Lesson 1.

A: FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Time frame: 1st week (8 hours)

Performance standard:
 accurately constructs mathematical models to represent real-life
situations using functions
 accurately formulates and solves real-life problems involving
rational functions

Specific Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to:
 recognize and represent relationship between varying quantities
through functions
 use patterns, tables, graphs and rules to solve real-life mathematical
problems

“The idea of a function was developed in the 17th century. The French
philosopher and mathematician, Rene Descartes (1596- 1650), in his book
Geometry (1637), used the idea of a function to describe many
mathematical relationships. However, the term ‘function’ was introduced
by the German mathematician, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1946- 1716),
almost fifty years after the publication of Geometry. The concept of a
function was further formalized by Leonhard Euler (1707- 1783) who
introduced the notation of a function, that is y= f(x).”
 Activity 1. THE MATH KITCHEN

Directions: The Math Chef needs your help. He wants to know what will
happen to the following ingredients if they undergo the following cooking
methods. Connect your answers using a straight line. Avoid erasures.

Cooking Dishes
Ingredients
Methods (Outcomes)
Roasted Chicken

Egg Pan Frying 

Sunny Side Up Egg

Cooked Rice


Grinding (Food
Processor) Fruit Shake
Raw Meat

 

Steak


Rice Cooking
(Rice
Rice Grain Cooker) Fried Chicken

 

Burger Patty


Roasting
(Microwave Scrambled Egg
Chicken Meat Oven)

 

Blending
Fruits
(Blender)   Fruit Salad
Definition: A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values
(called the domain) to a second set of values (called the range). A
relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y).

A.1Definition: A function is a relation where each element in the domain is

related to only one value in the range by some rule.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs
have the same x-value but different y-values. Using functional notation,
we can write f(x) = y, read as “f of x is equal to y.” In particular, if (1, 2) is
an ordered pair associated with the function f, then we say that
f (2) =1.

Functions can be represented in several ways.

1. Function as a set of ordered pair.

Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions? Then identify

the domain and range.

m = {(3, 2), (4, 5), (0, -1), ( -1, 2)}

l = {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 5), (d, 7)}
s= {(a, 1), (a, 3), (c, 5), (d, 7)}

Solution: The relations m and l are functions because no two ordered pairs
have the same x-value but different y-values. Meanwhile, s is not a
function because (a, 1) and (a, 3) are ordered pairs with the same x-value
but different y-values.

Set m: Domain: {3, 4, 0, and -1} Range: {2, 5, -1, and 2}

Set l: Domain: {a, b, c, d} Range: {1, 3, 5, and 7}
Set s: Domain: {a, c, d} Range: {1, 3, 5, and 7}

Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where

the elements of the domain are mapped to the elements of the range
 using arrows. In this case, the relation or function is represented by the set
of all the connections represented by the arrows.

Example 2. Which of the following mapping diagrams represent a

function?

Figure 1. Figure 2.

Solution:
Figure 1 represents a function because no two ordered pairs have
the same x-value but different y-values.
Figure 2 is not a function because (1, 0) and (1, 15) are ordered
pairs with the same x-value but different y-values.

2. Function as an equation
F(x) – 5 + 2x
G(x) = x2 - 1
Example 3. Which of the following graphs represent a function?
Solution:
D represents a function while, A, B and C are not functions
because they do not pass the vertical line test.

Example 4. Functions as a table of values

No. of hours Distance travelled

1 20

2 50

3 60

4 80

5 100

Solve Activity 2. 1

Solve the following problems using the concepts of rational equations.

1. Jessica sells face masks and has a markup of P5.00 per piece.
She earns an additional incentive of P100.00 for every dozen of
mask she sells. How much will she gain if she sells x dozens a
day?
2. The ratio of the perimeters of two 2 squares is 2: 7. If the area of
the bigger square is 1225 ft2 .find the perimeters of the two
squares.
FUNCTIONS NOTATION

Functions are often described as a machine in a box that is open on two

ends. You put something into one end of the box, it gets changed inside
of the box, and then the result pops out the other end. The function is the
machine inside the box and it is defined by what it does to whatever you
put into it.

Function Machine: A function f takes an input x and returns an

output f(x). One metaphor describes the function as a
“machine” that for each input returns a corresponding output.

1. A.2 EVALUATING FUNCTIONS

Evaluating functions means finding the values of f(x) at x =a, simply by

substituting the value of a to the given function.

Example 1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒

Evaluate: a. f (-1) b. f (0) c. f (2)

Solution:
a. f (-1) = (-1)2 + 3 (-1) + b. f (0) = (0)2 + 3(0)+4 c. f (2) = (2) 2 + 3 (2) + 4
4 =0+ 0+4 =4+6+4
=1–3+4 =4 = 14
=2

Example 2. f (x) = 2x2 -1

Evaluate: a. f(x) =2a b. f(x) = (a + 2)
 Solution:
a. f(2a) = 2(2a)2 -1 b. f(a+ 2) = 2( a + 2)2 -1
= 2(4a 2 )- 1 = 2 (a2 + 4a + 4) – 1
= 8a 2 – 1 = 2 a2 + 8a + 8 – 1
= 2a2 + 8a + 7

Activity 2.2

Jason is paid P500.00 daily for 8 hours of service rendered. For

service rendered less than 8 hours, his rate per hour or a fraction there of,
he is paid 80% 0f his regular daily rate. When he works overtime, he is paid
1.5% of his regular rate. How much will he receive if he works for 6.5 hours
in a day?

1. A.3 GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

The graph of a function f on the xy-plane consists of points (x,y) such that
x is the domain of f and y=f(x). To graph a function through a table of
values we can follow these steps:

1. Select at least five values of x in the domain. The choice of the values is
arbitrary.
2. Find the corresponding values of the function for each selected x.
3. Plot the obtained ordered pairs or points on the coordinate plane, then
join them with a smooth curve.
Example 1. Sketch the graph of
y=−2x+3 then find the domain.

x y=−2x+3 Solutions

−2 y=−2(−2)+3=4+3=7 (−2, 7)

−1 y=−2(−1)+3=2+3=5 (−1, 5)

0 y=−2(0)+3=0+3=3 (0, 3)

4 y=−2(4)+3=−8+3=−5 (4, −5)

6 y=−2(6)+3=−12+3=−9 (6, −9)

Domain: Set of real numbers
Range : Set of real numbers

Example 2. Sketch the graph of f(x) = 𝒙𝟐 then find the domain.

PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS

Piecewise functions are functions defined by more than one sub functions
where each sub function has a particular domain.

The following are the steps to sketch the graph of piecewise functions.
1. Make a table of values for each piece.
2. Plot the obtained points on the same coordinate plane , then connect
the point for each piece.
3. In the given interval for each piece, check the graphs if they satisfy the
vertical line test.

Example 1. Sketch the graph of the piecewise function

F(x)= x -3 if x > -1
x2 + 1 if x < -1

Make a table of values for each piece

For f (x) =x -3 if x > -1(Assign values greater than -1)

When x = -1 y = -1 -3 = -4
x=0 y = 0 – 3 = -3 x -1 0 1 2 3
x =1 y = 1 -3 = - 2 x-3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
x=2 y = 2 – 3 = -1
x=3 y=3–3=0

For f(x) =x2 + 1

When x = -1 y = (-1)2 + 1 = 2
x = -2 y = (-2) 2 + 1 = 5 x -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
x = -3 y = (-3) 2 + 1 = 10 x2 + 1 2 5 10 17 26
x=4 y = (-4) 2 + 1 = 17
x=5 y = (-5) 2 + 1 = 26