h:\rdw arc ..u 1d software .

We'll Leam About

Tl-w l'O ll1 jJl ,t t'r sys t·l'l 11 t\)111 pri Sl'S
work 1n.\ ' ctll l'I' su 111.11 till '
1

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,d 111 s 1ni l·1il,11 s, .11lll giw
co mp ute r t:.111 prn l'l'S S d,11;1 ;11 _') ,)fl W .1 1\'

resu lrs . SrN.1~l' LJ11irs i11 rhc'

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t)r Sj)lYi.11
Wh en we type ,1 d1. ir.1 < ·ll'I' (ll' ltl' l'S, d i~~i 1s, N11111 lwr Sys1cms
' n rn1p11tl'r l'l)11 wr ts .in
d
ch ar:iceers) trn dw kL·ybn.1nt tltl l - l) 11Vt'rsi l) 11 f () [) ly i m.'l
I

sl'o rcs ir. in the lon11 o!' s1r

i 11g s l)(( )s .111d I s. 1 lie S)ll11bl)IS Numlw r S),.:-lcm
ary dig its lH ' bits, .111d fnrrn c~l) 11wrsilrn t') f DlY im.11
0 and 1 arc t o.\~l't her c:.t lkd bin
1nt•11101 y ul' tlw l't)1 11rr
n rt'r N11mbl'1·s l ,1 Orh ,'r Numb t:' 1·
the binary nu mb e r sys tem . I ltl'
rn11p l)(c c lk I ,ll·li l)( tlw st'
ca n be rho ug ht 0( ;1s .1 v ~1s 1 .~
Hrn,11iur1, i.e. , t'.ll ·li l·t•II t"o1
1r.1ins
ce ll s co nta ins on e L>ir ofi11f<
,., aor ·t pri

the ird
h~ w. m' ;111 d St)l!wa rc i11 ,l (t1111putt'1· systl'lrl, Jn,j rlw
In thi s c h;1 pl'L 'r, W(' will ll' ;\1"11 illw ut
, .rnd Hl'X~llicci111.1I.
dif fercnr 11u,11lwr sys tl'!lls l'in.1 ry, l1t•cim ;1I, Ot't;il

~
 HA.RD\\•ARE "'~rrm~ ,,,u ,·,H, hn1d1 ,Hid 1
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1
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1
l d
h, ,\rt ,\f'\':
tht' h"u\h\,U'l\'t,.unplc'$ \.,t hM\_
• Input J{~, k~~ ~tvb~\u\i, t1K1U$(\ j0v~th.-'k
• ")utput d t'\ kt'$ - p,,ntt't\ nmnittw
• St\·w,~~t "k' k't'~ - h,,1\i dis~, CD. DVD, pt'n ddvr

SOFTWARE
~ i,; ,( !id v.f~~ '!!'•1ms ·'~·IJ!l~'Aillll'•' /Tutt pmw\!~Jrtsl[llrti~'.'s ~ Uiq
":_Ir ./,, .mJ. 11<~-:•~~t•4 ~ ' " is,,_~YI ,,fi,l,tntrti,m.,· tha~2<11fi•n1111 p,11 trwlw l,ts )
r~~wiwz
'Th? t\\O r, t'(IS
" f
0f s1;.,ttwa1\' a,~:
• s,·$~msoftware
• Applicatl"'n sofu, art "
System software is a. st?t of 0111.' \)r morr progrJrns rh,1r is drsigned to conrrnl :rnd manage
the ope-ration of a computt'r srst~m. n,c s~'Sft'lll softwJt't' works ,is ~1n imerfacl' between
hardware and the user. E~an,ples of S} stt1m sofrw:1rc include opcr.1ring S)1Stcms , device
driv-~rs, and langua.gt> ~'l\)1.' ess0rs,
Application software comprises computer programs that Jrc designed to help rhe user
in p~rforming a certain typ~ of\\ mk. Application softwar~ pertains to one specific use or
application, Examples of application software include generJI purpose software such as word ,
pro(:essors and spr~adslw~r sofu, ar~, and specific purpose software such as payroll system,
inven.t.QI\ S\'Stcm. and accountin~ svsteni\
. -...:.~--
--- - -- ~ ' ~ \

STORAGE UNlTS IN THE COMPUTER

Bit It is the smallest data unit in a co mputer, which contai ns a single binary value, Oor 1.
A co~bin_ation of bits is used :o store information and data in the computer memory. The
combination may be a byte, a nibble, or a word, depending on the number of bits it can stor9
Byte A combination of 8 bits forms one byte. Each byte represents one character such as A,
B. a. b, 1. or 2.

Nibble A nibble is a group of 4 bits. It can store one decimal digit in its binary form.
Word A group of .bits representing .data or instruction that forms the bas1c · c
· in,ormat1on
•
.
unit of a computer 1s called. word. It 1s a group of a fixed number of bi'ts processe d as a unit·
. . .
111 a single operation. It vanes from computer to computer but is fixed f; h A
· · · h c or eac computer.
computer stores information 111 t e ,orm of words.
 d depends on the architecture of the
A word m~ be of 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits. The size of a wor
with 32-bit word.
computer. A machine with 16-bit word is slower than one
th.
The length of a computer word is called word size or word leng
Other storage units in the computer are:
(KiloByte (KB) = 2 bytes =1024 bytes
10

MegaByte (MB) = 2 KB =1024 x 1024 bytes

10

GigaByte (GB) = 2 MB =1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes

10

bytes
TeraByte (TB) = 2 GB =1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024
10

PetaByte (PB) = 210 TB =1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes

(f{3~ = 210 PB =1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes
ExaByte _
x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes
ZettaByte (ZB) = 210 EB =1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024
x 102 4 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 byte s)
YottaByte (YB) = 210 ZB =1024 x 102 4 x 1024 x 1024

NUMBER SYSTEMS
imal,
{indigital representatio n, the most common number systems used are Binary, Dec
Octal, and Hexadec imal. )

Decimal Num ber System

monly{lt is composed of 10
The decimal number system is wha t humans use most com
s you can express any quantity. It is
numerals-0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; Using these digit
The base number ( 10) is also called
also called the base 10 system because it uses 10 digits.
the radix.
d the place value notation) in
The decimal system is a positional value system (also calle
ple, consider the decimal number
which the value of a digit depends on its position . For exam
tion ( 10° = 1)· The numeral in that
256. The position of the rightmost digit is the ones posi
ber. The next position to the left is
position indicates how many ones are present in the num
position has a weight that is ten times
tens, then hundreds, thousands, and so on. Each digit
the weight of the position to its right.

256 = 2 X 102 + 5 X 10 1 + 6 X 1oo

Positional ◄ 10 2 101 10°
values (weights) = 2 X 100 + 5 X 1Q + 6 X 1
5 6- -@
= 200 + 50 + 6

:::: ,;~
 The
.
ngh
• . tmo st digit has the least positional value (weig t '
• h ) therefore, it is called the I
1
..
significant digit (LSD).The leftmost dig · m pos1t1o na1va 1ue (we,.g ht)east
. . it has the maximu
.
t herefore, 1t 1s called the mo st sig mfi . . (MSD) In the a bove examp 1e, 6 1s . '
can t d1g1t · the Ls
and 2 is the MSD. D
No w, let us consider the decimal num ·mal poi nt sep ara tes the who!
ber 49.12. T he d eci
num ber on the left from the decimal digits e
on the right.
Posi tiona l valu es (wei ghts )

F: I
49.12 = 4 X 10 1 + 9 10° + 1 1
10- + 2
X X X 1Q-2

11 ~
1
=4

L
X 10 + 9 1 + 1/1 Q+ 2/1 00
11 ~ o 1 \ 1~-2 1
X

= 40 + 9 + 0 .1 + 0. 0 2
MSD LSD
The pos it ions to the right of the decimal poi
nt are called the decimal places. The digit
first decimal place shows the number of ten at the
ths . In our example, it is one ten th. The seco
dec imal place shows the number of hundre nd
dths, and so on. In our example, there are
hun dre dth s. two

Bin ary Nu mb er Sy ste m

The com put er system is designed on the bin
ary number sys tem . The binary number
has a base of 2. It has only two digits, 0 and system
1, and can represent any cha rac ter with
two d igit s. The binary number system is also these
a positional numbering system wherein each
binary digi t has its own value or weight, whi .
ch is expressed as a power of 2.
Co nsid er a fractional binary number, 1011
.0101.
Pos1t1onal
valu es /wei ghts)

MSD

For a binary number, the binary point sep

arates the whole num ber par t from the frac
par t. The pl~ce value~ of the digits to the tional
right of the binary poi nt are obt ain ed by
2 to successive negative powers . raising '

Oc tal Nu mb er Sy ste m
The oct al num ber system has a base of 8.
It has eight digits o 1 2
digit of an oct al number can have any valu
.. . e
pos1t1onal num ber ing system. Each octal . .
from Oto
. 7
3 4 5 6
· The ;ct~ I num
d 7 Each
' ' 6' ' ' an · · lso a
er system 1s a
d1g1t has its own positional value or wei ght , which
. I
expressed as the pow er of 8 · lj
,
As an example, con sid er 1267.12, an octa
l number with a fraction.
As in the decimal and the binary number systems, the
radix point separates the whole
number part from the fractional part. The place valu
e of each digit to the left and the right of
the radix point is equal to 8 raised to the successive
positive or negative powers, respectively.
Hexadecimal Num ber System
The hexadecimal number system has 16 as the base
number. It has ten numeric digits 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and six letters A, B, C, D, E, F, whe
re A= 10, B = 11, C = 12, D == 13,
E = 14, and F = 15. The hexadecimal system is also a
positional numbering system . The value
of a hexadecimal digit is expressed as the power of 16.
As an example, consider the hexadecimal fractional
number, A65.C2. As shown below, the
place value or positional value of each digit is a pow
er of 16.
Positional
values (weights) 16 2 16 1 16° 16-1 16-2
A 6 5 C 2 LSD

CONVERSION TO DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Numbers in the binary, octal, or hexadecimal number
systems can be converte d to decimal
numbers. The steps to do this conversion are:
1. Find the positional value of each digit.
2. Multiply the digit with the positional value.
3. Sum up the prod uct calculated in step 2.
4. The tota l is the equivalent value in the decimal num
ber system.
Conversion of Binary Num ber to Decimal Num
ber Sys t em
A binary num ber can be converted to its equivalent
decimal num ber by add ing up the
prod uct of each digit value (0 or 1) and its position
al value, as shown below:
1011.0101 = 1 X 23 + 0 22 + 1 X 21 + 1 X 2° + 0
2 X X 2-1 + 1 X 2-2 + Q X 2-3+ 1 X 2-4
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.0625
= 11.3125 10
 SION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS TO OTHER NUM BER SYST£t.!,..,,
CONVER

Fraction.al par t

2123 )I
2
~96
Zt I I
2 5 1
,I
2
2 2 -
~

., 392
2 1 - " t" y
2
2 0 - . .784
i
0. 598 .. - 100
~7.. = f01 11L

47.S9B .:, • 101111.1001

To convert 317.67 10 to its equivalent binary number, do as follows:
Integer Part Fractional Part
2 317 0.67
2 158 - 1
"I X 2
I
2 79 - 0
I 1.34
X 2
2 39 - 1
I 0.68
2 19 - 1 I

I x 2
2 9 - 1
~ 1.36
2 4 - 1
0.67 10 = .101z
2 2 - 0
2 1 - 0
2 0 - 1

317 10 = 1001111 0\

317.6710 = 100111101.1012
I

~ ware { It comprises the physical components that make up a

computer system}
~ are {It is a set of computer programs and procedures that provide
instructions to the hardware about what to do and how to
do it. )
~ am It is a set of instructions that perform a particular task.
System software It is a comp uter program designed to control the operation of
a computer system.
Application software It is a computer program that helps th e user in performing a
certain type of work.
Btnary digit or bit It is the smallest data unit in a computer containing the
symbols Oor 1.
- -Byte A combination of 8 bits
Nibble A group of 4 bits
"'Word A group of bits representing data or instruction that forms the
basic information unit of th e computer.
'Word length The length of the computer word
Positional value system The value of a digit depends on its position; also called the
place value notation.
 1h,, 11~h1 t1h'~l , h~it in (\ 111 11111 1 1· 1• " lu, h h.i·, dH' l,-.i ,.t jill •, 11 1n ,, ,1
1
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,\ \ h i ·,
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ro sum.
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11 ,'.'\ tfth' th' " \, ,Uh{ ~I\ ,' r,•~ult~ 1
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lt H~' lrn ,, t h.' n m 1.' ,'"'l' \lt1'r ,~ st ,,1't·, l 111 tlw , ~ ·,,11,1• 1·~11.'llti-. ,111 b111. 11, !,' ,lc,·i 111.II
i~' tm ,, t\,tn n~s ,,,\)~ ,1 11 , I L" 11u111 h•1., , .111 l'1' ,!1. 11 11· 11 , 1111ilrq,I, i1 1~: dw
\ tw S{ ,' l , \~'t.' lll\l \ ." ,,1· , ,, lll}'I Ht' I 1\ 1t' ll h' I \ ,li~:1t:-- " i11 1r hc i, !' ,) . ., ,t ,,, 11.il , .1' 111' :-- .rnd
.\ft' ~P. , i\ II\ , \, ,P. , l t\ , l't; _t tt , : ti . ,l l hl ~ t\ ,h l,li11 ~~ ( ht' ,·,1 k11l .1 1t·, l f' l , , , lt1 1' !.' .
l tw ""'--"t ,·,, mn h,11h 11~t'l.l 1n 11 nh,' 1
I C

EXERCISES
4..1bil,t.. t I\ c 1, f"l' Qllt.'~t tl'll~
Q f'-1 11 in tht' bhm~s wfrh th,, 4.."lWt'tX't' WC'u\.is.

D Nibblt- )
101 4 \l\lor'l.is
I
L l1i{" tlw "·,'"' ~ ' l It t' I' :-\ -:--t c'm tlu 1 "''u ,'.\" 1,,u,·h ,\lh i fr~I i~ dw
}',H't \' (
t\~'t~\.,.-. .i: \
' .\ N\\)\\t ( is ., ~r\'l ll ' ,,( -~ bit:-,
 . " ' , ~ I' J •y>, \ ~
,'. r\ ""''"'f'mtr ~t'C\rts 1nhwn1~m.\n mtht) t\_)ITi\ cf . 1' ~ ..':. ~ -:''--
➔. l Kl\ is. t'{\uival?nc t\l . \ e_<t\.tt by,l'~-
$, Tht' htMdc~dm~I munlwr S}'~rrm includN, leners !\ 13, C, _(O _. E. and F. 1
I

CJ) \Vf\~ T fur the tNe statemtot and F for tho talse one. Comet the false statement(s). a
~(El
1.. t) S)-st·~m SQftwa1~ twlp$ the \1$er in ptwtbrming ~1 ct'rmin task.
l , A binmy numbt'r cru-1h,1vt' onl}' two di~irs, 0 and 1.
3, rtw bast' of «n octal numbt'r t$ 10.
4, The hexadecimal nuir,lwr S}1srem has rht' bnse 16 . .,,, G3
S, The dt•dm,11 number S)'Stt'm Cl,nsis1s of diiits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 6, 7, 8, and 9. l1r-
@ Choose t-he correct option.
1. \Nhich of thrst' is nor :111 ex:1mplr ofnpplicarion software?
a
a. Pc1)'t'OII S)'St't'IH b. Fct' collection sysrcm
c. Studt~m neudemir pNfonmrnce S}1Srt'm ~~ · Windows 7
') 1GB is cquiv~lent ro
;l, ·1024 KB cb. 1024 MB c. 1024 TB d. 1024 PB
3. Which of these is rhc binary equ ivalent of rhc decim al number 132 ?
~- '10000100 b. 10001000 c. 10010000 d. 10100000
-!_., \1\/hich of these is rhc equivalenr decirn:11 num bl'r of the bi nary number ·1 1011 .1 1O?
a. 66.3 b. 33.6 IC . ·27. 75 d. 36.6
5. Which of these is not a hexadeci mal number?
\,-,,... ABGH b. CD23 c. ·12AB d. EFCD

Descriptive Type Questions

@ Answer the following:
1. Differentiate between hardware and software.
2. List the two categories of software with two examples each.
3. What are the various storage units in the co mpu ter?
()f, ~ L nu t ~ ~ , u 1 " 0 , 111,i, , , "'"
1
f), , , (

~ What are the four number systems? Write their base va ues and digits used.
5. List the steps to convert a binary number to its equ ivalent: base 10 ( decimal) number.

App lication-Based Questions I .

a. What will be the positional values of
i. 7 in 475.12 8 ii. 2 in 210.45 1u
iii. 'C' in ABC.DE16
 ~
11( 11I00I
a 1o11 oo 1
b. li'l'llll'I! tht1111 hlt11il'y 1111111b"1'iii1111011 ~l
Wind, I~ llw ~111 ~lll1i11 111 1111l wr~ Wltflt i~lh dr 1 lnitt v~tJ' 1
1 1

ii Whh h i~l h~ la1~~•1 11111111'w1I WhR I h It·, iforltt rn I VAIt1r I d h t will be it• docirn
e. What wUI b@ th@ n1xt ,u,mh @,, In tJh@fullnw lnst pFt,l f-,rn, an, w 1 · 11
v1hu,P
10 1, '100 11 I t}()O 1, 1\)t)()t) I , 1

d, Wrlt"t th@ cot·rett· v1lu~.

i. I l<t\ - hy1t1t, IL I MB - I)YI.L•r,1
iii. I C.l\ - hyt ( 11, IV,
I I 11\ - bytes

Hands On!
Uo tho followi,,8 an your noh,book.
I. M~kc ,\ lht ,,I tiw $YSlc'tn npi,lit',11 i,H1 :,,,11\Mll't' 1 111 Ii , inst.dlNI 011 yo11 r computer.
tllld 1

1
Ii.,~
2. 1he \·01 nput01· ~dt I·1( {' I l\h'lw1~ 1.n1~~l11 ,1h1)111 ·:-: llH \ IHf' 1111il :, in ilw co111put er' in the class.
S~e
h,1 $ Jskrd tlw ~t udl.'11t s I\) writ l' dll I he :-:io1·.,H1' 1111i1 s in I h,·ir not
,•hook . -, hey .ilso have to find ou
the l0llow ing ,rnd wrilt' tl1t 111 , h )o , in tlwir lltill'IHH)k ~: 1

,). Stnr;1gt (\ \l hh 'll)I ,)r tlw h,ll'il ~lisks 1ll'1'1lllllHll{ 1'S i11 rl11' 1:,1,, 1

b. S1or.,~e (_\ \p,h·it}' 1.:ilhl h,1rd ,11 :-: ks 111'tlw rnrn1,111 1•1·s :u t.lH'ir ho1 11 cs .
1

C )11 you .1lso do I lw s,11111·)

1
J. Surnit s tc., c:h~r h~, s 1.1uRht hi111 lww 10 1\) 11wn lh)1 11 thl\ dt•ri ni:-il to rlH' hin ~1r)1 numbe
r system,
and JSk\'.!d hin1 to do tlw (<)llowi 11\ (011wrsio 11s: ..
1

Ii, 9H?.1C) lll - ( ),1

C 1n yo11 hl'lp S11mi1 i11 t hi~ t :1sk?
4. Oc,' p ,1k', tt\H'her h,1 ~ r,1 U)\I II hiIII huw to <'<lllVl'rl fro, n the bi 11 n ry l'o I he dcc;
maI nu ber system,
.:rnd .-1sked him to do thl' folk)\,\/1111,,1 l',H1wrsi ~rn s: III

li. 1111 .0'l ·- ()

·' Ill c. 1'I 10 I. 'I OI
Ca n yo u help Dec1J,1k i11 this 1.1sk? .'
o;; ( )
10

/r() J{ J tff J t A<. I It I{ I t t It• t • t •It• I

·; i ; ·····-••t••~·-··••11••···
:~ ' .,c._•~•-·I lllttft\flttl•tle\\l,

'; ~ 1.1t1f.u .... ..,I'!... ,,

~
1..: · 1c1
so~ware n etnll with 11u,n,ples.. · , ••••••
-- •·" •~-\\\'!.~ :;:.•~~· ........ .... •.. .. .
!\♦ .Olscu stHt I P-Or n bln.ary number system. · , 'f ·
1

{f.)~xB_,l.•i
~ ,
...... - - ·- '---
... ·--•.··· -
tit conversion
... . . . mori
' . n~.mbcr syswm to another.
····················· t I I I I I I t I 't 't I I t, Ii

I• t • t I I I I I I
l
·, .· t.-:• .
.~

··-······················· . . .....
'

:il.
l
: II
 HARDWARE s!!,(ll,, You can touc h and feel
lt1ardwa~ comQ!ises the physical components that make up a compµt§.[J1.:.
the hardware Examples of hardware are:
1
• Input devices - keyboard, mouse, joystick
• Output devices - printer, monitor
• Storage devices - hard disk, CD, DVD, pen drive

SOFTWARE
/ h ·d · tructions to the hardwarµut.~
~ftware ~etofccm/}.Mler programs and procedures t at pr°.,Y.U ms _ . --· ;f; ~
~ do_0:_~q ~g!!.~~~o~d~o.:::,it,.,.:A~p~ro2igl!ra~m~1~·s~a~se:,_t~of~i~ns~tr~uc~T~io~ns=-.t!~ha:.:t. c.P;;.er;. -'-fg_;..r_
_,m_a_p_a_rt_,c_u(£'_! _!~
[ The two types of software are:
• System software
• Application software)
System software is a set of one or more programs that is designed to control and manage
the operation of a computer system. The system software works as an interface between
hardware and the user. Examples of system software include operating systems, device
drivers, and language processors.
Application software comprises computer programs that are designed to help the user
in performing a certain type of work. Application software pertains to one specific use or
application. Examples of application software include general purpose software such as word
processors and spreadsheet software, and specific purpose software such as payroll system,
_inv.e o system, and accounting system~ ·--
_;

STORAGE UNITS IN THE COMPUTER

Bit It is the smallest data unit in a computer, which contains a single binary value, 0 or 1.
A combination of bits is used to store information and data in th
. . . e computer memory. The
combination may be a byte, a mbble, or a word, depending on th b f b' . ·
e num er o its 1t can stor~
Byte A combination of 8 bits forms one byte. Each byte represent h
B a b 1 or 2 s one c aracter such as A,
' ' ' ' .
Nibble A nibble is a group of 4 bits. It can store one decim Id' · · . .
. . a 1g1t in its binary form.
Word A group of bits representing data or instruction that c h
. . d . 1orms t e basi · fi .
unit of a computer 1s cal le word. It 1s a group of a fixed numb f . c in ormat1on
. . I . I . c.
in a singe operation. t vanes ,rom computer to computer 6 er o 6its proces d .
. ti se as a unit
. . . h c ut 1s 1xed for each
computer stores information in t e ,orm of words. computer. A

. Hit