9/15/21, 11:56 AM G.R. No.

148627
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SECOND DIVISION

G.R. No. 148627             April 28, 2004

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, appellee,

vs.
JENELITO IBAÑEZ @ "JEN", JOVY IBAÑEZ, DANILO IBAÑEZ @ "TABUNO", and FERNANDO DELA PAZ @
"NENE CALVO", appellants.

DECISION

PUNO, J.:

If it were not so lamentable, the situation would be considered beyond absurd. Belardo Pagapulan lost his life
because of an altercation over a fighting cock. It is shocking to what depths the premium placed on human life has
plummeted.

Before us is an appeal filed by appellants JENELITO IBAÑEZ and DANILO IBAÑEZ of the decision of the lower
court finding them guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of murder. Earlier, the two appellants and two other
accused, JOVY IBAÑEZ and FERNANDO DELA PAZ @ "NENE CALVO1, were charged for the murder of Belardo
Pagapulan. The Information2 against them reads, viz:

That on or about the 10th day of December, 1991, in the evening, at Barangay Ocayan, in the Municipality of
Bataraza, Province of Palawan, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-
named accused with evident premeditation and treachery, while armed with bladed weapon and with intent to
kill, and by means of superior strength, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault
and stab one BELARDO PAGAPULAN, hitting him in the various vital parts of his body and inflicting upon him
mortal injuries which were the direct and immediate cause of his instantaneous death.

CONTRARY TO LAW.

The cases against accused Jovy Ibañez and Fernando de la Paz were archived as they continue to remain at large.
Trial ensued in the cases against appellants.

During the trial, the prosecution presented as its first witness CRISTETA GARCENIEGO, 29 years old, married, and
daughter of the victim Belardo Pagapulan. Cristeta testified that on 10 December 1991, at about 7:00 pm, she was
with her five little children in their her house in Ocayan, Bataraza, Palawan. Her father, Belardo came to stayand
stayed with them while as Cristeta’s husband was away at Wescom undergoing training as a CAFGU.3 As they
were eating their dinner, they heard some persons approaching their house. Some 250 meters away, these persons
started bellowing in Ilonggo, "Patyon namon ang Tatay mo."4 (Meaning, "We will kill your Father.") Cristeta bade her
father to hide under the house.5 Under the light of the moon, Cristeta identified the persons making the threat as
appellant Jenelito Ibañez, appellant Danilo Ibañez, accused Jovy Ibañez, and accused Fernando dela Paz. She was
very familiar with all of them, as they were her neighbors and they frequently came and ate at her house.6 Appellant
Danilo hurled objects at their house and ordered Belardo to come down. His companions, who were standing beside
him, threatened to go up the stairs of the house and shoot Belardo if he did not come down. Cristeta stood at the
door of the house,7 around 1 ½ armslength away from the four assailants.8 She asked them why they were looking
for her father when he did not do anything to them, and informed them that they were trespassing.9 Still, they
insisted that Belardo come out of the house. Belardo went out, stood about an arms-length away from the four men,
and asked them what they wanted. The four assailants, all carrying bolos, encircled the victim. Appellant Jenelito
IbañezJen positioned himself at Belardo’s back and immediately hacked him from behind. Appellant Danilo Tabuno
followed suit, then the other two assailants also hacked at the victim. Cristeta continuously shouted "Tulungan ninyo
ako para maawat sila." Belardo fell to the ground, but the four men continued hacking him. After they left, Cristeta
approached her father and ascertained that he was dead. He had sustained twenty-four (24) hackwounds and some
small wounds on his arms.10 She ran across the road to her godfather’s house. He met her and assisted her in
shouting for help. Some people came, looked at Belardo’s dead body, and reported the incident at the police station
in Rio Tuba. The next morning, policeman Arthur Casiple came and examined the body. Upon their request, a
certain Mr. Bardago took four pictures11 of her father. Casiple told Cristeta that there was no doctor available to
conduct the autopsy of the body. As two days had already passed by then, and , and Belardo’s body remained
unembalmed,. Cristeta was advised to bury him.12 She surmises that the four accused slew her father because they
were the culprits fingered for the loss of Belardo’s fighting cock which they had allegedly loosened. The cock was
later found at a neighbor’s house.

Finally, she testified that at the time of her father’s death, he was 48 years old, and he earned his living by farming
and harvesting corn and selling the fighting cocks he raised. He had net earnings of ₱10,000.00 per year from the
corn and ₱50,000.00 from the fighting cocks.13 Aside from the loss of Pagapulan’s prospective income, she and her
three brothers suffered hurt feelings and grief because of the violent and untimely demise of their father.14

As its second witness, the prosecution presented Police Investigator Arturo P. Casiple. Casiple testified that in the
morning of 11 December 1991, he received a report from the Marine Detachment in Rio Tuba regarding a killing in
Barangay Ocayan, Bataraza, Palawan. He proceeded to the crime scene, and saw the victim lying on the ground,
having, more or less twenty hack wounds15 on different parts of his body. The victim was identified as Belardo
Pagapulan. To record the wounds and the fact of death, pictures were taken of the cadaver.16 Casiple requested an
autopsy be conducted by the Rural Health Officer D. Gasparel. However, the said doctor was in Manila at the time.
Next, he requested that an autopsy be conducted by any doctor at the Brooke’s Point District Hospital, but the
doctors were all busy with a surgical operation. Thus, no autopsy was conducted, and no physician examined the
corpse before it was buried. Neither was the body exhumed later for examination, as the trial court did not give any
order for such.17 On 13 December 1991, Casiple took down Cristeta’s statement as the sole eyewitness to the
crime.18

The parties agreed to stipulate that Belardo Pagapulan’s death was not registered with the Local Civil Registrar’s
Office, as Cristeta had been told there would be registration only after an autopsy of the body had been
conducted.19

In his defense, appellant Jenelito Ibañez testified that on 10 December 1991, at around 6:30 to 7:00 p.m., he was
going home after plowing a farm lot located around 3 kilometers away. He had with him his bolo, an implement in his
work. When he reached the road near the house of Belardo Pagapulan, he was suddenly hacked by Pagapulan.20
He was hit on the right side of his face.21 Appellant stepped backward, but again, Pagapulan hacked him on his
right shoulder bone. Appellant fought back, and was subsequently hit twice by Pagapulan, inflicting one wound on
the left side portion near his armpit, and another on the second finger(sic) of his foot.22 Using his bolo, appellant
parried blows from the bolo of Pagapulan many times.23 He later received medical treatment at a hospital in
Brooke’s Point.24

Appellant avers that he had no misunderstanding with the victim to warrant Pagapulan’s sudden attack on him.
However, he supposes the reason for the unprovoked assault was his cousin, accused Fernando de la Paz’ conflict
with Pagapulan Belardo regarding their "parawakans" or fighting cocks. He narrated that on 5 December 1991,25
while he was ten armslength away from his house, he saw accused De la Paz having a heated argument with
Pagapulan on the road, 25-30 meters away from Pagapulan’s house.26 Immediately after, accused De la Paz
informed appellant that Pagapulan was accusing them of letting their fighting cock roam around freely, thus allowing
it to wander near Pagapulan’s house and fight with his own parawakan.27

For his part, appellant Danilo Ibañez foisted the defense of denial and alibi. He testified that on the evening of 10
December 1991, he was at his home in Barangay Ocayan. With him were accused Jovy Ibañez and accused De la
Paz. They were resting while listening to the radio. Appellant Jenelito Ibañez arrived, with wounds on his right cheek
and on his right shoulder. He was weak from loss of blood. They immediately brought him for first-aid treatment to
Barangay Captain Flora Ordillas at her house in Barangay Gangud, Bataraza. Appellant Jenelito Ibañez told them
that at around 10 p.m., near his house (Pagapulan’s),28 Pagapulan hacked him29 because he was angry at accused
Dela Paz. He fought back, and they hacked at each other.30 Appellant Danilo Ibañez denied he had any first-hand
knowledge of the killing of Pagapulan and claimed that he was only implicated by the children of Pagapulan after his
brother had been charged with the commission of the crime.31

Unpersuaded by the appellants’ defense, on 8 December 2000, the trial court rendered judgment, the dispositive
portion32 whereof reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered finding both accused JENELITO IBAÑEZ
and DANILO IBAÑEZ guilty beyond reasonable doubt as principal of the crime of murder and are hereby
sentenced to pay the heirs of Belardo Pagapulan the following:

1. Civil Indemnity ₱ 50,000.00

2. Actual and compensatory damages ₱ 10,000.00

It appearing from the records of the case that both accused Jenelito Ibañez and Danilo Ibañez were detained
since February 3, 1994, the period of their preventive imprisonment shall be credited in the imposition of the
penalty which is Reclusion Perpetua or forty (40) years imprisonment.

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The case as against co-accused Jovy Ibañez and Fernando dela Paz alias "Nene Clavo" who are both at-
large is ordered ARCHIVED, to be reinstated upon their arrest or voluntary surrender. The alias warrant of
arrest previously issued last January 18, 1996 is hereby reiterated.

In their Brief,33 appellants assigned two errors to the decision of the trial court, viz:

FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THAT THE KILLING OF THE DECEASED WAS ATTENDED BY
TREACHERY.

SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN CONVICTING APPELLANT DANILO IBAÑEZ NOTWITHSTANDING THAT
NEITHER HIS IDENTITIY NOR HIS PARTICIPATION IN THE KILLING OF THE DECEASED WAS
ESTABLISHED BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT BY THE UNCORROBORATED AND BIASED
TESTIMONY OF THE VICTIM’S OWN DAUGHTER.

Appellants assailed the judgment of the trial court on several grounds. First, they allege that there was no treachery
attendant to the killing of Pagapulan. On the occasion of that fateful day when Pagapulan was confronted by the
appellants and the other accused, he did not run away but chose to approach them. Pagapulan even took off his
white shirt when he purportedly went down to hide under the house. In the minds of the appellants, this should be
seen by the Court as a "recognized local fact"34 indicative that Pagapulan was readying himself to fight the
appellants. The victim was therefore not caught unaware and unable to defend himself, and instead of being
cautious, chose to be courageous. On the other hand, the plaintiff-appellee contends that the trial court properly
appreciated the existence of treachery. The attack on Pagapulan had been executed in such a manner so as to
make it impossible for him to retaliate. The appellants deliberately resorted to the use of superior strength, by
employing their superiority in number and in the bolos they used as weapons against the unarmed victim. According
to the appellee, there being abuse of superior strength, there must be treachery as the former circumstance is
absorbed in the latter.35

The Court sustains the argument of the appellants that no treachery attended the killing of Pagapulan. Contrary to
the asseverations of the appellee, we must distinguish the existence of the qualifying circumstance of treachery from
abuse of superior strength. Although treachery absorbs abuse of superior strength when both are attendant to the
crime committed, the presence of one of these circumstances does not necessarily automatically result in the
presence of the other. The essence of treachery is the sudden and unexpected attack by aggressors on an
unsuspecting victim, depriving the latter of any real chance to defend himself, thereby insuring its commission
without risk to the aggressors.36 In the case at bar, the victim Pagapulan had sufficient warning of the appellants’
nefarious intentions against him. Even before they reached Cristeta’s house, they had already been bellowing their
threats to kill him. Perhaps out of concern for his daughter and grandchildren, Pagapulan chose to stay and hide,
instead of fleeing. Later, when the aggressors were threatening to climb the stairs into the house to ferret him out, it
was also his choice to face them unarmed. Whether or not he removed his white shirt to prepare himself to fight the
appellants is no longer of any significance at this point, as what is important is that he had sufficient warning of the
threat to his life. Even if the first blow was landed from behind him by appellant Jenelito Ibañez, Pagapulan was fully
cognizant that he and the others were encircling him to attack. There was no treachery involved.

There was, however, abuse of superior strength through superiority in the number of the aggressors and in the
weapons they used against the victim. Abuse of superior strength is present whenever there is a notorious inequality
of forces between the victim and the aggressors, assuming a situation of superiority of strength notoriously
advantageous for the aggressor selected or taken advantage of by him in the commission of the crime.37 It must be
shown by clear and convincing evidence that this qualifying circumstance was consciously sought by the
assailants.38 Four men to one, the appellants outnumbered the victim. All armed with bolos, they ganged up on the
unarmed Pagapulan. The appellants’ actions clearly show that they consciously sought to overwhelm the victim by
their superiority in number. This was illuminated in the testimony of Cristeta Garceniego, the lone eyewitness:

Q. You said that your father went out and faced the four in (sic) a distance of one meter and asked why and
he was immediately hacked, who first hacked?

A. Jen Ibañez Sir and followed by Tabuno Ibañez.

Q. How about the two others, what did they do?

A. They helped one another in hacking my father.

Q. The first time your father was hacked, where was your father hit?

A. At his back.

Q. When your father went out and faced the four, how was he hacked from the back?

A. He was hacked at the back because the four encircled my father and Jenelito Ibañez situated himself
behind my father who hacked my father first.

Q. You said after Jenelito Ibañez hacked your father at the back Tabuno Ibañez likewise hacked your father
and the four hacked-helped one another in hacking your father, what instrument did they use in hacking your
father?

A. Bolo, Sir.

Q. How many of the four have bolos?

A. Four of them have bolos.

xxx

Q. When the four helped one another in hacking your father when they were able to encircle him, what
happened to your father?

A. He fell to the ground, Sir.

Q. When your father fell to the ground, what did the four do?

A. They still kept on hacking him.39

Anent the second error assigned to the decision of the trial court, appellants claim that the lower court erred in
convicting appellant Danilo Ibañez notwithstanding that neither his identity nor his participation in the killing of
Pagapulan was established beyond reasonable doubt by the uncorroborated and biased testimony of Cristeta, the
victim’s daughter. Appellant Danilo Ibañez avers he did not kill Pagapulan, as on that night, he was home with his
brothers and cousin, resting and listening to the radio, after making sawali shingles all day.40 He claims that his
conviction was a mistake, as the sole basis for such was Cristeta’s testimony that he was one of the assailants who
killed her father. As a daughter of the victim, her testimony could not be as unbiased as a disinterested witness, and
she could only be expected to strengthen, and not weaken the evidence against the appellants. Moreover, her
testimony should be suspect as it had already been shown to be flawed with regard to the hackwounds sustained by
the victim at his back. She testified on these wounds while in the witness stand, but never stated them in the sworn
affidavit she executed 3 days after the killing before the policeman Casiple. The photographs41 presented by the
prosecution as proof of the victim’s injuries never showed any part of Pagapulan’s back sustaining hack wounds.
Finally, appellant avers it would have been very difficult for Cristeta to identify the appellant as she depended only
on the illumination of a setting half moon, and Pagapulan’s attackers had their backs to her.42

We are unconvinced by appellant’s arguments. Alibi is one of the weakest, if not the weakest, of defenses in
criminal prosecution because it is easy to fabricate and difficult to disprove. The appellants' barefaced denial of the
crime charged cannot prevail over the straightforward, positive and spontaneous testimony43 of Cristeta. Cristeta’s
testimony is worthy of full credence. When she executed the sworn affidavit before Casiple, she unequivocally
stated how appellant Danilo Ibañez, also known as "Tabuno Ibañez," had participated in the crime:

-05. Noong petsa 10 ng Disyembre 1991 humigit kumulang alas 7:00 ng gabi sila Jane (sic) Ibañez, Alias
Tabuno Ibañez, Juvy Ibañez at Alias Nene Calvo ay pumunta sa bahay at pagkatapos ay hinagis nila ang
aming bahay ng kaputol na kahoy at sumigaw na pababain ang aking tatay na si Belardo Pagapulan dahil
papatayin raw nila…sabi ni Alias Tabuno Ibañez na ilawan mo para makita namin ang iyong tatay at sumigaw
muli si Alias Tabuno Ibañez na "Nong" akyatin na natin at doon na natin tadtarin sa itaas ng bahay nila…at
tinaga nila agad…at pinagtataga pa nila ng husto…44

At no time during the course of the trial did Cristeta’s testimony regarding the complicity of appellant Danilo Ibañez
ever change. From the onset, Cristeta had testified that appellant Danilo Ibañez was one of the four men who threw
objects at her house and demanded for her father to go down.45 When she went out of their house, she saw the
men making the commotion, and clearly identified appellant Danilo Ibañez among them.46 Aided by the light of the
moon and standing barely 2 meters away, she identified him and recognized his voice easily, as he was familiar to
her. She knew him and the other three aggressors as neighbors who frequently came and ate at her house.47 She
unequivocally testified that appellant Danilo Ibañez was the second man to hack her father after appellant
Jenelito.48 An eyewitness account, coupled with the fact of the victim’s death, are sufficient proof of the guilt of the
appellant beyond cavil of doubt, for the crime of murder.49

Despite the appellants’ efforts to the contrary, Cristeta’s testimony remains unimpinged and deserving of full faith
and credit, even with regard to the existence of back hackwounds on the victim. She had testified that appellant
Jenelito Ibañez inflicted the first hackwound upon her father’s back.50 Her testimony had been fully corroborated by
the police investigator Casiple, and he satisfactorily explained the inadvertence to take pictures of these back
hackwounds:

Q. These four pictures that you identified, the front part of the body is shown in the pictures. Now, since your
purpose in having the pictures taken was to capture the image and present the pictures of the body of the
deceased with the wound, and since these pictures are all frontal pictures, may I conclude that there was no
wound at the back of the deceased?

A. There were multiple wounds at the back but the photographer did not take them anymore.

Q. Mr. Witness, the photographer who was under your direction and control, under your instruction, failed to
take pictures of the back of the deceased?

A. That was my instruction, but some other wounds were not taken. I forgot to instruct the photographer to
take pictures of all wounds of the victim.

Q. Mr. Witness, so you are telling us that the failure to present pictures of the wounds at the back of the
deceased was because you forgot to instruct the photographer to do that?

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A. Yes, sir.51

It is of no moment that in her sworn affidavit,52 she omitted to mention the hackwounds which her father sustained
at his back. Ex parte affidavits, which are often incomplete and inaccurate, need not prevail over credible statements
of a witness on the stand, particularly when the defense had the full opportunity to cross-examine the witness,53
such as in the case at bar. Moreover, even if she was a daughter of the victim, it does not follow that her testimony
was biased. The trial court, having had the opportunity to observe the mien of the all the witnesses presented by the
prosecution and the defense, chose to believe Cristeta’s testimony over that of the appellants’. The unbending
jurisprudence is that findings of trial courts on the matter of credibility of the witnesses are entitled to the highest
degree of respect and will not be disturbed on appeal. The private complainant’s relationship with the victim does
not disqualify her from testifying in the criminal case involving her relative or automatically sully her testimony with
the stain of bias.54 It would be unnatural for an aggrieved relative to falsely accuse someone else other than the
actual culprit himself. Nothing was shown to indicate in any way that the witness was impelled by improper motive in
testifying against appellant.55 In fact, appellant Jenelito Ibañez testified that they had a good relationship with
Cristeta.56 This underscores her credibility as a witness. lawph!1.ñêt

Appellants claim57 that Cristeta cannot identify her father’s attackers as they had their backs to her. This is specious
and misleading. As correctly stated by the plaintiff-appellee, she never testified that for the entirety of the attack, the
four aggressors had their backs to her. During the cross-examination by counsel for the defense, she only stated
that one or two of them encircled her father and had their backs to her.58 At this stage, she already knew the
identities of the four malefactors, as she had recognized and talked to them, even before they had seen or attacked
her father.59

Finally, appellants aver that appellant Danilo Ibañez’ participation in the killing of the deceased was not established
beyond reasonable doubt. The Court disagrees. As the lower court correctly held:

While it does not appear from the evidence of the prosecution what particular wounds were inflicted by
accused Jenelito and Danilo each of them shall be responsible for the wounds inflicted by the other accused
because of the existence of conspiracy between the accused. It is well settled that when a conspiracy is
established, the act of one becomes the act of all.

xxx

In the case at bar, the conspiracy among the accused to kill the victim was clearly proven. The mutual acts of
both accused showed their unity of mind to kill the victim. As shown by the evidence for the prosecution which
this court gives credence, accused Jenelito and Danilo with two other companions armed with bolos went to
the house of Belardo Pagapulan that particular evening and helped one another in hacking Belardo to death.
Thus, from the foregoing evidence, it can be inferred that both accused Jenelito Ibañez and Danilo Ibañez
have a unity of purpose, intent and sentiment in the commission of the crime against the victim Belardo
Pagapulan.60

Conspiracy may be shown through circumstantial evidence; deduced from the mode and manner in which the
offense was perpetrated; or inferred from the acts of the accused pointing to a joint purpose and design, a concerted
action, and a community of interest.61 In this case, the prosecution adduced sufficient evidence to prove that indeed
the appellants killed Pagapulan. It does not matter who of the two appellants actually killed him. As correctly held by
the trial court, the appellants conspired to kill Pagapulan. The act of one is the act of both.62

All these points inescapably converge at the nexus that appellant Danilo Ibañez was at the crime scene and was a
direct participant in killing Belardo Pagapulan. Appellant Danilo Ibanez’ defenses of denial and alibi did not bear up
against the evidence presented by the prosecution to prove his contumacy.

While the Court sustains the appellants’ argument that there was no treachery in the killing of Bernardo Pagapulan,
the Court must deny appellant’s second prayer that the killing be adjudged as simple and plain homicide. Since the
aggravating circumstance of abuse of superior strength was properly alleged in the Information against appellants,
the dearth left by the absence of treachery has been filled, thus qualifying the crime to murder. Article 248(1) of the
RPC, as amended, penalizes a person who commits the crime of murder attended by the qualifying circumstance of
taking advantage of superior strength, with reclusion perpetua to death. There being no generic aggravating
circumstance attendant, the lesser penalty of reclusion perpetua should be imposed.63 We therefore maintain the
penalty imposed by the trial court on appellants.

We now review the award of damages.

The award of ₱50,000.00 as civil indemnity ex delicto is proper. No other proof is needed for such other than the
death of the victim.64

We cannot, however, sustain the lower court’s decision to award actual and compensatory damages of ₱10,000.00.
For actual damages to be awarded, the amount of loss must be proven with a reasonable degree of certainty, based
upon competent proof and the best evidence obtainable to the injured party.65 The prosecution never presented any
receipt to substantiate Cristeta Garceniego’s claim as to the amount she and her family spent for their father’s
funeral expenses. However, we are cognizant of the fact that expenses were indeed incurred by the victim’s family.
Thus, in lieu of actual damages, the Court orders appellants to pay the sum of ₱25,000.00 as temperate damages.
Temperate damages may be awarded when the Court finds that some pecuniary loss has been suffered, but the
actual amount cannot be established with certainty.66

Cristeta Garceniego had testified that she and her brothers had suffered emotionally because of the brutal death of
their father. Thus, the award of ₱50,000.00 as moral damages is proper. The purpose of the award of moral
damages is not to enrich the heirs of the victim but to compensate them for their wounded feelings. A violent death
brings about emotional pain and anguish to the victim’s family. It is inherently human to suffer sorrow, torment, pain
and anger when a loved one becomes the victim of a violent or brutal killing. For this reason, moral damages must
be awarded even in the absence of any proof of the heirs’ emotional suffering.67

Under Article 2206 of the Civil Code, the heirs of the victim are entitled to indemnity for loss of earning capacity.
Indemnification for loss of earning capacity partakes of the nature of actual damages which must be duly proven68
by competent proof and the best obtainable evidence thereof.69 By way of exception, testimonial evidence may
suffice if the victim was either (1) self-employed, earning less than the minimum wage under current labor laws, and
judicial notice may be taken of the fact that in the victim’s line of work, no documentary evidence is available; or (2)
employed as a daily-wage worker earning less than the minimum wage under current labor laws.70 Cristeta testified
that her father was self-employed and earned his living by harvesting corn twice a year for which he had a gross
income of ₱5,000 per harvest. He also sold around 100 fighting cocks a year, for which he received a minimum of
₱500.00 per cock net of expenses or a total income of ₱50,000.00.71 These statements remain unchallenged and
uncontroverted by the appellants. Thus, the Court affirms that Belardo Pagapulan’s gross annual income is
₱60,000.00. In People vs. Napalit,72 we set the formula for computation of loss of earning capacity, thus:

a reasonable portion of
the annual net income
Net earning capacity – 2/3 x (80 - age of the victim at the time of his death) x which would have been
received by the heirs for
support

In the absence of proof of living expenses, the net income is deemed to be 50% of the gross income.73 As Belardo
Pagapulan was 48 years old at the time of his death,74 the correct amount to compensate for the loss of his earning
capacity is ₱640,000.00 (2/3 x [80-48] x [₱60,000.00-₱30,000.00]).

IN VIEW WHEREOF, the judgment of conviction of the Regional Trial Court of Palawan and Puerto Princesa City in
Criminal Case No. 10985 is hereby AFFIRMED with MODIFICATION. Appellants JENELITO IBAÑEZ and DANILO
IBAÑEZ are found guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of murder under Article 248 of the Revised Penal
Code, and are sentenced to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua. They are ordered to pay to the heirs of the
victim Belardo Pagapulan, the amounts of ₱50,000.00 as civil indemnity ex delicto; ₱25,000.00 as temperate
damages; ₱50,000.00 as moral damages; ₱25,000.00 as exemplary damages; and ₱640,000.00 for loss of earning
capacity. Costs against the appellants.

SO ORDERED.

Quisumbing, Austria-Martinez, Callejo, Sr., and Tinga, JJ., concur.

Footnotes

1 Jenelito, Jovy and Danilo Ibañez are brothers. Fernando dela Paz is their first cousin.

2 Original Records, pp. 1-2.

3 TSN, 16 April 1996, p. 8.

4 Id. at 9.

5 Id. at 10.

6 Id. at 12.

7 Id.

8 Id. at 11.

9 Id.

10 Id. at 17.

11 Exhibits "A", "B", "C", and "D".

12 TSN, 16 April 1996, p. 18.

13 Id. at 19-21.

14 TSN, 16 April 1996, p. 22.

15 TSN, 9 September 1996, p. 84.

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16 Exhibits "A", "B", "C", and "D".

17 TSN, 9 September 1996, pp. 4-5.

18 Id. at 8.

19 Id. at 5-6.

20 TSN, 1 July 1998, pp. 5-7.

21 Id. at 8.

22 Id. at 9-11.

23 Id. at 11-12.

24 TSN, 1 July 1998, p. 23.

25 Id. at 16.

26 Id. at 12-13.

27 Id. at 14-15.

28 Id. at 10.

29 TSN, 18 March 1999, pp. 4-8.

30 Id. at 8.

31 Id. at 9.

32 Rollo, p. 28.

33 Id. at 55-66.

34 Id. at 58.

35 Id. at 86-88.

36 People vs. Romero, et al., G.R. No. 145166, 8 October 2003; People vs. Delada, Jr., G.R. No. 137406, 26
March 2003; People vs. Rubiso, G.R. No. 128871, 18 March 2003.

37 People vs. Daquipil, 240 SCRA 314 (1995).

38 People vs. Casingal, 243 SCRA 37 (1995).

39 TSN, 16 April 1996, pp. 13-14.

40 TSN, 18 March 1999, p. 5.

41 Supra at 11.

42 TSN, 16 April 1996, pp. 60-66.

43 People v. Molina, 311 SCRA 517 (1999).

44 Sinumpaang Salaysay ni Cristeta Garciniego, marked as Exhibit "E", Original Records, p. 69.

45 TSN, 16 April 1996, p. 9.

46 Id. at 11.

47 Id. at 12.

48 Id. at 13.

49 People vs. Gumayao, G.R. No. 138933, 28 October 2003; People v. Lotoc, 307 SCRA 471 (1999).

50 TSN, 16 April 1996, p. 13.

51 TSN, 9 September 1996, pp. 10-11.

52 Original Records, p. 69.

53 People vs. Cabasag, G.R. No. 140762, 10 September 2003.

54 Balunueco vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 126968, 9 April 2003.

55 Supra at 50.

56 TSN, 2 July 1998, p.2.

57 Rollo, p. 65.

58 TSN, 16 April 1996, p. 32.

59 Id. at 9-12.

60 Decision, Rollo, p. 23.

61 People vs. Gregorio, et al., G.R. No. 153781.

62 People v. Taliman, 342 SCRA 534 (2000).

63 Revised Penal Code, Article 63, paragraph 3.

64 People vs. Romero, et al., G.R. No. 145166, 8 October 2003; People vs. Aliben, et al., G.R. No. 140404,
27 February 2003.

65 People vs. Almoguerra, et al., G.R. No. 121177; People vs. Solamillo, G.R. No. 126131, 17 June 2003.

66 People vs. de los Santos, G.R. 135919, 9 May 2003.

67 People vs. Rubiso, G.R. No. 128871, 18 March 2003.

68 People vs. Panabang, G.R. Nos. 1137514-15, 16 January 2002; People vs. De Vera, 312 SCRA 640, 670
(1999).

69 Chan vs. Maceda, Jr., G.R. No. 142591, 30 April 2003.

70 People vs. Duban, G.R. No. 141217, 26 September 2003; People vs. Mallari, G.R. No. 145993, 17 June
2003; People vs. Caraig, G.R. Nos. 116224-27, 28 March 2003.

71 TSN, 16 April 1996, pp. 19-21.

72 G.R. Nos. 142919 and 143876, 4 February 2003.

73 Ibid.

74 Id. at 18.

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