BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5

INTRODUCTION TO
ALTERNATIVE
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM

GROUP 1
AMARRA, Rose Ann
NAZARENO, Winchell Kate
OLINO, Emmanuel Benedict
ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONS
TRUCTION SYSTEM
APPLICATION
PRECAST CONCRETE
Precast concrete, sometimes called
“prefabricated” or “pre-made” concrete.
Precast concrete is a form of concrete that is
prepared, cast and cured off-site, usually in a
controlled factory environment, using reusable
moulds. Precast concrete elements can be
joined to other elements to form a complete
structure.

CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
Cast-in-place concrete, also known as “site-
cast” or “poured-in-place” concrete.
Cast in place concrete is the concrete uses that
forms on site and is poured directly into those
forms. The concrete can either be transported
already mixed in large mixing trucks or it can be
mixed on site and poured into the pre-set
forms.
 FLAT SLAB
A two-way reinforced concrete slab
that usually does not have beams
and girders, and the loads
are transferred directly to
the supporting concrete columns.

USES OF FLAT SLAB:

• Flat slabs are mostly used in large
industrial structures, parking garages,
ramps, warehouses, tall buildings, and
hotels.
• They are used where the beam is not
required.
• These slabs also used where the
structures require less formwork.
 FLAT SLAB
KEY BENEFITS
THE FLEXIBILITY OF FLAT SLAB THICKNESS OF FLAT
IN CONSTRUCTION SLAB
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
COLUMN HEADS & DROP PANELS

USES OF DROP PANELS :

• Drop panels increase the shear

strength of flat slab floor.
• Drop panels increase flat slab's
negative moment capacity.
• Drop panels reduce deflection by
stiffening the flat slabs.

USES OF COLUMN HEADS :

• Shear strength of flat slab is

increased by using column heads.
• Column heads reduce the clear or
effective span, and therefore,
reduce the moment in the flat slab
floor
 FLAT SLAB WITH
DROP PANEL
The moments in the slab are higher
near the column, so the slab is
thickened near the column by
providing drops.
Sometimes the drops are called the
capital of the pillar.

FLAT SLAB WITH

COLUMN HEAD
The column head is
sometimes widened to reduce
perforation shear in the slab,
the widest parts are called
column heads.
 FLAT SLAB WITH
DROP PANEL AND
COLUMN HEAD
Advantages of
Flat Slab
• Flexibility in room layout.
• Reinforcement placement is
easier.
• Ease of framework installation
• Building height can be
reduced.
• Less construction time.
• Prefabricated welded mesh
• Auto sprinkler is easier.
 Disadvantages
of Flat Slab

• Span length is medium.

• Critical middle strip
deflection
• Use of drop panels
may interfere with
larger mechanical ducti
ng
 • WALL AND COLUMN
POSITION
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS • DEFLECTION CHECK

• CRACK CONTROL
FLAT PLATE
The flat plate is a two-way
reinforced concrete
framing system utilizing a
slab of uniform thickness,
the simplest of structural
shapes.

USES OF FLAT PLATE:

• Flat slabs are
commonly used where there is no
large span and loads are not
particularly heavy
Advantages of Flat Plate
• Simple formwork and suitable for
direct fix or sprayed ceiling
• No beams—simplifying under-
floor services
• Minimum structural depth and
reduced floor-to floor height.
Disadvantages of Flat Plate
• Limited lateral load
capacity as part of a
moment frame
• May not be suitable for
supporting brittle
(masonry) partitions
• Small spans
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FLAT SLAB AND FLAT PLATE SLAB

FLAT SLAB
FLAT PLATE SLAB
One with either DROP
Flat plates are slab system PANEL or COLUMN HEAD
with slab connected to the (or both) that helps reduce
column directly shear stress on the column
Can bridge SMALLER SPANS slab junction
because of lower shear Can bridge LARGER SPANS
capacity and deflection because of higher shear
control capacity and deflection
According to MacGregor & control
Wight book, "Reinforced According to MacGregor &
Concrete Mechanics and Wight book, "Reinforced
Design", flat plate slabs are Concrete Mechanics and
most economical for spans Design", flat slabs can be
up to 4.5 - 6 m (15 - 20 ft) easily used for spans up to
9m (30 ft)
 RIBBED SLAB
-Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns with narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction.
Normally the ribs and the beams are the same depth. A thin topping slab completes the system.
USES AND APPLICATION OF RIBBED SLAB:
• Ribbed and waffle slabs provide a lighter and stiffer slab
than an equivalent flat slab, reducing the extent of
foundations.
• It perform the function of corner reinforcement, particularly
on a lower-height slab.
• They provide a very good form of construction where slab
vibration is an issue, such as laboratories and hospitals.

BENEFITS OF A RIBBED SLAB:

• A ribbed slab is a concrete slab made of many
expanded metal tubes that are tightly woven together
to create the walls of a building.
• When slab vibration is an issue, they provide an
excellent form.
The top of ribbed slab is a normally thin and the
bottom grid lines are generally ribs.

The one-way flooring slab consists of a sequence

of small, reinforced concrete T beams which might
relate to girders carried by the building column.
 ADVANTAGES OF
RIBBED SLAB
CONSTRUCTION:
• Lightweight
•Design to long spans
•Offer design benefits
•Flexible installation and formwork
•The slabs are lighter
•Thinner Design

DISADVANTAGES OF RIBBED SLAB:

• Cost
• Not suitable for sloping locations
• Sometimes difficult to install the electric equipment.
 WAFFLE SLAB
-Waffle slabs tend to be deeper than the equivalent ribbed slab. Waffle slabs have a thin topping slab and narrow ribs spanning in
both directions between column heads or band beams. The column heads or band beams are the same depth as the ribs.
Uses and Application:
•Where vibration is an issue and where large span slabs are
to be constructed
•Areas having a smaller number of columns
•Where low slab deflections and high stability are required

Waffle Slab Construction Procedure:

The construction of waffle slabs can be done by three ways
as follows.
•In-situ
•Precast
•Prefabricated

Formwork tools required in the construction

of waffle slab are:
•Waffle pods
•Horizontal supports
•Vertical supports
•Wall connectors
•Cube junctions
•Hole plates
•Clits
•Steel bars
 ADVANTAGES OF
WAFFLE SLAB
CONSTRUCTION:
• Relatively light, therefore less foundation costs and
longer spans are economic
• Speed of construction
• Fairly slim floor depths
• Excellent vibration control
• Thermal mass
• Good for services integration
• Durable finishes
• Fire resistance

DISADVANTAGES OF WAFFLE SLAB:

• Require greater floor-to-floor height.
• Requires special formwork which is costly.
• Difficulty in maintenance.
 METRO PYLON’S, NEW YORK SUBWAY

YALE UNIVERSITY ART GALLERY, UNITED STATES LODYTEL COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT, SPAIN METROPOL PALASOL, ITALY

ICONIC LANDMARKS USING WAFFLE SLABS

5 ICONIC LANDMARKS USING WAFFLE SLAB

CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, INDIA

 LIFT SLAB
-refers to a method of construction of multi story structures, that involves the placement of several concrete
slabs on the ground.
History of Lift Slab
•Originally , lift-slabs were reinforced with mild steel reinforcing, which
limited the column spacing or required very thick slabs.
•With the advent of post-tensioning , however the column spacing was
increased and the thickness of the slabs were
reduced.

Benefits of Lift Slab:

• Economic than conventional construction when the building is
vertically uniform.
• Its slab designs are repetitive, such as hotels, apartment
buildings, commercial building and dormitories
 TOOLS AND MATERIALS

Hydraulic Jacks- can lift slabs on columns loaded Bond Breakers- to minimize dynamic loads during lifting or
up to 100,00 pounds of up to 14 ft an hour stripping of precast members and permit their complete, clean
separation from casting slabs or molds.

Lifting collars- are cast into each slab around each column
Shear Blocks- steel component used to hold the providing a mans to lift the and also providing shear
lifted slab in its final elevation reinforcement
Lift-slab construction, Technique whereby concrete floor slabs are poured on the ground, one on top of the
other, and then lifted into place on top of columns by hydraulic jacks. Used for very tall multistory buildings, this
method offers substantial savings in formwork
SEQUENCE OF LIFTING SLABS
The sequence of lifting slabs is influenced by the following factors:
• Weight of the slabs
• Height of the building
• Cross sectional area of columns during initial lifting.
 Advantages
• The big advantage of erecting concrete buildings using lift slab construction is elimination of most form work; only the sides
need to be formed, an important factor in areas where labor cost are high.
• Lift slab can be used for heights up to about 16 stories. Economical column spacing ranges from 22 to 32 feet. Columns
may be pipe, tubes, or wide flange sections; concrete building columns may be used in 3 to 4 story buildings not requiring
splices.
• Another advantage is reduced handling and hoisting of materials and supplies that can simply be placed on top of the slabs
and lifted with them.
• There is little need for finishing the bottom of the slabs since they will be as smooth as the floor finish of the slab below and
thus the bottom of the slab can be used directly as a ceiling.

Limitations
•The method has limitations too, the principal one being that buildings must be specifically planned for the same , or it will not
have any economic advantages over conventional construction.
SLIP FORM METHOD
SYSTEM
• Method in which the concrete is
poured into continuously moving
form
• Continuously placing of concrete
in a shallow mold having the
same plan as the building to be
constructed.
• Forms the working deck which is
jacked slowly upwards
Procedure
• Assembly can only start once the foundation are
in place and wall starter is in correct alignment
• Slip form shuttering is aligned with the help of
yokes
• Horizontal crossbeams are connected to these
yokes
• Hydraulic jacks are attached to these crossbeams
• Height of slip form ranges from 1.1-1.5 meters
• Yokes and crossbeams also used to support the
working platform
 TYPE OF SLIP
FORM

1.) VERTICAL
SLIP-FORM

THE CONCRETE FORM MAY BE

SURROUNDER BY A PLATFORM ON
WHICH WORKERS STAND, PLACING
STEL REINFORCING RODS TO
CONCRETE AND ENSURING A
SMOOTH POUR
 TYPE OF SLIP FORM

2.) HORIZONTAL SLIP-

FORM

• FORMING FOR PAVEMENT

AND TRAFFIC SEPARATION
WALLS, CONCRETE IS CAST,
VIBRATED, WORKED AND
SETTLED IN PLACE, WHILE
THE FORM SLOWLY MOVES
AHEAD.
• THIS METHOD STARTED
AND UTILIZED IN INTERSTATE
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
DURING 1950s
TYPE OF SLIP FORM

3.)TAPERED SLIP
FORMING

• USED IN
CONSTRUCTION OF
CONICAL CHIMNEYS,
COOLING TOWERS, PIERS
AND OTHER TALL
CONCRETE STRUCTURE
INVOLVING CONSTANT
CHANGING THICKNESS IN
WALLS
Advantages of SLIP-FORM
• Reduction in the movement of
formwork and workers also lead
to safe working
• Reduction in the cost of
formwork as well as time saving
for re-erection
• Form needs to be continually
removed to newer locations nd
then re erected
Advantages of SLIP-FORM
• Requires Specialized workers and
expertise
• High –cost for initial
• Operation must be continued in
any
SPAN STRESS FLOOR
SYSTEM
• utilizes span-stress prestressed T-
Joist that can be used with filler
blocks or collapsible steel forms,
or plywood forms.
• The system has the stiffness of a
conventional slab since the
concrete was poured monolithic
and is connected with the structure
by providing connection
reinforcement that will transfer the
lateral forces to the lateral load
resisting members.
T & L BEAM
Advantages
• Much economical compared to
conventional cast-in-place
concrete slab.
• A system that is light yet capable
of heavy loads and long spans
• Length goes from 3.00 meters
to 9.00 meters.
 REFERENCES:
https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/flat-slab-types-design-advantages/13919/

https://theconstructor.org/building/flat-plate-floor-system-features-advantages/36113/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAbEdxa4UKs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etLWodDSWQU

https://www.concretecentre.com/Building-Solutions/Floors/Ribbed-Waffle-Slabs.aspx
https://www.slideshare.net/tivarrose/lift-form-slab-construction
https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/waffle-slab-ribbed-slab-construction/20546/