.

BY: NEERAJ PODDAR

.
Ad. – Sukhram Complex (1st Floor), Piska More, Ranchi. .
Contact No. – 7979 762083
Metals & Non – Metals
TOPICS COVER .

1. Difference between the Physical properties of Metals and Non-Metals,

2. Chemical properties of Metals and Non-Metals,
3. How do metals and non-metals react :– Ions – Cations – formation of Positive ions
Anions – formation of Negative ions
4. Chemical bonds –
Ionic and
Covalent Bonds – Single Bond – Formation of Single bond
Double Bond and – formation of Double bond
Triple Bond – Formation of Triple bond
5. Occurrence and Extraction of Metals
6. Corrosion

» There are 118 different chemical elements are known to us at present. Elements are classified into two main
categories such as – Metals: - Iron, Zinc, Aluminum etc.
- Non-Metals: - Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen etc.
» Apart metals and Non-Metals elements some elements show properties of Metals and Non-Metals are called
Metalloids. Such as: - Silicon, Arsenic, Germanium.
1. Difference Between Physical Properties Of Metals & Non-Metals
.

No. BASIS METALS NON-METALS

They are generally solids. Exception: Mercury They are either solids or gases. Exception:
1 Physical state
is a liquid Bromine is a liquid
They have a shiny luster which is called They do not have a shiny luster.
2 Luster
Metallic luster. Exception – graphite, iodine.
They generally produce a sound on striking a They are non – sonorous.
3 Sonorous
hard surface.
Some metals can be beaten into thin sheets. Non – metals are not malleable
4 Malleability
Most malleable gold and silver
The ability of metals to be drawn into thin Non – metals are not ductile
5 Ductility wires is called ductility Gold is the most ductile
metal
They are good conductors of electricity. Best Non- metals are generally poor
Electrical
6 conductors: Silver and copper. conductors of electricity Exception:
conductivity
Graphite
Thermal They are good conductors of heat. Best They are poor conductors of heat
7 conductivity conductors: Silver and copper. Poor
conductors: Lead and mercury
They are generally hard They are generally soft.
8 Hardness Exception – alkali metals like sodium, Exception: Diamond is the hardest
potassium substance known.
They generally have high melting points They generally have low melting points
Exception – gallium, alkali metals like sodium,
9 Melting point
potassium, Gallium and cesium will melt if
you keep them on your palm.
10 Densities They generally have low densities They generally have high densities
They are silver or grey. Exception – Copper They are in many colors.
11 Colors
and Gold.

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METALS
Meaning______________________________________________________________________________
1. Metals are the elements that conduct heat and electricity and are malleable and ductile. Example – Iron,
Aluminum, silver etc.
2. These are the substances which are electropositive in nature i.e., they have a tendency to lose electrons. They
generally have 1, 2, or 3 electrons in their outermost shell. They have positive ions due to losing of electrons. So
they are also known as electropositive elements.

2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS______________________________________________

1. Reaction with Oxygen (Air)______________________________________________________________

Most of the metals form respective metal oxides when react with oxygen. Metal oxide is basic in nature.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
a. React at Room Temperature – Alkali metals (Metal Oxides dissolve in water) react vigorously with oxygen at room
temperature. Like – Lithium, potassium, sodium, etc. So, these metals are stored under kerosene to prevent their
reaction with oxygen, moisture, CO2 of air.
4K + O2 → 2K2O
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

b. React on heating – Reaction of aluminum metal with oxygen: Aluminum metal does not react with oxygen at room
temperature but it gives aluminum oxide when burnt in air.
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
2Mg + O2 → 2Mgo
Those metals oxides which show basic as well as acidic behavior are known as amphoteric oxides. Eg. – Aluminum & Zinc.

c. React on Strong Heating – Reaction of zinc metal with oxygen: Zinc does not react with oxygen at room temperature.
But it gives zinc oxide when heated strongly in air.
2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO

d. Does not react with Oxygen – Example: Silver and Gold.

2. Reaction with Water_____________________________________________________________________

Metals react with water to form Metal hydroxide or metal oxide and hydrogen gas.
a. Metal react with cold or hot water to form metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas-
Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen

▪ However, alkali metals react vigorously with cold water.

i. Sodium metal forms sodium hydroxide and liberates hydrogen gas along with lot of heat (exothermic reaction)
when reacts with cold water.
Na + H2O → NaOH + H2

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ii. Potassium metal forms potassium hydroxide and liberates hydrogen gas along with lot of heat when reacts with
cold water.
2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2
iii. Calcium forms calcium hydroxide along with hydrogen gas and heat when reacts with Cold water.
Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
▪ Reaction with hot water –
Magnesium metal reacts with hot water slowly and forms magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2
When steam is passed over magnesium metal, magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas are formed.
Mg + H2O → MgO + H2

b. Metals reacts with steam to form Metal Oxides and Hydrogen gas
i. Reaction of aluminum metal with cold water is too slow to come into notice. But when steam is passed over
aluminum metal; aluminum oxide and hydrogen gas are produced.
2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 2H2
ii. Zinc metal produces zinc oxide and hydrogen gas when steam is passed over it. Zinc does not react with cold
water.
Zn + H2O → ZnO + H2
iii. Reaction of iron with cold water is very slow and come into notice after a long time. Iron forms rust (iron oxide)
when reacts with moisture present in atmosphere. Iron oxide and hydrogen gas are formed by passing of steam
over iron metal.
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

3. Reaction with Dilute Acid______________________________________________________________

Metals form respective salts when react with dilute acid i.e. displaces Hydrogen. Only less reactive metal such as
copper, silver and gold do not displace hydrogen.
Metal + dilute acid → Metal salt + Hydrogen
Metal react with dilute HCl to give Metal chloride and Hydrogen gas.

i. Sodium metal gives sodium chloride and hydrogen gas when react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
2Na + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2
ii. Potassium sulphate and hydrogen gas are formed when potassium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid.
2K + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + H2
iii. Magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas are formed when magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
iv. Aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas are formed Reaction of aluminum with dilute hydrochloric acid.
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
v. Zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas are formed when zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid. This method is used in
laboratory to produce hydrogen gas.
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2

NOTE:-
▪ All the metals which are above hydrogen in then activity series, displaces hydrogen from dilute acids because the
more reactive metal give electron easily and these electrons reduce the hydrogen ions of acids to hydrogen gas.
The metals like copper and silver which are less reactive than hydrogen do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
Because they do not give out electrons required for the reduction of hydrogen ions present in acids.

▪ Aqua regia:
Aqua regia is a freshly prepared mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in the
ratio of 3:1.

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▪ Anodizing:
It is a process of forming a thick oxide layer of aluminum. During anodizing, a clean aluminum article is made
the anode and is electrolyzed with dilute sulphuric acid. The oxygen gas evolved at the anode reacts with
aluminum to make a thicker protective oxide layer. This aluminum oxide coat makes it resistant to further
corrosion.

▪ Reactivity series
The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing activities.
In the reactivity series, copper, gold, and silver are at the bottom and hence least reactive.
These metals are known as noble metals. Potassium is at the top of the series and hence
most reactive.

Though Hydrogen is not a metal but even then it has been placed in the reactivity series of
metals, this is due to the fact that like metals Hydrogen also loses electrons and forms positive
ions, H+

4. Reaction of metals with solution of other metal salts_______________________________

Reaction of metals with solution of other metal salt is displacement reaction. In this reaction more reactive metal
displace the less reactive metal from its salt.
Metal A + Salt of metal B → Salt of metal A + Metal B
i. Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution and form Iron sulphate.
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
ii. When copper is dipped in the solution of silver nitrate, it displaces silver and forms copper nitrate.
Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3 )2 + 2Ag
In this reaction copper is more reactive than silver and hence displace silver from silver nitrate solution forming copper nitrate.
iv. Silver metal does not react with copper sulphate solution. Because silver is less reactive than copper and not able to
displace copper from its salt solution.
Ag + CuSO4 → No reaction
v. Similarly, when gold is dipped in the solution of copper nitrate, no reaction takes place. Because copper is more
reactive than gold.
Au + CuSO4 → No reaction
vi. In similar way no reaction takes place when copper is dipped in the solution of aluminium nitrate. Because copper
is less reactive than aluminium.
Al(NO3 )3 + Cu → No reaction

5. Reaction with Chlorine__________________________________________________________________

Metals react with chlorine to form ionic chloride. In formation of metal chloride, the metal atoms lose electron
and become positively charged ions, whereas chlorine atoms gain electrons and become negatively charges
chloride ions.
Metal + Chlorine → Metal Chloride
i. Sodium readily reacts with chlorine to form an ionic chloride called sodium chloride.
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
ii. Calcium reacts with chlorine to form ionic chloride called calcium chloride.
Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2

6. Reaction with Hydrogen________________________________________________________________

Most of the metals does not react with Hydrogen because metals form compound by losing electrons and hydrogen
also forms compound by losing electrons. Only a few reactive metals like sodium, potassium, calcium and
magnesium react with hydrogen to form metal hydrides. In metal hydrides the hydrogen is present in the form of
a negative ion called hydride ion, H-.
i. When hydrogen gas is passed over heated sodium, then sodium hydride is formed
2Na + H2 → 2NaH
ii. When hydrogen gas is passed over heated calcium, then calcium hydride is formed
\Ca + H2 → CaH2

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NON – METALS
Meaning_____________________________________________________________________________________
Non – Metals are the elements that do not conduct heat and electricity and neither malleable nor ductile. Example
– Carbon, Nitrogen, Bromine etc.
These are the substances which are electronegative in nature, i.e. they have a tendency to gain electrons. They
generally have 4 to 8 electrons in their outermost shell.
3. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS_________________________________ ____________
1. Reaction with Oxygen
2. Reaction with water
3. Reaction with Acids
4. Reaction with salt solution
5. Reaction with Chlorine
6. Reaction with Hydrogen
1. Reaction with oxygen____________________________________________________________________
Non-metals form respective oxide when react with oxygen.
Non-metal + Oxygen → Non-metal oxide
a. When carbon reacts with oxygen, carbon dioxide (Acidic in nature) is formed along with production of heat.
C + O2 → CO2 + Heat
When CO2 is dissolve in water it form an acid called carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
b. When carbon is burnt in insufficient supply of air, it forms carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a toxic substance.
Inhaling of carbon monoxide may prove fatal.
2C + O2 → 2CO + Heat
c. Sulphur gives sulphur dioxide when react with oxygen. Sulphur caught fire when exposed to air.
S + O2 → SO2
When SO2 is dissolve in water it form an acid called sulphuric acid
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3
d. When hydrogen reacts with oxygen it gives water.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2. Reaction with Water – Non Metal does not react with water.
3. Reaction with Dilute Acids – Non Metal does not react with dilute Acids.
4. Reaction of non-metal with chlorine: Non-metals give respective chloride when they react with
chlorine gas.
Non-metal + Chlorine → Non-metal chloride
i. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form covalent chloride called hydrogen chloride.
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
ii. Phosphorous reacts with chlorine to form covalent chloride called phosphorus trichloride.
P4 + 6Cl2 → 4PCl3
5. Reaction with salt solution – More reactive non- metal displaces less reactive non-metal and form salt
solution.
Chlorine passed through a solution of sodium bromide, and then sodium chloride and bromine are formed.
2NaBr + Cl2 → 2NaCl + Br2
6. Reaction with Hydrogen – Non-Metal react with hydrogen to form covalent hydrides.
i. Sulphur react with hydrogen to form covalent hydride called hydrogen sulphide.
H2 + S → H2S
ii. Nitrogen react with hydrogen to form covalent hydride called ammonia.
3H2 + N2 → 2NH3

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4. HOW DO METALS AND NON-METALS REACT?__ _________________________________
IONS –
An ion is electrically charged atom. It is formed by the loss or gain of electrons by an atom, so it contains an unequal
number of electrons and protons.
A positively charged ion
It is formed by loss of 1 or more electrons by an atom.
Cations Eg. Sodium atom loss 1 electron to form a sodium ion, Na +
IONS

Na – e – → Na+

A Negatively charged ion.

It is formed by gain of one or more electrons by atom.
Anions Eg. Chlorine atom gains 1 electron to form a chlorine ion, Cl –
Cl + e - → Cl -

Formation of Positive Ions (Cation)________________________________________________________________

If an element has 1, 2 or 3 electrons in the outermost shell of its atoms, then it loses these electrons to achieve
noble gas configuration, that means complete its octet (eight electrons in its outermost orbit) and form
positively charge ion or cation because the number of proton is more than the electron. We know that proton
has positive charge and electron has negative charge. The net charge will be positive.
Example –
Formation of Sodium Ion – Atomic Number of sodium is 11 so its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1. To achieve noble
gas electronic configuration it loses 1 electron.
Na – e– → Na +
Sodium atom ( 2, 8, 1) Sodium Ion (2, 8)
▪ The sodium ion (Na +) has complete its octet and form same electronic configurations as neon.
▪ Since the number of electron and proton in sodium atom is same so it is electrically neutral.
▪ In sodium ion there are 11 protons and 10 electrons. Due to number of proton is more than the electron in sodium
ion it has positive charge.

Formation of Negative Ion (Anions)_______________________________________________________________

If an element has 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the outermost shell of its atoms, then it gains these electrons to achieve noble
gas configuration, that means complete its octet (eight electrons in its outermost orbit) and form Negative charge
ion or Anions because the number of electron is more than the proton. The net charge will be Negative.
Example –
Formation of Chloride Ion – Atomic Number of Chlorine is 17 so its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7. To achieve
noble gas electronic configuration it gains 1 more electron.
Cl + e– → Cl -
Chlorine atom ( 2, 8, 7) Chloride Ion (2, 8, 8)
▪ The sodium ion (Cl ) has complete its octet and form same electronic configurations as Argon.
+

▪ Since the number of electron and proton in chlorine atom is same so it is electrically neutral.
▪ In chlorine ion, there are 17 protons and 18 electrons. Due to number of electron is more than the proton in
chlorine ion it has Negative charge.

Chemical Bond ( Or Bond)___________________________________________________________________

▪ When atoms of the elements combine to form molecules, a force of attraction is developed between the atoms
(or ions) which hold together. The force which links the atoms (or ions) in a molecule is called a chemical
bond or Bond.
▪ Atoms form chemical bond to achieve stability by acquiring noble gas electron configuration that means
complete its outermost orbit. There are three ways by which an atom form noble gas electron configuration.
a) By losing one or more electrons
b) By gaining one or more electron
c) By sharing one or more electrons

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1. In ionic bond Metals react with non-metals

2. The compounds containing ionic bonds are known as ionic compounds.
IONIC
3. It is made up of positively charged ions and negatively charged ions.
BONDS

4. So, it consists only ions not molecules.

1. In covalent bond non-metals react with other non-metals.

2. It is bond by sharing of electrons between two atoms.
COVALENT 3. It is formed when both the reacting atoms need electrons to achieve the inert
gas electron arrangement.
4. It can be formed between two atoms of the same non-metal.

Single Double Triple

Formation Of Ionic Bonds________________________________________________________

Formation of Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) can be explained as follows.
Atomic Number of Magnesium atom is 12, so it has 2 electron in its outermost orbit to donate but Chlorine atom (atomic
number is 17) require 1 electron to achieve the 8-electron structure. So, 1 Magnesium atoms will combine with 2
Chlorine atoms to form Magnesium Chloride compound.

Properties of Ionic compound:______________________________________________________________________

1. Ionic compounds are solid – Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard because of the strong force of
attraction between the positive and negative ions. These compounds are generally brittle and break into pieces
when pressure is applied.
2. Melting and boiling points – Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. This is because a
considerable amount of energy is required to break the strong inter-ionic attraction.
3. Solubility – Electrovalent compounds are generally soluble in water and insoluble in solvents such as kerosene,
petrol, etc.
4. Conduction of Electricity –A solution of an ionic compound in water contains ions, which move to the opposite
electrodes when electricity is passed through the solution. Ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct
electricity because movement of ions in the solid is not possible due to their rigid structure. But ionic compounds
conduct electricity in the molten state. This is possible in the molten state since the electrostatic forces of
attraction between the oppositely charged ions are overcome due to the heat. Thus, the ions move freely and
conduct electricity.

Formation Of Covalent Bonds___________________________________________________

1. Single Bond –
• It is formed by sharing of one pair (2 electrons) of electrons between two atoms.
• A single covalent bond is denoted by putting a short line (–) between the two atoms.
• A short line (–) represents a single covalent bond consisting of two shared electrons, one from each atoms.
Example –
1. Formation of Chlorine Molecule, Cl2
Atomic Number of Chlorine is 17 (2, 8, 7). It has 7 electrons on outermost shell so it needs 1 more electrons to
complete its octet and become stable. It gets electron by sharing with another chlorine atom.

Because the two chlorine atoms share electrons, there is a strong force of attraction between them which holds them
together; this force is called a Covenant bond.

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2.Formation of a Water Molecule, H2O
Water is a covenant bond consisting of Hydrogen and Oxygen. Hydrogen atom has 1 electron in its outermost shell
to achieve the stable (2 electron) configuration and Oxygen (atomic number is 8) have 6 electrons in its outermost
orbit and needs 2 more electrons to complete its octet. So, 1 atom of oxygen shares its 2 electrons with two
hydrogen atoms to form a water molecule.

2. Double Bond –
• It is formed by sharing of two pairs (4 electrons) of electrons between two atoms.
• A double covalent bond is denoted by putting a short line (=) between the two atoms.
Example –
1. Formation of Oxygen Molecule, O2
The atomic number of oxygen is 8 (2, 6) so 2 electrons is in its outermost orbit. The oxygen atom gets these electrons
by sharing its two electrons with two electrons with another oxygen atom. So, two oxygen atoms share two electrons
each and form a stable oxygen molecule.

Since the oxygen atoms share two pair of electrons, the bond between them is called a double covalent bond.

2. Formation of Carbon Dioxide Molecule, CO2

The atomic number of carbon is 6 (2, 4) so, it has 4 electrons in its outermost electrons, it needs 4 more electrons to
achieve octet configuration and the atomic number of Oxygen is 8 (2, 6) so, it has 2 electrons in its outermost orbit, it
needs 2 more electrons to achieve the eight-electron configuration and become stable. So, one carbon atom shares its
4 electrons with two oxygen atoms and forms a carbon dioxide molecule.

3. Formation of Ethene Molecule, C2H4

The atomic number of carbon is 6 (2, 4) so, it has 4 electrons in its outermost electrons, it needs 4 more electrons to
achieve octet configuration and the atomic number of Hydrogen is 1 and it needs 1 more electrons to become stable of
2 electrons in its orbit.

3. Triple Bond –
• It is formed by sharing of three pairs (6 electrons) of electrons between two atoms.
• A double covalent bond is denoted by putting a short line (≡) between the two atoms
Example –
Formation of Nitrogen Molecule, N2
A nitrogen atom is very reactive and cannot exist free. The atomic number of Nitrogen is 7 (2, 5) having 5 electrons in
outermost orbit and require 3 more electrons to achieve the 8-electrons structure of an inert gas and become stable. So,
two Nitrogen atoms combine together by sharing 3 electrons each to form a molecule of Nitrogen gas.

Thus, in the Nitrogen gas molecule, two nitrogen atoms are held together by a triple bond.

Properties of Covalent Compounds-

1. It is usually in liquids or gases – They are generally in liquid or gases form due to the weak force of attraction
between their molecules.
2. Low melting and boiling points – covalent compounds are made up of electrically neutral molecule. So, the
force of attraction between the molecules of a covalent compound is very weak. Only small amount of heat
energy is require to break these molecular force, due to which covalent compounds have low melting and
boiling points.
3. Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
4. Do not conduct electricity – covalent compound do not conduct electricity due to they do not have ions.

Differences between Ionic Compounds and Covalent Compounds_____ _______________

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PROPERTIES IONIC COVALENT
1. Physical state Usually Solid Usually liquid or gas
2. Melting and Boiling Points High Low
3. Conductor of electricity Yes No
4. Soluble in water Yes No
5. Soluble in organic Compound No Yes

5. OCCURRENCE AND EXTRACTION OF METALS____________________________________

▪ Source of metal – Metals occur in earth’s crust and in sea water; in the form of ores. Earth’s crust is the major source
of metal. Sea water contains many salts; such as sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, etc.
▪ Mineral – Minerals are naturally occurring substances which have uniform composition. It is the natural materials in
which the metals or their compounds are found in the earth.
▪ Ores – The minerals from which a metal can be profitably extracted are called ores. An ore contains a good percentage
of metal and there are no objectionable impurities in it. Thus, all the ores are minerals, but all the minerals are not
ores.

Extraction Of Metals_____________________________________________________________________
▪ To obtain a metal from its ore is called the extraction of metal.
▪ The various processes involved in the extraction of metals from their ores, and refining are known as Metallurgy.

EXTRACTION OF METALS

Concentration of Ore Conversion into Metal Refining

The impurities such as sand, Metals can be grouped into three The process of purifying impure
rocky materials etc. (called catagory - metals is called Refining.
gangue) should be removed to get 1. Metals of High reactivity The metals prepared by the various
concentrated ore containing a 2. Metals of medium reactivity reduction precess usually contain
much higher percentage of the some impurities, so they are impure.
metal. 3. Metals of low reactivity.
The most important and most widely
Different method is used to extacting used method for refining is
the metals belonging to above 3 Electrolytic refining.
catagory.

K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Pb Cu Ag Au
Electrolysis Reduction using Carbon Found in Native state
A. Extraction of Highly Reactive Metals_____________________________________________________________
The highly reactive metals are extracted by the electrolysis of their molten
chlorides or oxides
During electrolysis the negative charged electrode (cathode) acts as a powerful
reducing agent by supplying electrons to reduce the metals ions into metal. The
metals are always produced at the cathode (negative electrode) because metals
ions are always positively charged and get attracted to the negatively charged
electrode (cathode).
a. When a molten metal chloride is electrolyzed by passing electric current, then
pure metal is produced at the cathode and chlorine gas is formed at the anode
(Positive electrode).
b. When a molten metal oxide is electrolyzed by passing electric current, then
pure metal is produced at the cathode whereas oxygen gas is formed at the anode.

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Example –When electric current is passed through molten state or solution of sodium chloride, sodium metal
deposited over cathode.
Na+ + e− → Na
2Cl− − e− → Cl2
2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2
Metals obtained from the process of electrolytic reduction are pure in form.

B. Extraction of Medium Reactive Metals____________________________________________________________

It is easy to obtain metals from their oxides. So, ores found in the form of sulphide and carbonates are first
converted to their oxides by the process of roasting and calcination. Oxides of metals so obtained are converted
into metals by the process of reduction.
▪ Roasting: Heating of sulphide ores in the presence of excess air to convert them into oxides is known as roasting.
Example – When Zinc sulphide is strongly heated in the presence of air it forms zinc oxide and sulphur dioxide.
𝑹𝒐𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
▪ Calcination: Heating of carbonate ores in the limited supply of air to convert them into oxides is known as calcination.
Example – When Zinc carbonate is heated strongly in the absence of air it decomposes to form zinc oxide and CO2
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
▪ Reduction: Heating of oxides of metals to turn them into metal is known as reduction.
▪ The metal oxides are converted to the free metal by using reducing agents like carbon, aluminium, sodium or calcium.
▪ Zinc metal is extracted by the reduction of its oxide with carbon. Thus, when ZnO is heated with carbon, Zinc metal
is produced.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO2

C. Extraction of Least Reactive Metals______________________________________________________________

The least reactive metal which is quite low in the series are extracted by the reduction of their oxides by heat alone.
Mercury and copper, which belong to the least reactivity series, are often found in the form of their sulphide ores.
Cinnabar (HgS) is the ore of mercury. Copper glance (Cu2S) is the ore of copper.
Extraction of mercury metal: Cinnabar (HgS) is first heated in air. This turns HgS [mercury sulphide or cinnabar]
into HgO (mercury oxide); by liberation of sulphur dioxide.
Mercury oxide so obtained is again heated strongly. This reduces mercury oxide to mercury metal.
2HgS + 3O2 → 2HgO + 2SO2
2HgO → 2Hg + O2

Refining Or Purification Of Metals_____________________________________________________

Metals extracted from various methods contains some impurities, thus they are required to be refined. Most of the
metals are refined using electrolytic refining.
▪ Electrolytic Refining – In the process of electrolytic refining a lump of impure metal and a thin strip of pure metal are
dipped in the salt solution of metal to be refined. When electric current is passed through the solution, pure metal is
deposited over thin strip of pure metal; from lump of impure metal. In this, impure metal is used as anode and pure
metal is used as cathode.
▪ Electrolytic refining of copper:
A lump of impure copper metal and a thin strip of pure copper are dipped in the solution of copper sulphate. Impure
lump of metal is connected with the positive pole and thin strip of pure metal is connected with the negative pole.
When electric current is passed through the solution, pure metal from anode moves towards cathode and is deposited
over it. Impurities; present in metal

6. CORROSION________________________________________________________________________
Most of the metals keep on reacting with the atmospheric air. This leads to formation of a layer over the metal. In the
long run, the underlying layers of the metal keep on getting lost due to conversion into oxides or sulphides or carbonate,
etc. As a result, the metal gets eaten up. This process is called corrosion.

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Rusting of Iron: Rusting of iron is the most common form of corrosion. When iron articles; like gate, grill, fencing, etc.
come in contact with moisture present in air, the upper layer of iron turns into iron oxide. Iron oxide is brown-red in
color and is known as rust. This phenomenon is called rusting of iron.

Prevention of Rusting
For rusting, iron must come in contact with oxygen and water. Rusting is prevented by preventing the reaction between
atmospheric moisture and the iron article. This can be done by painting, greasing, galvanization, electroplating, etc.

Question –
Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking. Why?
Answer –
Aluminium is a highly reactive metal and hence it easily reacts with the oxygen in air. This reaction results in
the formation of a layer of aluminium oxide over the metal. The layer of aluminium oxide prevents further
reaction of aluminium with oxygen. This makes aluminium a corrosion resistant material. Moreover, aluminium
is a good conductor of heat. Due to these reasons, aluminium is used to make cooking utensils.
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Metals & Non – Metals 11

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