MODULE 5:

CIRCULAR AND TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
5.1 Angles and Their Measure
5.2 Trigonometric Functions: Unit Circle Approach
5.3 Properties of the Trigonometric Functions
5.4 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
5.5 Graphs of the Tangent, Cotangent, Cosecant, and Secant Functions
5.6 Phase Shift; Sinusoidal Curve Fitting

Slide - 1
5.1 Angles and Their Measure

Slide - 2
Learning Objectives
1. Convert between Decimal and Degree, Minute,
Second Measures for Angles
2. Find the Length of an Arc of a Circle
3. Convert from Degrees to Radians and from Radians
to Degrees
4. Find the Area of a Sector of a Circle
5. Find the Linear Speed of an Object Traveling in
Circular Motion
Figure: A ray or half-line

Figure 1
Figure: Standard Position of an Angle
Figure 2
Figure 3
Example 1
Drawing an Angle
Draw each angle.
(a) 45°

(b) −90°

(c) 225°

(d) 405°
LO 1: Convert between Decimal
and Degree, Minute, Second
Measures for Angles

Slide - 9
Note 1

1 counterclockwise revolution  360

(1)
1  60' 1'  60"
Example 2a
Converting between the Degree, Minute, Second
Form and the Decimal Form

(a) Convert 50° 6′21″ to a decimal in degrees. Round

the answer to four decimal places.
 1   1   1 1 
(a) Because 1    and 1        , • convert as follows:
 60   60   60 60 

50621  50  6  21  50  6  1  21  1

 1   1 1  • Convert minutes and
 50  6     21     seconds to degrees.
 60   60 60 
 50  0.1  0.0058

 50.1058
Example 2b (2 of 2)
(b) Convert 21.256° to the degree, minute, second notation. Round the
answer to the nearest second.

(b) Because 1  60 and 1  60, proceed as follows:

21.256   21   0.256 
 21   0.256   1
Convert fraction of degree to
 21   0.256 60  
minutes; 1  60.
 21  15.36
 21  15  0.36
 21  15  0.36   1
Convert fraction of minute to
 21  15  0.36 60 
seconds; 1  60.
 21  15  21.6
 211522 Round to the nearest second.
Figure: Radians
A central angle is a positive angle whose vertex is at the center of a circle.
The rays of a central angle subtend (intersect) an arc on the circle. If the
radius of the circle is r and the length of the arc subtended by the central
angle is also r, then the measure of the angle is 1 radian.
LO 2: Find the Length of an Arc of a
Circle

Slide - 14
Figure: Theta over Theta Sub 1
Equals to S over S Sub 1
Theorem 1
Arc Length
For a circle of radius r, a central angle of θ radians
subtends an arc whose length s is

s  r (4)
Example 3
Finding the Length of an Arc of a Circle
Find the length of the arc of a circle of radius 2 meters
subtended by a central angle of 0.25 radian.

r  2 meters and   0.25. The length s

of the arc is
s  r  2  0.25   0.5 meter
LO 3: Convert from Degrees to
Radians and from Radians to
Degrees

Slide - 18
Figure 4

1 revolution  2 radians

Slide - 19
Note 2

1 revolution  2 radians (5)

180   radians (6)

 180
1 degree  radian 1 radian  degrees (7)
180 
Example 4
Converting from Degrees to Radians
Convert each angle in degrees to radians.
(a) 60°
(b) 150°
(c) −45°
(d) 90°
(e) 107°
Solution 4
 
(a) 60  60 1 degree  60  radian  radians
180 3
 5
(b) 150  150 1  150  radian  radians
180 6
 
(c) 45  45  radian   radian
180 4
 
(d) 90  90  radian  radians
180 2

(e) 107  107  radian  1.868 radians
180
Example 5
Converting Radians to Degrees
Convert each angle in radians to degrees.

(a) radian
6
3
(b) radians
2
3
(c)  radians
4
7
(d) radians
3
(e) 3 radians
Solution 5
   180
(a) radian  1 radian   degrees  30
6 6 6 
3 3 180
(b) radians   degrees  270
2 2 
3 3 180
(c)  radians    degrees  135
4 4 
7 7 180
(d) radians =  degrees  420 
3 3 
180
(e) 3 radians  3  degrees  171.89

Table: Commonly encountered
angles
LO 4: Find the Area of a Sector of a
Circle

Slide - 26
Figure: Sector of a
Circle Figure: Theta over
Theta Sub 1
Equals to A over A
Sub 1
Theorem 2
Area of a Sector
The area A of the sector of a circle of radius r formed by
a central angle of θ radians is

1 2
A r  (8)
2
Example 6
Finding the Area of a Sector of a Circle
Find the area of the sector of a circle of radius 2 feet
formed by an angle of 30°. Round the answer to two
decimal places.

1 2 1 2  
A r    2   1.05
2 2 6 3

The area A of the sector is 1.05 square feet, rounded to two decimal places.
LO 5: Find the Linear Speed of an
Object Traveling in Circular Motion

Slide - 30
Definition 1
Suppose that an object moves on a circle of radius r at
a constant speed. If s is the distance traveled in time t
on this circle, then the linear speed v of the object is
defined as

s
v (9)
t
Figure: v Equals S over t
Definition 2 (1 of 2)
The angular speed  (the Greek lowercase letter omega)
of this object is the angle θ (measured in radians) swept out,
divided by the elapsed time t; that is,


 (10)
t
Definition 2 (2 of 2)

v  r (11)

where  is measured in radians per unit time.

Example 7
Finding Linear Speed
A child is spinning a rock at the end of a 2-foot rope at the rate of
180 revolutions per minute (rpm). Find the linear speed of the rock
when it is released.

Figure 17
Solution 7
Look at Figure 17. The rock is moving around a circle of
radius r = 2 feet. The angular speed  of the rock is
revolutions revolutions radians radians
  180  180  2  360
minute minute revolution minute

From equation (11), the linear speed v of the rock is

radians feet feet
v  r  2 feet  360  720  2262
minute minute minute

The linear speed of the rock when it is released is

2262 ft / min  25.7 mi/hr.
5.2 Trigonometric Functions: Unit
Circle Approach

Slide - 37
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1. Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions
Using a Point on the Unit Circle
2. Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions
of Quadrantal Angles

3. Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions


of  45
4

4. Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions

 
of  30 and  60
6 3
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)

6. Use a Calculator to Approximate the Value of a

Trigonometric Function
7. Use a Circle of Radius r to Evaluate the Trigonometric
Functions
Figure 1
Definition 1 (1 of 3)
Let t be a real number and let P = (x, y) be the point on the unit
circle that corresponds to t.
The sine function associates with t the y-coordinate of P and is
denoted by

sin t  y
The cosine function associates with t the x-coordinate of P and
is denoted by

cost  x
Definition 1 (2 of 3)
If x ≠ 0 the tangent function associates with t the ratio of the y-
coordinate to x-coordinate of P and is denoted by
y
tan t 
x
If y ≠ 0 the cosecant function is defined as
1
csct 
y
Definition 1 (3 of 3)
If x ≠ 0, the secant function is defined as

1
sect 
x
If y ≠ 0, the cotangent function is defined as
x
cot t 
y
LO 1: Find the Exact Values of the
Trigonometric Functions Using a
Point on the Unit Circle

Slide - 44
Example 1
Finding the Values of the Six Trigonometric Functions Using
a Point on the Unit Circle
 1 3
Let t be a real number and let P   ,  be the point on the unit
 2 2 
circle that corresponds to t. Find the values of sin t, cos t, tan t,
csc t, sec t, and cot t.
Figure 2
Solution 1

3
3 1 y
sin t  y  cos t  x   tan t   2   3
2 2 x 1
2
1

1 1 2 3 1 1 x 3
csc t    sec t    2 cot t   2  
y 3 3 x 1 y 3 3
2 2 2
Figure 3
Definition 2
If θ = t radians, the six trigonometric functions of the
angle θ are defined as

sin   sin t cos  cos t tan   tan t

csc  csc t sec  sec t cot   cot t
LO 2: Find the Exact Values of the
Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles

Slide - 50
Example 2
Finding the Exact Values of the Six Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles
Find the exact values of the six trigonometric functions of:
(a)   0  0

(b)    90
2
(c)     180
3
(d)    270
2
Solution 2 (1 of 4)

sin 0  sin 0  y  0 cos 0  cos 0  x  1

y 1
tan 0  tan 0  0 sec 0  sec 0  1
x x
Since the y-coordinate of P is 0, csc 0 and cot 0 are not defined.
Solution 2 (2 of 4)

(b) The point on the unit circle that corresponds to    90
2
is P   0, 1 . See Figure on next slide. Then

 
sin  sin 90  y  1 cos  cos90  x  0
2 2
 1  x
csc  csc90   1 cot  cot 90   0
2 y 2 y
 
Since the x-coordinate of P is 0, tan and sec are not defined.
2 2
Figure 4
Solution 2 (3 of 4)
(c) The point on the unit circle that corresponds to
    180 is P  ( 1,0). See Figure on next slide. Then
sin   sin180  y  0 cos   cos180  x  1
y 1
tan   tan180   0 sec   sec180   1
x x

Since the y-coordinate of P is 0, csc  and cot  are not defined.

Figure 5
Solution 2 (4 of 4)
3
(d) The point on the unit circle that corresponds to    270 is P  (0, 1).
2
See Figure on next slide. Then

3 3
sin  sin 270  y  1 cos  cos 270  x  0
2 2
3 1 3 x
csc  csc 270   1 cot  cot 270   0
2 y 2 y

3 3
Since the x-coordinate of P is 0, tan and sec are not defined.
2 2
Figure 6
Table 1
Example 3
Finding Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions of
Angles That Are Integer Multiples of Quadrantal Angles
Find the exact value of:
(a) sin  3 

(b) cos  270 

Solution 3 (1 of 2)

(a)   3
Solution 3 (2 of 2)

(b)   270°
LO 3: Find the Exact Values of
the Trigonometric Functions, Pi
over 4 = 45 Degrees

Slide - 63
Example 4
Finding the Exact Values of the Trigonometric

Functions of  45
4
Find the exact values of the six trigonometric functions

of  45.
4
Solution 4 (1 of 2)

x2  y2  1
x2  x2  1 y  x , x  0, y  0

2x2  1
1 2 2
x  y
2 2 2
Solution 4 (2 of 2)
Then
2
 2  2 
sin  sin 45  cos  cos 45  tan  tan45   2  1
4 2 4 2 4 2
2
2
 1  1 
csc  csc 45   2 sec  sec 45   2 cot  cot 45  2  1
4 2 4 2 4 2
2 2 2
Example 5
Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Expression
Find the exact value of an expression.
(a) sin 45 cos180
 3
(b) tan  sin
4 2
2
 
(c)  sec   csc
 4  2
Solution 5
(a)

(b)

2
 
(c)  sec   csc   2   1  2 1  3
2

 4 2
LO 4: Find the Exact Values of the
Trigonometric Functions, Pi over
6 = 30 Degrees and Pi over 3 = 60
Degrees

Slide - 69
Figure 7
Example 6
Finding the Exact Values of the Trigonometric
π
Functions of = 60°
3

Find the exact values of the six trigonometric functions


of  60.
3
Solution 6
Position the triangle in Figure 8, so that the 60° angle is in standard position.
See Figure on next slide. The Point on the unit circle that corresponds to
 1 3
   60 is P   ,  . Then
3 2 2 
 3  1
sin  sin 60   cos  cos 60  
3 2 3 2
 1 2 2 3  1
csc  csc60     sec  sec60    2
3 3 3 3 3 1
2 2
3 1
  1 3
tan  tan 60   2  3 cot  cot 60   2  
3 1 3 3 3 3
2 2
Figure 8
Example 7
Finding the Exact Values of the Trigonometric
π
Functions of = 30°
6
Find the exact values of the trigonometric functions of

 30.
6
Solution 7
Position the triangle in Figure 9, so that the 30° angle is in standard position.
See Figure on next slide. The point on the unit circle that corresponds to
  3 1
   30 is P   ,  . Then
6  2 2
 1  3
sin  sin 30   cos  cos30  
6 2 6 2
 1  1 2 2 3
csc  csc30    2 sec  sec30    
6 1 6 3 3 3
2 2
1 3
 1 3 
tan  tan 30   2   cot  cot 30   2  3
6 3 3 3 6 1
2 2
Figure 9
Table 2
Example 8
Constructing a Rain Gutter
A rain gutter is to be constructed of aluminum sheets 12 inches
wide. After marking off a length of 4 inches from each edge, this
length is bent up at an angle θ See Figure on next slide. The area
A of the opening may be expressed as a function of θ as

A    16sin   cos   1

Find the area A of the opening for   30,   45, and   60.
Figure 10
Solution 8
For  = 30: A  30°   16sin 30°  cos 30°  1 

 1  3 
 16     1   4 3  8  14.93
 2  2 
The area of the opening for  = 30 is about 14.93 square inches.

For  = 45: A  45°   16sin 45°  cos 45°  1 

 2  2 
 16    1  8  8 2  19.31
 2  2 
The area of the opening for  = 45 is about 19.31 square inches.

For  = 60: A  60°   16sin 60°  cos 60°  1 

 3  1 
 16     1   12 3  20.78
 2  2 
The area of the opening for  = 60 is about 20.78 square inches.
LO 5: Find the Exact Values of the
Trigonometric Functions for Integer
Multiples of Pi over 6 = 30 Degrees,
Pi over 4 = 45 Degrees, and Pi over
3 = 60 Degrees

Slide - 81
Figure 11
Example 9
π
Finding Exact Values for Multiples of = 45°
4
Find the exact value of each expression.
5
(a) cos
4
(b) sin135
(c) tan 315
 
(d) sin  
 4
11
(e) cos
4
Solution 9 (1 of 2)
Solution 9 (2 of 2)
Figure 12
Figure 13
Example 10
 
Finding Exact Values for Multiples of  30 or  60
6 3
Based on Figures 12 and 13, we see that

7 3
(a) cos 210  cos 
6 2
  3
(b) sin    3  2
60 
 sin   

3

5
(c) tan  2  3
3 1
2
8 2 1
(d) cos  cos 
3 3 2
LO 6: Use a Calculator to
Approximate Value of a
Trigonometric Function

Slide - 89
Example 11
Using a Calculator to Approximate the Value of a
Trigonometric Function
Use a calculator to find the approximate value of:

(a) cos 48°

(b) csc 21°

(c) tan
12
Express your answer rounded to two decimal places.
Solution 11
(a) First, set the Mode to receive degrees. Rounded to two decimal
places,
cos 48  0.6691306  0.67

(b) Most calculators do not have a csc key. The manufacturers assume
that the user knows some trigonometry. To find the value of csc 21°
1
use the fact that csc 21  . Rounded to two decimal places,
sin 21
csc 21  2.79
(c) Set the Mode to receive radians. Figure shows the solution using a
TI-84 Plus C graphing calculator. Rounded to two decimal places,

tan  0.27
12
Figure 14
LO 7: Use a Circle of Radius r to
Evaluate the Trigonometric
Functions

Slide - 93
Figure 15
Theorem 1

y x y
sin   cos   tan   x 0
r r x
r r x
csc   y  0 sec   x  0 cot   y0
y x y
Example 12
Finding the Exact Values of the Six Trigonometric
Functions
Find the exact values of each of the six trigonometric
functions of an angle θ if (4, −3) is a point on its terminal
side in standard position.
Solution 12

See Figure on next slide. The point (4,−3) is on a circle

that has a radius of r  4   3  16  9  25  5
2 2

With the center at the origin.

For the point (x, y) = (4, −3), we have x = 4 and y = −3. Since
r = 5, we find
y 3 x 4 y 3
sin     cos    tan    
r 5 r 5 x 4
r 5 r 5 x 4
csc     sec    cot    
y 3 x 4 y 3
Figure 16
Figure 17
5.3 Properties of the Trigonometric
Functions

Slide - 100
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1. Determine the Domain and the Range of the
Trigonometric Functions
2. Determine the Period of the Trigonometric Functions
3. Determine the Signs of the Trigonometric Functions
in a Given Quadrant
4. Find the Values of the Trigonometric Functions Using
Fundamental Identities
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
5. Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions
of an Angle Given One of the Functions and the
Quadrant of the Angle
6. Use Even-Odd Properties to Find the Exact Values of
the Trigonometric Functions
LO 1: Determine the Domain and
the Range of the Trigonometric
Functions

Slide - 103
Figure 1
Note 1

y
sin   y cos   x tan   x  0
x
1 1 x
csc   y  0 sec   x  0 cot   y0
y x y
Note 2
The domain of the sine function is the set of all real numbers.
The domain of the cosine function is the set of all real numbers.
Note 3
The domain of the tangent function is the set of all real numbers,

except odd integer multiples of  90  .
2

The domain of the secant function is the set of all real numbers,

except odd integer multiples of  90  .
2
Note 4
The domain of the cotangent function is the set of all real numbers,
except integer multiples of  180  .

The domain of the cosecant function is the set of all real numbers,
except integer multiples of  180  .
Note 5

1  sin    1  cos   
Note 6

csc    or csc   
Note 7

sec    or sec   
Note 8

  tan      cot   
Table 1
LO 2: Determine the Period of the
Trigonometric Functions

Slide - 114
Figure 2
Figure 3
Definition: Periodic Functions

sin   2 k   sin  cos   2 k   cos 

(1)
where k is any integer.
Definition 1
A function f is called periodic if there is a positive number p such
that, whenever  is in the domain of f, so is   p, and

f   p   f  
If there is a smallest such number p, this smallest value is called the
(fundamental) period of f.
Example 1
Finding Exact Values Using Periodic Properties
Find the exact value of:

17
(a) sin
4

(b) cos  5 

5
(c) tan
4
Solution 1
(a) It is best to sketch the angle first, as shown in Figure (a) on next slide. Since the
period of the sine function is 2 , each full revolution can be ignored
leaving the angle

. Then
4
17    2
sin  sin   4   sin 
4 4  4 2
(b) See Figure (b) on next slide. Since the period of the cosine function is 2 , each
full revolution can be ignored leaving the angle  . Then
cos  5   cos      cos   
(c) See Figure (c) on next slide. Since the period of the tangent function is  , each

half-revolution can be ignored leaving the angle . Then
4
5   
tan  tan      tan  1
4 4  4
Figure 4
LO 3: Determine the Signs of the
Trigonometric Functions in a
Quadrant

Slide - 122
Figure 5
Table 2
Figure 6
Example 2
Finding the Quadrant in Which an Angle θ Lies
Solution 2
LO 4: Find the Values of the
Trigonometric Functions Using
Fundamental Identities

Slide - 128
Reciprocal Identities

1 1 1 (2)
csc   sec   cot  
sin  cos  tan 
Quotient Identities

sin  cos  (3)

tan   cot  
cos  sin 
Example 3
Finding Exact Values Using Identities When Sine and
Cosine Are Given
5 2 5
Given sin   and cot   , find the exact values
5 5
of the four remaining trigonometric function of θ using identities.
Solution 3
Based on a quotient identity from (3), we have

5
sin  5 1
tan    
cos  2 5 2
5
Then we use the reciprocal identities from (2) to get

1 1 5 1 1 5 5 1 1
csc     5 sec     cot    2
sin  5 5 cos 2 5 2 5 2 tan  1
5 5 2
Note 9

sin 2   cos 2   1 (5)

Note 10

tan 2   1  sec2  (6)

Note 11

cot 2   1  csc2  (7)

Fundamental Identities

sin  cos 
tan   cot  
cos  sin 
1 1 1
csc   sec   cot  
sin  cos  tan 
sin 2  cos 2   1 tan 2   1  sec 2  cot 2   1  csc 2 
Example 4
Finding the Exact Value of a Trigonometric Expression
Using Identities

Find the exact value of each expression. Do not use a

calculator.
sin 20
(a) tan 20 
cos 20
2  1
(b) sin 
12 sec 2 
12
Solution 4

(a)

(b)
LO 5: Find the Exact Values of the
Trigonometric Functions of an
Angle Given One of the Functions
and the Quadrant of the Angle

Slide - 139
Example 5
Finding Exact Values Given One Value and the Sign of
Another

1
Given that sin   and cos   0, find the exact value of
3
each of the remaining five trigonometric functions.
Solution Option 1 Using a Circle (1 of 2)

x2  y 2  9
x 2  12  9 y1
x2  8
x  2 2 x0
Solution Option 1 Using a Circle (2 of 2)

x 2 2 y 1 2
cos    tan    
r 3 x 2 2 4
r 3 r 3 3 2 x 2 2
csc    3 sec     cot     2 2
y 1 x 2 2 4 y 1
Solution Option 2 Using Identities (1 of 2)
First, solve the identity sin 2   cos 2   1 for cos  .

sin 2   cos 2   1
cos 2   1  sin 2 
cos    1  sin 2 

1
Because cos   0, choose the minus sign and use the fact that sin   .
3
Solution Option 2 Using Identities (2 of 2)
Now we know the values of sin  and cos  so we can use quotient and
reciprocal identities to get

1
sin  1 2 1
tan    3   cot    2 2
cos  2 2 2 2 4 tan 
3
1 1 3 3 2 1 1
sec      csc    3
cos  2 2 2 2 4 sin  1
3 3
Finding the Values of the Trigonometric
Functions of θ When the Value of One Function Is
Known and the Quadrant of θ Is Known (1 of 2)
Given the value of one trigonometric function and the quadrant in
which θ lies, the exact value of each of the remaining five
trigonometric functions can be found in either of two ways.
Option 1 Using a Circle of Radius r

Step 1: Draw a circle centered at the origin showing the location

of the angle θ and the point P = (x, y) that corresponds to θ. The
radius of the circle that contains

P  ( x, y ) is r  x2  y2 .
Finding the Values of the Trigonometric
Functions of θ When the Value of One Function
Is Known and the Quadrant of θ Is Known (2 of 2)
Step 2: Assign a value to two of the three variables x, y, r based on
the value of the given trigonometric function and the location of P.
2 2 2
Step 3: Use the fact that P lies on the circle x  y  r
to find the value of the missing variable.
Step 4: Apply the theorem, to find the values of the remaining
trigonometric functions.

Option 2 Using Identities

Use appropriately selected identities to find the value of each
remaining trigonometric function.
Example 6
Given the Value of One Trigonometric Function and the
Sign of Another, Find the Values of the Remaining Ones
Solution Option 1 Using a Circle
1
Step 1: Since tan    0 and sin θ < 0, find the point P = (x, y)
2
that corresponds to θ lies in quadrant III. See Figure on next page.
1 y
Step 2: Since tan    and θ lies in quadrant III, let x = −2 and y = −1.
2 x
 2    1  5,
2 2
Step 3: With x = −2 and y = −1, then r  x 2  y 2 
So P lies on the circle x 2  y 2  5.
• Step 4: Apply the theorem on using x = −2, y = −1, r  5.
and
y 1 5 x 2 2 5
sin     cos    
r 5 5 r 5 5
r 5 r 5 5 x 2
csc     5 sec     cot    2
y 1 x 2 2 y 1
Figure 7
Solution Option 2 Using Identities 2 (1 of 2)

tan 2   1  sec 2  Pythagorean Identity

2
1 2 1
   1  sec  tan 
 2 2

1 5
sec 2   1  Proceed to solve for sec θ.
4 4

5 sec  0
sec   
2
Solution Option 2 Using Identities 2 (2 of 2)
1 5
Now we know tan   and sec    . Using reciprocal identities, we find
2 2
1 1 2 2 5
cos     
sec 5 5 5

2
1 1
cot    2
tan  1
2
To find sin θ, use the following reasoning:
sin  1   2 5  5
tan   so sin   tan  cos        
cos  2   5  5
1 1 5
csc     5
sin  5 5

5
LO 6: Use Even-Odd Properties to
Find the Exact Values of the
Trigonometric Functions

Slide - 152
Even-Odd Properties

sin      sin  cos     cos  tan      tan 

csc      csc  sec     sec  cot      cot 
Figure 8
Example 7
Finding Exact Values Using Even-Odd Properties
Finding the exact value of:

(a) sin  45 

(b) cos   

 3 
(c) cot  
 2 
 37 
(d) tan   
 4 
Solution 7
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
5.4 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine
Functions*

Slide - 157
Learning Objectives
1. Graph Functions of the Form y  A sin  x 
Using Transformations
2. Graph Functions of the Form y  A cos  x 
Using Transformations
3. Determine the Amplitude and Period of Sinusoidal
Functions
4. Graph Sinusoidal Functions Using Key Points
5. Find an Equation for a Sinusoidal Graph
Trigonometric Functions

y  f  x   sin x y  f  x   cos x y  f  x   tan x

y  f  x   csc x y  f  x   sec x y  f  x   cot x
Table 1
Figure: y = sine x, for 0 Less Than or
Equal to x Less Than or Equal to 2 Pi
Figure: y = sine x, for Negative Infinity
Less Than x Less Than Infinity
Properties of the Sine Function y = sin x
1. The domain is the set of all real numbers.
2. The range consists of all real numbers from −1 to 1, inclusive.
3. The sine function is an odd function, as the symmetry of the graph
with respect to the origin indicates.
4. The sine function is periodic, with period 2 .
5. The x-intercepts are  , 2 ,  , 0,  , 2 ,3 , ; the y-intercept is 0.
3  5 9
6. The maximum value is 1 and occurs at x   ,  , , , , ;
2 2 2 2
 3 7 11
the minimum value is −1 and occurs at x   ,  , , , , .
2 2 2 2
LO 1: Graph Functions of the Form
y = A sine of omega x Using
Transformations

Slide - 164
Example 1
Graphing Functions of the Form y  Asin  x  Using
Transformations
Graph y  3sin x using transformations. Use the graph to
determine the domain and the range of the function.
Solution 1
Figure illustrates the steps.

The domain of y  3sin x is the set of all real numbers, or  ,   . The
range is  y 3  y  3 , or  3, 3.
Figure: y = Negative sin(2x)
Table 2
Figure: y = cosine x, for 0 Less Than or
Equal to x Less Than or Equal to 2 Pi
Figure: y = cosine x, Negative Infinity
Less Than x to x Less Than Infinity
Properties of the Cosine Function
1. The domain is the set of all real numbers.
2. The range consists of all real numbers from −1 to 1, inclusive.
3. The cosine function is an even function, as the symmetry of the
graph with respect to the y-axis indicates.
4. The cosine function is periodic, with period 2 .
3   3 5
5. The x-intercepts are  ,  ,  , , , , ; the y-intercept is 1.
2 2 2 2 2
6. The maximum value is 1 and occurs at x   , 2 , 0, 2 , 4 , 6 , ;
the minimum value is −1 and occurs at x   ,  ,  ,3 ,5 ,.
LO 2: Graph Functions of the Form
y = A cosine of omega x Using
Transformations

Slide - 172
Example 2
Graphing Functions of the Form y  Acos  x  Using
Transformations
Graph y  2 cos  3 x using transformations. Use the graph to
determine the domain and the range of the function.
Solution 2
Figure shows the steps.

The domain of y  2cos  3x  is the set of all real numbers, or  ,   .

The range is  y 2  y  2, or  2, 2 .
Figure 1
Note 1

 
sin x  cos  x  
 2
LO 3: Determine the Amplitude and
Period of Sinusoidal Functions

Slide - 177
Figure 2
Figure: y = A sine x, for A Greater
Than 0, Period Equals to 2pi
Figure 3
Figure 4
2
y  A sin  x  , A  0,   0; period 

Theorem 1

2 (1)
Amplitude  A Period  T 

Example 3
Finding the Amplitude and Period of a Sinusoidal
Function
Determine the amplitude and period of y  3sin  4 x .
Solution 3

2 2 
Amplitude  A  3 Period  T   
 4 2
LO 4: Graph Sinusoidal Functions
Using Key Points

Slide - 185
Figure 5
Example 4
Graphing a Sinusoidal Function Using Key Points
Graph y  3sin  4 x using key points.
Solution 4 (1 of 4)
Step 1: Determine the amplitude and period of the sinusoidal
function.
Solution 4 (2 of 3)
Step 2: Divide the interval  2  into four subintervals of the
 0,  
same length

Divide the interval  0,  into four subintervals, each of length
 2
 
 4  , as follows:
2 8

                   3   3 3    3  
 0, 8   8 , 8  8    8 , 4   4 , 4  8  =  4 , 8   8 , 8  8    8 , 2 

  3 
The endpoints of the subintervals are 0, , , , .
8 4 8 2
These values represent the x-coordinates of the five key
points on the graph.
Solution 4 (3 of 4)
To obtain the y-coordinates of the five key points of y = 3 sin(4x), multiply the
y-coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x in Figure 56(a) by A = 3. The
five key points are
       3   
 0,0   ,3   ,0   , 3   ,0 
8  4   8  2 
Step 3: Use the endpoints of the subintervals from Step 2 to obtain five key
points on the graph. Note The five key points could also be obtained by
evaluating y = 3 sin (4x) at each endpoint.

Step 4: Plot the five key points and draw a sinusoidal graph to obtain the graph
of one cycle. Extend the graph in each direction to make it complete.

Plot the five key points obtained in Step 3, and fill in the graph of the sine curve as
shown in Figure 90(a) on next slide. Extend the graph in each direction to obtain the
complete graph shown in Figure 90(b) on next slide. Notice that additional key
points appear every  radian.
8
Solution 4 (4 of 4)
Figure 90

üCheck: Graph y  3sin  4 x using transformations. Which

graphing method do you prefer?
Figure 6
Example 5
Graphing a Sinusoidal Function Using Key Points
Graph y  4 cos  x  2 using key points. Use the graph to
determine the domain and the range of y  4 cos  x   2.
Solution 5 (1 of 3)
Solution 5 (2 of 3)

1  3 
(0, 4)  ,0  1, 4   ,0   2, 4 
2  2 
Plot these five points, and fill in the graph of the cosine function as
shown in Figure 92(a) on next slide. Extend the graph in each direction to
obtain Figure 92(b) on next slide, the graph of y  4 cos  x  .

A vertical shift down 2 units gives the graph of y  4 cos  x   2, as

Shown in Figure 92(c) on next slide.
Solution 5 (3 of 3)
Figure 92

The domain of y  4 cos  x   2 is the set of all real numbers, or  ,   .

The range of y  4 cos  x  2 is  y 6  y  2 , or  6, 2 .
LO 5: Find an Equation for a
Sinusoidal Graph

Slide - 197
Figure 7
Example 6
Finding an Equation for a Sinusoidal Graph
Find an equation for the graph shown in Figure 94.
Figure 94
Solution 6
2 
The graph is sinusoidal, with amplitude A  2. The period is 4, so  4, or   .
 2
Since the graph passes through the origin, it is easier to view the equation as
†
a sine function, but note that the graph is actually the reflection of a sine
function about the x-axis (since the graph is decreasing near the origin). This
requires that A = −2. The sine function whose graph is given in Figure 94 is

 
y  A sin  x   2sin  x
2 

ü Check: Graph Y1  2sin  
x  and compare the result with Figure 94.
2 
5.5 Graphs of the Tangent,
Cotangent, Cosecant, and Secant
Functions

Slide - 201
Learning Objectives
1. Graph Functions of the Form y  A tan  x   B and
y  A cot  x   B
2. Graph Functions of the Form y  A csc  x   B and
y  A sec  x   B
Graph of y = tangent x, Negative pi Over 3 Less Than
or Equal to x Less Than or Equal to pi over 3 (1 of 2)
Graph of y = tangent x, Negative pi Over 3 Less Than
or Equal to x Less Than or Equal to pi over 3 (2 of 2)
Table
Figure: y = tan x
Properties of the Tangent Function
1. The domain is the set of all real numbers, except odd multiples

of .
2
2. The range is the set of all real numbers.
3. The tangent function is an odd function, as the symmetry of the
graph with respect to the origin indicates.
4. The tangent function is periodic, with period .
5. The x-intercepts are , 2 ,  ,0,  , 2 ,3 ,; the y-intercept is 0.
3   3
6. Vertical asymptotes occur at x   ,  ,  , , ,.
2 2 2 2
LO 1: Graph Functions of the Form
y = A Times Tangent of Omega
Times x, + B and y = A Cotangent
of Omega Times X, + B

Slide - 208
Example 1
Graphing Functions of the Form y  Atan  x   B
Graph y  2 tan x  1. Use the graph to determine the domain
and the range of the function y  2 tan x  1.
Solution 1 (1 of 2)
Figure 97 shows the steps using transformations.

Figure 97
Solution 1 (2 of 2)
ü Check: Graph Y1  2 tan x  1 to verify the graph shown in
Figure 97(c) on previous slide.
 k 
The domain of y  2 tan x  1 is  x x  , k is an odd integer ,
 2 
and the range is the set of all real numbers are, or  ,   .
Example 2
Graphing Functions of the Form y  Atan  x   B
 x
Graph y  3tan   . Use the graph to determine the domain
2
 x
and the range of y  3 tan   .
2
Solution 2 (1 of 2)
Use transformations.
Solution 2 (2 of 2)
Use transformations.
Table: y = cot x
Figure: Graph of y = cot x
Figure: Graph of y = csc x
Figure: Graph of y = sec x
LO 2: Graph Functions of the Form
y = A Times Cosecant of Omega
Times x, + B and y = A Times
Secant of Omega Times x, + B

Slide - 219
Example 3
Graphing Functions of the Form y  Acsc  x   B
Graph y  2 csc x  1. Use the graph to determine the domain
and the range of y  2 csc x  1.
Solution 3 (1 of 2)
We use transformations. Figure 102 shows the required steps.
Figure 102
Solution 3 (2 of 2)
The domain of y  2 csc x  1 is  x x  k  , k is an integer  and
the range is  y y  3 or y  1 , or, using interval notation,
 , 3  1,  .
ü Check: Graph Y1  2 csc x  1 to verify the graph shown in
Figure 102 on previous slide.
5.6 Phase Shift; Sinusoidal Curve
Fitting

Slide - 223
Learning Objectives
1. Graph Sinusoidal Functions of the Form
y  A sin  x     B
2. Build Sinusoidal Models from Data
LO 1: Graph Sinusoidal Functions
of the Form y = Ay Times Sine of,
Omega Times x Minus Phi, + B

Slide - 225
Figure: One Cycle of y = Ay Times Sine of, Omega
Times x, Ay Greater Than 0, Omega Greater Than 0
Figure y = Ay Times Sine of, Omega Times X
Minus Phi, + B, A Greater Than 0, Omega Greater
Than 0, and Phi Greater Than 0
Definition
For the graphs of y  A sin  x    or y  A cos  x    ,   0,
2 
Amplitude  A Period  T  Phase shift 
 
The phase shift is to the left if   0 and to the right if   0.
Example 1
Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase Shift of a
Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It
Find the amplitude, period, and phase shift of y  3sin  2 x   ,
and graph the function.
Solution 1 (1 of 4)
Use the same four steps used to graph sinusoidal functions of the form y  A sin  x  or
y  A cos  x  .
Step 1: Comparing
   
y  3sin(2 x   )  3sin 2  x   
  2 
to
   
y  A sin( x   )  A sin   x   
   
Solution 1 (2 of 4)
  3 
To find the five key points, divide the interval  ,  into four subintervals, each
2 2 

of length   4  , by finding the following values of x:
4

Step 3: Use these values of x to determine the five key points on the graph:

    3   5   3 
 ,0   ,3   ,0   , 3   ,0 
2   4   4   2 

Step 4: Plot these five points and fill in the graph of the sine function as shown in Figure
105(a) on next slide. Extend the graph in each direction to obtain Figure 105(b).
Solution 1 (3 of 4)
Figure 105

   
The graph of y  3  sin 2 x     3sin 2  x    may also be obtained using transformations.
  2 
See Figure on next page 106 on next slide.
Solution 1 (4 of 4)
Figure 106
Example 2
Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase Shift of a
Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It
Find the amplitude, period, and phase shift of y  2 cos  4 x  3   1,
and graph the function.
Solution 2 (1 of 9)
Step 1: Begin by comparing
  3 
y  2cos  4 x  3   2cos  4  x  
  4 
to
   
y  A cos x     A cos  x  
   
Solution 2 (2 of 9)
Step 2: The graph of y  2 cos  4 x  3  will lie between
−2 and 2 on the y-axis.
 3
One cycle begins at x   and ends at
 4
 2 3  5
x     .
  4 2 4
Solution 2 (3 of 9)
 3 4 
To find the five key points, divide the interval  , 
 4 4 
into four subintervals, each of the length
 
4  , by finding the following values.
2 8
Solution 2 (4 of 9)
1st x-coordinate
3
4

2nd x-coordinate
3  7
 
4 8 8
7 
3rd x-coordinate  
8 8
 9
4th x-coordinate  
8 8
9  5
5th x-coordinate  
8 8 4
Solution 2 (5 of 9)
Step 3: The five key points on the graph of
y  2cos  4 x  3  are

 3   7   9   5 
 , 2  , 0  ,  2   , 0  , 2
 4   8   8   4 
Solution 2 (6 of 9)
Step 4: Plot these five points and fill in the graph of the
cosine function. Then extend the graph in each
direction to obtain the graph of y  2cos  4 x  3  .
Solution 2 (7 of 9)
Step 5: A vertical shift down 1 unit gives the final graph.

y  2cos  4 x  3   1
Solution 2 (8 of 9)
Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase Shift of a
Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It

The graph of y  2cos  4 x  3   1 may also be obtained

using transformations.
Step 1: Start with the graph of y  2 cos x.
Step 2: Replace x by 4x for a horizontal compression by a
factor of 4. This gives the graph of y  2 cos  4 x  .
Solution 2 (9 of 9)

Step 4: Subtract 1. This is a vertical shift down one unit. This

gives the final graph.
y  2cos  4 x  3   1
LO 2: Build Sinusoidal Models from
Data

Slide - 244
Example 3
Finding a Sinusoidal Function from Temperature Data
Fit a sine function to the data in Table 12 (see next slide).
Table 12

Source: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Solution 3 (1 of 8)
Begin with a scatter diagram of the data for one year.
Solution 3 (2 of 8)
Step 1: To find the amplitude A, compute
largest data value  smallest data value
Amplitude =
2
74.2  30.0
= = 22.1
2
To see the remaining steps in this process, superimpose the graph of the function
y  22.1sin x, where x represents months, on the scatter diagram.
Figure 111 shows the two graphs. To fit the data, the graph needs to be shifted
vertically, shifted horizontally, and stretched horizontally.
Step 2: Determine the vertical shift by finding the average of the highest and lowest data
values.
74.2  30.0
Vertical shift   52.1
2
Now superimpose the graph of y  22.1sin x  52.1 on the scatter diagram. See
Figure 112 on the next page.
We see that the graph needs to be shifted horizontally and stretched horizontally.
Solution 3 (3 of 8)
Figure 111
Solution 3 (4 of 8)
Figure 112
Solution 3 (5 of 8)
Step 3: It is easier to find the horizontal stretch factor first. Since the temperatures repeat
2
every 12 months, the period of the function is T = 12. Because T   12,

2 
 
12 6
 
Now superimpose the graph of y  22.1sin  x   52.1 on the scatter diagram.
6 
See Figure 113, where it is clear that the graph still needs to be shifted horizontally.
Step 4: To determine the horizontal shift, use the period T = 12 and divide the interval  0,12 
into four subintervals of length 12  4  3 :
0,3 , 3, 6 , 6,9 , 9,12
Solution 3 (6 of 8)
 
y  22.1sin   x  4    52.1
6 
Multiplying out reveals that a sine function of the form y  A sin  x     B that fits
the data is
 2 
y  22.1sin  x    52.1
6 3 
 2 
The graph of y  22.1sin  x    52.1 and the scatter diagram of the data are
6 3 
shown in Figure 114 on next page 33.
Solution 3 (7 of 8)
Figure 113
Solution 3 (8 of 8)
Figure 114
Steps for Fitting a Sine Function y = Ay times
sine of, omega times x minus phi, plus B to Data
Step 1: Determine A, the amplitude of the function.
largest data value  smallest data value
Amplitude 
2
Step 2: Determine B, the vertical shift of the function.
largest data value  smallest data value
Vertical shift 
2
Step 3: Determine  Since the period T, the time it takes for the data to repeat, is
2 2
T , we have  
 T
Step 4: Determine the horizontal shift of the function by using the period of the
data. Divide the period into four subintervals of equal length. Determine
the x-coordinate for the maximum of the sine function and the x-
coordinate for the maximum value of the data. Use this information to
determine the value of the phase shift,  .

Example 4
Finding a Sinusoidal Function for Hours of Daylight
According to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, the number of hours of sunlight
in Boston on the day of the summer solstice is 15.30, and the number of
hours of sunlight on the day of the winter solstice is 9.08.
(a) Find a sinusoidal function of the form y  A sin( x   )  B that fits the
data.
(b) Use the function found in part (a) to predict the number of hours of
sunlight in Boston on April 1, the 91st day of the year.
(c) Graph the function found in part (a).
(d) Look up the number of hours of sunlight for April 1 in the Old
Farmer's Almanac and compare it to the results found in part (b).
Source: The Old Farmer’s Almanac, www.almanac.com/rise
Solution 4 (1 of 4)
largest data value  smallest data value
(a) Step 1: Amplitude 
2
15.30  9.08
  3.11
2
largest data value  smallest data value
Step 2: Vertical shift 
2
15.30  9.08
  12.19
2
2
Step 3: The data repeat every 365 days. Since T   365, we find

2

365

 2 
So far, we have y  3.11sin  x     12.19.
 365 
Solution 4 (2 of 4)
Step 4: To determine the horizontal shift, use the period T = 365 and divide the interval
[0, 365] into four subintervals of length 365  4  91.25 :

0,91.25 , 91.25,182.5 , 182.5, 273.75 ,  273.75,365

The sine curve is increasing on the interval (0, 91.25) and is decreasing on the
interval (91.25, 273.75), so a local maximum occurs at x = 91.25. Since the
maximum occurs on the summer solstice at x = 172, we must shift the graph of the
function 172 − 91.25 = 80.75 units to the right by replacing x by x − 80.75. Doing
this yields
 2
y  3.11sin   x  80.75    12.19
 365 
Next, multiply out to obtain a sine function of the form y  A sin   x     B that fits
the data.
 2 323 
y  3.11sin  x   12.19
 365 730 
Solution 4 (3 of 4)
(b) To predict the number of hours of daylight on April 1, let x = 91 in the function found in
part (a) and obtain
 2 323 
y  3.11sin   91     12.19
 365 730 
 12.74

The prediction is that there will be about 12.74 hours = 12 hours, 44 minutes of sunlight
on April 1 in Boston,

(c) The graph of the function found in part (a) is given in Figure 115.

(d) According to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, there will be 12 hours 45 minutes of sunlight
on April 1 in Boston.
Solution 4 (4 of 4)
Figure 115
Figure 1
Using a graphing utility to find the sine function of best fit for the
data in Table 12:
Figure 2