.

4

Divide. Write fractions in simplest form.

9
16. — ÷ −—
10 ( ) 6
5
17. −— ÷ —
4
11
2
7
18. 6.4 ÷ (−3.2) 19. −15.4 ÷ (−2.5)

Multiply. Write fractions in simplest form.

4
20. −— −—
9 ( )7
9
21. — −—
8
15 ( )
2
3
22. −5.9(−9.7)

23. 4.5(−5.26) 24. −—

2
3 ⋅ ( )⋅ (
2—
1
2
−3 ) ⋅
25. −1.6 (0.5) (−20)⋅
26. SUNKEN SHIP The elevation of a
sunken ship is −120 feet. Your
5
elevation is — of the ship’s elevation.
8
What is your elevation?

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 2 Chapter Test
Test Practice

Write the rational number as a decimal.

7 1 21 36
1. — 2. −— 3. −— 4. —
40 9 16 5

Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form.

5. −0.122 6. 0.33 7. −4.45 8. −7.09

Add or subtract. Write fractions in simplest form.

4
9. −— + −—
9 ( ) 23
18
17
10. — − −—
12 ( )
1
8
11. 9.2 + (−2.8) 12. 2.86 − 12.1

Multiply or divide. Write fractions in simplest form.

9
13. 3 — × −—
10 ( ) 8
3
5
14. −1 — ÷ 4 —
6
1
6

15. −4.4 × (−6.02) 16. −5 ÷ 1.5

17. −—
3
5 ⋅ ( 2 —27 ) ⋅ ( −3 —34 ) ⋅ ⋅
18. −6 (−0.05) (−0.4)

19. ALMONDS How many 2.25-pound containers can you make with
24.75 pounds of almonds?

20. FISH The elevation of a fish is −27 feet.

a. The fish decreases its elevation by 32 feet, and then increases its elevation
by 14 feet. What is its new elevation?
2
b. Your elevation is — of the fish’s new elevation. What is your elevation?
5

21. RAINFALL The table shows the rainfall

(in inches) for three months compared to
the yearly average. Is the total rainfall for
the three-month period greater than or
less than the yearly average? Explain.

November December January

−0.86 2.56 −1.24

22. BANK ACCOUNTS Bank Account A has $750.92, and Bank Account B has
$675.44. Account A changes by –$216.38, and Account B changes by
−$168.49. Which account has the greater balance? Explain.

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 2 Cumulative Assessment
Test-Takin
g Strateg
Estimate y
1. When José and Sean were each 5 years old, the Answ
1
er
José was 1— inches taller than Sean. José grew
2
3
at an average rate of 2 — inches per year from
4
the time that he was 5 years old until the time
he was 13 years old. José was 63 inches tall
when he was 13 years old. How tall was Sean
when he was 5 years old?
1 3
A. 39 — in. C. 44 — in.
2 4
1 3
B. 42 — in. D. 47 — in.
2 4
“Using
e
there are stimation you
about 1 can see
2. Which expression represents a th
30 are n 0 tabbies. So a at
positive integer? ot tabb bout
ies.”

F. −62 H. (−5)2
G. (−3)3 I. −23

3. What is the missing number in the sequence below?

9 9 9 9
—, −—, —, −—, 9,
16 8 4 2

4. What is the value of the expression below?

∣ −2 − (−2.5) ∣
A. −4.5 C. 0.5

B. −0.5 D. 4.5

5. What is the distance between the two numbers on the number line?
7 3
Ź
4 8

Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2

1 3
F. −2— H. 1—
8 8
3 1
G. −1— I. 2—
8 8

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 6. Sandra was evaluating an expression in the box below.

3 1 19 11
−4 — ÷ 2— = −— ÷ —
4 5 4 5

=— — ⋅
−4 5
19 11

=— ⋅
−4 5
⋅
19 11
−20
=—
209

What should Sandra do to correct the error that she made?

19 4 11
A. Rewrite −— as −— and multiply by —.
4 19 5
11 5 19
B. Rewrite — as — and multiply by −—.
5 11 4
11 5 19
C. Rewrite — as −— and multiply by −—.
5 11 4
3 13 5
D. Rewrite −4 — as −— and multiply by —.
4 4 11

7. What is the value of the expression below when q = −2, r = −12,

and s = 8?
−q 2 − r
—
s
F. −2 H. 1

G. −1 I. 2

8. You are stacking wooden blocks with the dimensions shown below.
How many blocks do you need to stack to build a block tower that
1
is 7 — inches tall?
2
1
1 in.
4

1
1 in.
4

1
1 in.
4

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 1
9. What is the area of a triangle with a base length of 2 — inches and a
2
height of 2 inches?

1 1
A. 2 — in.2 C. 4 — in.2
4 2
1
B. 2 — in.2 D. 5 in.2
2

10. What is the value of the expression below?

−42 − (−2)3
—
4
F. −6 H. 2

G. −2 I. 6

11. Four points are graphed on the number line below.

R S T U

Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 0 1 2 3

Part A Choose the two points whose values have the greatest sum.
Approximate this sum. Explain your reasoning.
Part B Choose the two points whose values have the greatest difference.
Approximate this difference. Explain your reasoning.
Part C Choose the two points whose values have the greatest product.
Approximate this product. Explain your reasoning.
Part D Choose the two points whose values have the greatest quotient.
Approximate this quotient. Explain your reasoning.

12. What number belongs in the box to make the equation true?
−0.4
— + 0.8 = −1.2

A. −1 C. 0.2

B. −0.2 D. 1

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