Materials and their Properties

MECH 3830
Lectures:
Tuesday and Thursday 11:30 am -12:50 pm
Lab/tutorial: Monday 2:30 - 4:20 pm
Location: Blackboard Ultra

Instructor: Professor A. Edrisy, P.Eng.

Email: [email protected]
Summer 2021

Materials and their Properties- MECH 3830

Course Description: This course explains the relationship of the
engineering properties of materials to their atomic structure, bonding,
crystal structure, imperfections and microstructure; the processing of
materials to produce the required structure and properties. Includes
consideration of crystal structure determination, phase diagrams,
diffusion, phase transformations, heat treatment and deformation. The
laboratory is a term-long project designed to familiarize students with
materials-related equipment commonly found in industrial and research
laboratories. (Prerequisite: GENG-2190 and Semester 6 or higher
standing.) (3 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.)
(http://web4.uwindsor.ca/calendar).

Course Format: This course is designed to present the fundamental

concepts and theories in materials engineering at the undergraduate
level. Lectures will be delivered online-blackboard Ultra (slides will be
available under Resources).

MECH 3830 1
 Materials and their Properties- MECH 3830
Blackboard Course website:
o Course syllabus
o Virtual classroom
o Lecture Notes (slides)
o Assignments
o Announcement
o Quiz
o Midterm and final exam
o References/ readings (pdf files)
Instructor information
A. Edrisy, Ph.D., P.Eng.; [email protected], Office Hours:
Thursday 2:30-3:30 pm or by appointment
Graduate Assistant (GA) information
Petar Mitrev, M.A.Sc. Candidate, [email protected], Office
Hours: Monday 2:30 - 4:20 pm or by appointment

Course Marking Scheme

% of Final
Method of Evaluation Due Dates*
Grade
Assignments 20 A week from the posting

Laboratory reports (group)- two 15 TBA

Midterm test 25 TBA

Quiz 15 TBA

Final exam 25 TBA

• Assignments: There will be 1-2 questions that will be given as homework

assignments every week.
– Late penalties for assignments: 10% per day up to a maximum of 2 days. If
after 2 days an assignment has not been submitted, the student will receive a
zero mark for that assignment.
• Missed Assignments, Quiz, Test, Reports, or Projects: Documentation must
be submitted to the Office of the Associate Dean no later than 72 hours following
the absence. No makeup for a quiz or an assignment, the weight will be
transferring to the midterm test or the final exam, if the absent is approved by
Associate Dean’s Office.

MECH 3830 2
 Textbooks
1. M. F. Ashby and D. R. Jones, Engineering Materials I, an
Introduction to their Properties and Applications, Third edition,
Elsevier
2. M. F. Ashby and D. R. Jones, Engineering Materials II, an
Introduction to their Microstructures, Properties and Design, Third
edition, Elsevier
References
3. W.D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
4. W. Smith, Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, third
edition, McGraw-Hill.
5. D. R. Askeland and P. P. Phule, Science and Engineering of
Materials, fifth edition, Thomson.
6. R. E. Reed-Hill and R. Abbaschian, Physical Metallurgy Principles,
PWS Publishing Company.
7. G. E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw Hill.
*Readings from references will be shared on the blackboard course
website
Materials and their Properties University of Windsor

Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?

• More than 50,000 materials available to the

engineer
• How can the engineer choose the right material
– Service conditions must be characterized
– Choose a material with the ideal combination of
properties
• May be necessary trade off one characteristic for
another

Materials and their Properties (89-330)

MECH 3830 3
 Engineering Materials

• Classes of structural engineering materials

Materials and their Properties University of Windsor

General Comparison of Properties of Metals,

Ceramics, and Polymers

Property
(approximate Metals Ceramics Polymers
values)
2 to 22 2 to 19
Density, g/cm3 1 to 2
(average  8) (average  4)
Low (Ga=29.78 °C)
High
Melting Points to Low
(up to 4000 °C)
high (W = 3410 °C)
Hardness Medium High Low

Machinability Good Poor Good

Tensile Strength,
Up to 2500 Up to 400 Up to 140
MPa

Compressive
Up to 2500 Up to 5000 Up to 350
Strength, MPa

Materials and their Properties (89-330)

MECH 3830 4
 Property
(approximate Metals Ceramics Polymers
values)
Young's modulus, 15 to 400 150 to 450 0.001 to 10
GPa

High-temperature Poor to medium Excellent ...

creep resistance

Thermal expansion Medium to high Low to medium Very high

Thermal Medium to high Low Very low
conductivity
Thermal shock Good Generally poor ...
resistance

Electrical Conductors Insulators Insulators

characteristics

Chemical Low to medium Excellent Good

resistance
Oxidation Generally poor Oxides excellent; SiC and ...
resistance Si3N4 good

Materials and their Properties

Materials Selection Process

1. Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: microstructure, composition

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
and properties
ex: casting, sintering, forming, joining, annealing.

Materials and their Properties University of Windsor

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MECH 3830 5
 Examples of Materials Selection
• Typical Screwdriver • Turbine blades in
aeroengines
Shaft blade

Handel

• Hip Implant

11

Thermal Protection System

Re-entry T
Distribution

reinf C-C silica tiles nylon felt, silicon rubber

(1650°C) (400-1260°C) coating (400°C)

• Ceramic Fibers:
• Silica tiles (400-1260C): – significant void space
--large scale application – low thermal conductivity

--microstructure:
~90% porosity!

100 m

12

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 Metals and Alloys
• Metals have metallic bonds • Ferrous metals:
– Atomic cores are positive – Iron, Steel, Cast Iron
ions swimming in a sea of buildings and infrastructure
valence electrons applications, automotive
– Good thermal and electrical applications
conductors • Nonferrous metals:
– Copper alloys: electrical
conductors
– Nickel alloys: High
temperature applications
– Aluminum alloys: window
frames, aircraft forgings,
– Titanium alloys: aircraft,
surgical implants

Two dimensional schematic

diagram of metallically bonded
atoms
Materials and their Properties

13

Classification of Metals
Metals, Alloys

Ferrous Non-Ferrous

Steels Cast irons

Cu alloys
<2.1 wt%C 3-4.5 wt% C

Low Alloy High Alloy Gray Ti alloys

Low carbon Stainless

White Mg alloys
<0.25 wt% C steel

Med carbon Refractory

Tool steel
alloys
0.25-0.6 wt% C

High carbon
0.6-1.4 wt% C

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MECH 3830 7
 Nonferrous Alloys

• Cu Alloys • Al Alloys
Brass: Zn is substitutional impurity -low : 2.7 g/cm3
(jewelry, coins, -Cu, Mg, Si, Mn, Zn additions
corrosion resistant) -solid sol. or precipitation.
Bronze : Sn, Al, Si, Ni are strengthened (struct.
subst. impurities aircraft parts
(landing gear & packaging)
bushing, bearing
Corrosion resistant) NonFerrous • Mg Alloys
-very low  : 1.7g/cm3
Alloys -ignites easily
-
• Ti Alloys
• Refractory metals
-relatively low : 4.5 g/cm3
-high melting T’s
• Noble metals
vs 7.9 for steel -Nb, Mo, W, Ta
-implants -Ag, Au, Pt
-Aerospace applic. -oxid./corr. resistant
Based on discussion and data provided in Section 13.3, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

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Ceramics
• Ceramics are:
– Compounds of non-metallic
elements or metals and non-
metals:
– Oxides: SiO2; Al2O3; CaO; ZrO2;
Carbides: SiC, TiC; Nitrides:
Si3N4; TiN
• Elements are held together by
ionic and/or covalent bonds

• Because of type of bounding

Ceramics are:
– Hard, Brittle, high melting
point materials
– Low electrical and thermal
conductivity
– Wear and corrosion resistant

Materials and their Properties (89-330)

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MECH 3830 8
 Classification of Ceramics

Ceramic Materials

Glasses Clay Refractories Abrasives Cements Advanced

products ceramics
-optical -whiteware -bricks for -sandpaper -composites -brake discs
-composite -structural high T -cutting -structural -sensors
reinforce (furnaces) -polishing
-containers/
household

Adapted from Fig. 13.7 and discussion in

Section 13.4-10, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

https://youtu.be/Q_3PebbkGpo

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Polymers
• Polymers (plastics) are long H H
chain molecules
– Thermoplastics: | |
• Polyethylene — C—C—
• Polystyrene | |
• Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
– Thermosets: H Cl
• Epoxy
• Polyester
– Elastomers
• Rubber
• Covalent bonds along the
mostly carbon backbone
• Van der waals forces between
chains
– Decompose at moderate
temperatures, 100–400°C
– Lightweight

Materials and their Properties (89-330)

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MECH 3830 9
 Composites

• Composites: woven
Mixture of more than one material type fibers

• Matrix: The continuous phase

Purpose is to:
- transfer stress to other phases
- protect phases from environment
Classification: MMC, CMC, PMC
metal ceramic polymer
• Dispersed phase:
-- Purpose: enhance matrix properties.
MMC: increase y, TS, creep resist.
CMC: increase Kc
PMC: increase E, y, TS, creep resist.
-- Classification: Particle, fiber, structural

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Classification of Composites

Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural

matrix: particles: Cross section
rubber C (stiffer)
(compliant)

0.75 m
matrix: particles:
ferrite () (Fe3C)
(ductile) (brittle)

60 m face sheet
woven adhesive layer
Cross
fibers honeycomb
section
view

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MECH 3830 10
 Design Limiting Properties of Materials

21

Structure of Materials

Structural Features Typical Scale (m)

Nuclear structure – 10 -15
Atomic structure – 10-10

– 10-9
microstructure

Crystal or amorphous structure

Second phase structure – 10-8-10-5
Grain boundaries – 10-6-10-3

Recall: 1 mm= 10 -6 m; 1nm=10 -9 m; 1A=0.1 nm

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MECH 3830 11
 Optical Properties
The light transmittance of some materials depend on their
structural characteristics:

Aluminum oxide
Aluminum oxide single polycrystalline material Aluminum oxide
crystal (high degree of (having many small polycrystalline
perfection)—is optically grains)—is optically material having some
transparent translucent porosity—is optically
opaque
(Specimen preparation, P.A. Lessing)

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Microstructure Sensitive/insensitive Properties

Density Young’s Yield Tensile Fracture

(g/cm2) Modulus Strength Strength Toughness
(GPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa √m)

Cast Iron 7.9 210 50 200 100

Mild steel 7.9 210 210-250 400-450 120-160

(0.04-0.3%
C)
High carbon 7.9 210 350-1500 680-2000 20-50
steel (+0.77)

Materials and their Properties

24

MECH 3830 12
 Microstructure Sensitive Properties
• Yield strength
• Tensile strength
• Ductility
• Fracture toughness
• Creep resistance
• Fatigue resistance, and …………

Microstructure Insensitive Properties

• Density
• Young’s modulus
• Coefficient of thermal expansion
• Melting point

Materials and their Properties

25

Materials Selection
Materials Density E GPa Elongation% Strength (y- uts)
g/cm3 MPa
Steel 7.9 210 10- 45 200-350
1400-1500
Titanium 4.5 120 8-16 800-850
Alloys 1200-1275
Aluminum 2.76 71 11-18 250-360
Alloys 550-669
Magnesium 1.77 45 5-10 100-220
Alloys 260-310
Polymers 1.2 2-3 6-200 27
85

CFRP 1.5-2 103-310 low 344

1860
Recyclability?
Manufacturing?

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MECH 3830 13
 Microstructure Properties
A process is a method of shaping,
joining or finishing a material
Processing Performance

Room temperature deformation.

• Common forming operations change the cross-sectional area:

-Forging force -Rolling

roll
die Ad
Ao
A o blank Ad
roll

force
-Drawing -Extrusion
Ao
die container die holder
Ad
tensile force
Ao ram billet extrusion Ad
force
die container die
Materials and their Properties

27

microstructure -Cold Rolling

before rolling - Microstructure after rolling
roll
Ad
Ao
roll

235 m rolling direction

- isotropic - anisotropic
since grains are equiaxed & since rolling affects grain
randomly oriented. orientation and shape.

• Microstructure depends on
– processing conditions
– Operating conditions: temperature… cold working vs. hot
working

Materials and their Properties

28

MECH 3830 14
 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties and microstructures
ex: hardness vs microstructure of steel

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)
30 μm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.31(a) and
400 (b) 10.32 with 0.4 wt% C composition, and
(a) from Fig. 11.15, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
4 μm Micrographs adapted from (a)
300 spherodite microstructure; (b)
30 μm proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite
200 30 μm microstructure; (c) tempered
martensite; and (d) martensitic
microstructure, Callister & Rethwisch
100 9e. (Figures 10.19, 10.21, & 10.33 copyright
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.
Figure 9.30 courtesy of Republic Steel
Cooling Rate (ºC/s) Corporation.)
• Processing can change microstructure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
29

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Microstructures in Steels

Tensile Strength

Tensile Strength
30

MECH 3830 15
 Learning Outcomes
• Gain knowledge of the different classes of engineering
materials: metallic alloys, ceramics, polymers, and composites.
• Understand their mechanical properties and relate them to
atomic, molecular and microstructural features.
• Understand phase transformation mechanisms during heat
treatment and gain familiarity with time-temperature-transformation
diagrams.
• Learn how to use CCT diagrams to design a heat treatment that
yield to the desired mechanical properties.
• Apply theory and design the microstructures by heat treatment e.g.
recrystallization, solution and age hardening to obtain required
mechanical properties.
• Gain knowledge of materials processing, testing and
characterization techniques.
Materials and their Properties University of Windsor

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MECH 3830 16