American English in Action homework

Unit 1, mental and physical development IELTS 5.0-6.0

The vocabulary words in red that are underlined are the ones you are responsible for.
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are  based on the reading
passage below.
The Adolescents
A
The American Academy of Pediatrics recognizes three stages of adolescence. These are early,
middle and late adolescence, and each has its own developmental tasks. Teenagers move
through these tasks at their own speed depending on their physical development and
hormone levels. Although these stages are common to all teenagers, each child will go through
them in his or her own highly individual ways.
B
During the early years young people make the first attempts to leave the dependent, secure
role of a child and to establish themselves as unique individuals, independent of their parents.
Early adolescence is marked by rapid physical growth and maturation. The focus of
adolescents’ self-concepts is thus often on their physical self and their evaluation of their
physical acceptability. Early adolescence is also a period of intense conformity to peers.
‘Getting along,’ not being different, and being accepted seem somehow pressing to the early
adolescent. The worst possibility, from the view of the early adolescent, is to be seen by peers
as ‘different’.
C
Middle adolescence is marked by the emergence of new thinking skills. The intellectual world
of the young person is suddenly greatly expanded. Their concerns about peers are more
directed toward their opposite sexed peers. It is also during this period that the move to
establish psychological independence from one’s parents accelerates. Delinquency behavior
may emerge since parental views are no longer seen as absolutely correct by adolescents.
Despite some delinquent behavior, middle adolescence is a period during which young people
are oriented toward what is right and proper. They are developing a sense of behavioral
maturity and learning to control their impulsiveness.
D
Late adolescence is marked by the final preparations for adult roles. The developmental
demands of late adolescence often extend into the period that we think of as young
adulthood. Late adolescents attempt to crystallize their vocational goals and to establish a
sense of personal identity. Their needs for peer approval are diminished and they are largely
psychologically independent from their parents. The shift to adulthood is nearly complete.
E
Some years ago, Professor Robert Havighurst of the University of Chicago proposed that stages
in human development can best be thought of in terms of the developmental tasks that are
part of the normal transition. He identified eleven developmental tasks associated with the
adolescent transition. One developmental task an adolescent needs to achieve is to adjust to a
new physical sense of self. At no other time since birth does an individual undergo such rapid
and profound physical changes as during early adolescence. Puberty is marked by sudden
rapid growth in height and weight. Also, the young person experiences the emergence and
accentuation of those physical traits that make him or her a boy or girl. The effect of this rapid
change is that young adolescent often becomes focused on his or her body.
F
Before adolescence, children’s thinking is dominated by a need to have a concrete example for
any problem that they solve. Their thinking is constrained to what is real and physical. During
adolescence, young people begin to recognize and understand abstractions. The adolescent
must adjust to increased cognitive demands at school. Adults see high school in part as a place
where adolescents prepare for adult roles and responsibilities and in part as preparatory for
further education. School curricula are frequently dominated by the inclusion of more
abstract, demanding material, regardless of whether the adolescents have achieved formal
thought. Since not all adolescents make the intellectual transition at the same rate, demands
for abstract thinking prior to achievement of that ability may be frustrating.
G
During adolescence, as teens develop increasingly complex knowledge systems and a sense of
self, they also adopt an integrated set of values and morals. During the early stages of moral
development, parents provide their child with a structured set of rules of what is right and
wrong, what is acceptable and unacceptable. Eventually, the adolescent must assess the
parents’ values as they come into conflict with values expressed by peers and other segments
of society. To reconcile differences, the adolescent restructures those beliefs into a personal
ideology.
H
The adolescent must develop expanded verbal skills. As adolescents mature intellectually, as
they face increased school demands, and as they prepare for adult roles, they must develop
new verbal skills to accommodate more complex concepts and tasks. Their limited language of
childhood is no longer adequate. Adolescents may appear less competent because of their
inability to express themselves meaningfully.
I
The adolescent must establish emotional and psychological independence from his or her
parents. Childhood is marked by a strong dependence on one’s parents. Adolescents may
yearn to keep that safe, secure, supportive, dependent relationship. Yet, to be an adult implies
a sense of independence, of autonomy, of being one’s own person. Adolescents may vacillate
between their desire for dependence and their need to be independent. In an attempt to
assert their need for independence and individuality, adolescents may respond with what
appears to be hostility and lack of cooperation.
J
Adolescents do not progress through these multiple developmental tasks separately. At any
given time, adolescents may be dealing with several. Further, the centrality of specific
developmental tasks varies with early, middle, and late periods of the transition.
 
 
Questions 1-6
Match the following characteristics with the correct stages of the adolescent.
Write the correct letter,  A, B or  C, in spaces 1-6 on your answer sheet.

A     early adolescence
B     middle adolescence
C     later adolescence

1   interested in the opposite sex

2   exposure to danger
3   the same as others
4   beginning to form individual thinking without family context
5   less need the approval of friends
6   intellectual booming

Questions 7-10
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letters, A-F, in spaces 7-10 on your answer sheet.

7   One of Havighurst’s research

8   High School Courses
9   Adolescence is a time when young people
10   The developmental speed of thinking patterns

List of the statements

A   form personal identity with a set of morals and values
B   develops a table and productive peer relationships
C   are designed to be more challenging than some can accept
D   varies from people to people
E   focuses on creating a self-image
F   become an extension of their parents

Questions 11-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In spaces  11-13  on your answer sheet, write
TRUE               if the statement is true
FALSE              if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN    if the information is not given in the passage
11   The adolescent lacks the ability to think abstractly.
12   Adolescents may have a deficit in their language ability.
13   The adolescent experiences a transition from reliance on his parents to independence.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27 which are based on Reading Passage
2 below. 
Optimism and Health 2
Mindset  is all. How you start the year will set the template for 2009, and two scientifically-
backed character traits hold the key: optimism and resilience. If the prospect leaves you feeling
pessimistically spineless, the good news is that you can significantly boost both of these
qualities.
A
Faced with 12 months of plummeting economics and rising human distress, staunchly
maintaining a rosy view might seem deludedly Pollyannaish. But here we encounter the
optimism paradox. As Brice Pitt, an emeritus professor of the psychiatry of old age at Imperial
College, London, told me: optimists are unrealistic. Depressive people see things as they really
are, but that is a disadvantage from an evolutionary point of view. Optimism is a piece of
evolutionary equipment that carried us through millennia of setbacks.
B
It has been known that optimistic has something to do with the long life, and optimists have
plenty to be happy about. In other words, if you can convince yourself that things will get
better, the odds of it happening will improve, because you keep on playing the game. In this
light, optimism “is a habitual way of explaining your setbacks to yourself”, reports Martin
Seligman, the psychology professor and author of Learned Optimism. The research shows that
when times get tough, optimists do better than pessimists; they succeed better at work,
respond better to stress, suffer fewer depressive episodes, and achieve more personal goals.
C
Studies also show that belief can help with the financial pinch. Chad Wallens, a social
forecaster at the Henley Centre who surveyed middle-class Britons’ beliefs about income, has
found that “the people who feel wealthiest, and those who feel poorest, actually have almost
the same amount of money at their disposal. Their attitudes and behavior patterns, however,
are different from one another.”
D
Optimists have something else to be cheerful about; in general, they are more robust. For
example, a study of 660 volunteers by the Yale University psychologist Dr. Becca Levy, found
that thinking positively adds an average of seven years to your life. Other American research
claims to have identified a physical mechanism behind this. A Harvard Medical School study of
670 men found that the optimists have significantly better lung function. The lead author, Dr.
Rosalind Wright, believes that attitude somehow strengthens the immune system.
“Preliminary studies on heart patients suggest that, by changing a person’s outlook, you can
improve their mortality risk,” she says.
E
Few studies have tried to ascertain the proportion of optimists in the world, but a 1995
nationwide survey conducted by the American magazine Adweek found that about half the
population counted themselves as optimists, with women slightly more apt than men, at 53
per cent versus 48 per cent, to see the sunny side.
F
Although some optimists may be accurate in their positive beliefs about the future, others may
be unrealistic; their optimism is misplaced, according to the American Psychological
Association. Research shows that some smokers exhibit unrealistic optimism by
underestimating their relative chances of experiencing disease. An important question is
whether such unrealistic optimism is associated with risk-related attitudes and behavior. We
addressed this question by investigating if one’s perceived the risk of developing lung cancer,
over and above one’s objective risk, predicted acceptance of myths and other beliefs about
smoking. Hierarchical regressions showed that those individuals who were unrealistically
optimistic were more likely to endorse beliefs that there is no risk of lung cancer if one only
smokes for a few years and that getting lung cancer depends on one’s genes.
G
Of course, there is no guarantee that optimism will insulate you from the crunch’s worst
effects, but the best strategy is still to keep smiling and thank your lucky stars. Because (as
every good sports coach knows) adversity is character-forming – so long as you practice the
skills of resilience. Research among tycoons and business leaders shows that the path to
success is often littered with failure: a record of sackings, bankruptcies and blistering
castigation. But instead of curling into a fetal ball beneath the coffee table, they resiliently pick
themselves up, learn from their pratfalls and march boldly towards the next opportunity.
H
The American Psychological Association defines resilience as the ability to adapt in the face of
adversity, trauma or tragedy. A resilient person may go through difficulty and uncertainty, but
he or she will doggedly bounce back.
I
Optimism is one of the central traits required in building resilience, say Yale University
investigators in the. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. They add that resilient people learn
to hold on to their sense of humor and this can help them to keep a flexible attitude when big
changes of plan are warranted. The ability to accept your lot with equanimity also plays an
important role, the study adds.
J
One of the best ways to acquire resilience is through experiencing a difficult childhood, the
sociologist Steven Stack reports in the Journal of Social Psychology. For example, short men
are less likely to commit suicide than tall guys, he says, because shorties develop psychological
defense skills to handle the bullies and mickey-taking that their lack of stature attracts. By
contrast, those who enjoyed adversity-free youths can get derailed by setbacks later on
because they’ve never been inoculated against agro.
K
Learning to overcome your fears. If you are handicapped by having had a happy childhood,
then practicing proactive optimism can help you to become more resilient. Studies of resilient
people show that they take more risks; they court failure and learn not to fear it. And despite
being thick-skinned, resilient types are also more open than average to other people. Bouncing
through knock-backs is all part of the process. It’s about optimistic risk-taking, being confident
that people will like you. Simply smiling and being warm to people can help. It’s an altruistic
path to self-interest – and if it achieves nothing else, it will reinforce an age-old adage: hard
times can bring out the best in you.
 
   
Questions 14-18
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of reading passage, using  NO MORE
THAN TWO WORDS from the reading passage for each answer.
Write your answers in spaces  14-18  on your answer sheet.

Optimists generally are more robust. Yale University psychologist Dr. Becca Levy found that an
extension of around 14………………………. to your life will be achieved by a positive attitude
toward life. A Harvard Medical School conduct a research which study of 15………………………..
male volunteers found that the optimists have remarkably better 16……………………. And Dr.
Rosalind Wright believes optimistic life may enhance the 17………………………. some initiative
studies on 18……………………….. indicate that people can improve their mortality risk by
changing into a positive outlook.

Questions 19-23
Use the information in the passage to match the people or organization (listed  A-E) with
opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters  A-E in spaces  19-23  on your answer sheet.

A     Brice Pitt

B     American Psychological Association
C     Martin Seligman
D     Chad Wallens of Henley Centre
E     Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
F     Steven Stack
G     American magazine Adweek

19   Different optimism result found according to gender.

20   There is no necessary relationship between happiness and money.
21   Excessive optimism may be incorrect in everyday life.
22   Optimists are advantageous for human evolution.
23   Occurrence of emergency assists resilient people in a positive way.

Questions 24-27
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
In spaces  24-27  on your answer sheet, write
 YES                  if the statement is true
NO                   if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN    if the information is not given in the passage

24   The link between longevity and optimism has been known.

25   Optimists have a better personal relationship than those pessimists.
26   People who had a happy childhood do not need to practice optimism.
27   Experience of difficulties will eventually help people accumulate a fortune.

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on the reading
passage below.
Design the mat and Foot health
A
Indoor types will appreciate the cobblestone walkway, a knobbly textured plastic mat that
they can wobble along in the comfort of their own homes. For the more adventurous, there
are shoes designed to throw you off balance.
B
The technology may be cutting edge, but its origins are deep and exotic. Research into the idea
that flat floors could be detrimental to our health was pioneered back in the late 1960s. While
others in Long Beach, California, contemplated peace and love, podiatrist Charles Brantingham
and physiologist Bruce Beekman were concerned with more pedestrian matters. They
reckoned that the growing epidemic of high blood pressure, varicose veins and deep-vein
thromboses might be linked to the uniformity of the surfaces that we tend to stand and walk
on.
C
The trouble, as they saw it, was that walking continuously on flat floors, sidewalks and streets
concentrate forces on just a few areas of the foot. As a result, these surfaces are likely to be
far more conducive to chronic stress syndromes than natural ones, where the foot meets the
ground in a wide variety of orientations. The anatomy of the foot parallels that of the human
hand, each having 26 bones, 33 joints and more than 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments.
Modern lifestyles waste all this flexibility in your socks. Brantingham and Beekman became
convinced that damage was being done simply by people standing on even surfaces and that
this could be rectified by introducing a wobble.
D
“In Beijing and Shanghai city, dwellers take daily walks on cobbled paths to improve their
health.”  To test their ideas, they got 65 clerks and factory workers to try standing on a
variable terrain floor, spongy mats with varying amounts of give across the surface. This
modest irregularity allowed the soles of the volunteers’ feet to deviate slightly from the
horizontal each time they shifted position. As the researchers hoped, this simple intervention
turned out to make a huge difference over just a few weeks. Just a slight wobble from the
floor activated a host of muscles in people’s legs, which in turn helped to pump blood back to
their hearts. The muscle action prevented the pooling of blood in their feet and legs, reducing
the stress on the entire cardiovascular system, and two-thirds of the volunteers reported
feeling much less tired.  Yet decades later, the flooring of the world’s workplaces remains
relentlessly smooth.
E
Earlier this year, however, the idea was given a new lease of life, when researchers in Oregon
announced findings from a similar experiment with people over 60. John Fisher and colleagues
at the Oregon Research Institute in Eugene designed a mat intended to replicate the effect of
walking on cobblestones. In tests funded by the National Institute of Aging, they got some 50
adults to walk on the mats in their stockinged feet for less than an hour three times a week.
After 16 weeks, these people showed marked improvements in balance and mobility, and
even a significant reduction in blood pressure. People in a control group who walked on
ordinary floors also improved but not as dramatically.
F
The mats are now on sale at $35. “Our first 1000 cobblestone mats sold in three weeks,”
Fisher says. Production is now being scaled up. Even so, demand could exceed supply if this
foot-stimulating activity really is a “useful non-pharmacological approach for preventing or
controlling hypertension of older adults”, as the researchers believe. They are not alone in
extolling the revitalizing powers of cobblestones. Reflexologists have long advocated walking
on textured surfaces to stimulate so-called “acupoints” on the soles of the feet. Practitioners
of this unorthodox therapy believe that pressure applied to particular spots on the foot
connects directly to corresponding organs and somehow enhances their function. In China,
spas, hotels, apartment blocks and even factories promote their cobblestone paths as
healthful amenities. Fisher admits he got the idea from regular visits to the country. In Beijing
and Shanghai city dwellers take daily walks along cobbled paths to improve their health. “In
the big cities, people take off their shoes and walk on these paths for 5 or 10 minutes, perhaps
several times a day,” Fisher says.
G
The idea is now taking off in Europe too. People in Germany, Austria and Switzerland can visit
“barefoot parks” and walk along “paths of the senses”, with mud, logs, stone and moss
underfoot, to receive what’s known there as reflexzon-massage. It is not difficult to construct
your own “health pathway”. American reflexologists Barbara and Kevin Kunz, based in
Albuquerque, New Mexico, advise that you cobble together a walkway using broom handles,
bamboo poles, hosepipes, gravel, pebbles, dried peas, driftwood, fallen logs, sand, door mats
and strips of turf.
H
If your enthusiasm for DIY does not stretch to this, and Fisher’s cobblestone mats are all sold
out, there is another option. A new shoe on the market claims to transform flat, hard, artificial
surfaces into something like natural uneven ground. “These shoes have an unbelievable
effect,” says Benno Nigg, an exercise scientist at the human performance laboratory of Calgary
University in Canada, which has done contract research for the shoe’s manufacturers. “They
are one of the best things to have happened to humankind for years.” Known as Masai
Barefoot Technology, or MBTs, the shoes have rounded soles that cause you to rock slightly
when you stand still, exercising the small muscles around the ankle that are responsible for
fore-aft stability. Forces in the joint are reduced, putting less strain on the system, Nigg claims.
 
Questions 28-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
In boxes  28-32  on your answer sheet, write
TRUE               if the statement is true
FALSE              if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN    if the information is not given in the passage

28   Charles Brantingham and Bruce Beekman are the pioneers to research the connection
between hyper illness and conditions of road.
29   John Fisher and his colleagues found that those who walked on cobble-stones suffered a
worsening physical condition.
30   Manufacture of Fisher’s cobblestone mats booms due to high demand of this product.
31   The research works such as customized pathway from Barbara and Kevin Kunz were
inspired from an oversea trip.
32   Benno Nigg suggests that shoes of Masai Barefoot Technology have a specific age
limitation.

Questions 33-35
Choose the correct letter, A,  B,  C  or D.
Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.

33   Which of the following is true according to J Fisher’s experiment cobbled paths in
paragraph D?

A   Spongy mats make the volunteer feel unbalance.

B   Chinese special culture makes it only applicable in a certain area.
C   More than half of participants reported a positive response.
D   This method could cure cardiovascular disease unexpectedly.

34   John Fisher and colleagues from the Oregon Research Institute have found the following:

A   People walk on special designed mat only have improvements in blood pressure.
B   Blood pressure of control group improves not as much as the other one.
C   Elder people improve more dramatically than youngsters.
D   Testing time of 16 weeks is a significant factor in this experiment.

35   Shoes from MBT are also beneficial for your health for which of the following reasons:
A   Specially designed soles on the bottom make your feet stable.
B   The researcher has previous experience in this field.
C   African-style shoes were very successful in store sales.
D   They can protect the ankle and muscles around the feet.

Questions 36-40
Complete the following summary of the reading passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS  for each answer.
Write your answers in spaces  36-40  on your answer sheet.

The anatomy of human’s foot is complex, which 36…………………… human hand. The

experiment, conducted on employees, showed that body movement on a surface of different
condition can lower the 37…………………… on heart. Similarity was also found in another
experiment conducted by a researcher from the Oregon Research Institute. The test also
showed there was a substantial 38……………………. in hypertension. Reflexologists advise people
to walk on a surface with resistance to stimulate certain points of body via standing on
the 39…………………… In the end, the author of the passage also advocates that people can build
their own health 40……………………., except for buying the special mats and shoes.