Load Allocation in a Distribution System

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 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
Conventional Grid Smart Grid
With AMI
• State-of-art electronic hardware and software
• Robust communication systems
• Date reception and management systems
Without AMI (in India)

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Load Allocation
Information Available
1. kWh of consumer
2. Metered demand
at substation

Source: W. H. Kresting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC 3

Press, New York, 2002.
Various methods for load allocation to DT and
Feeder sections
• Allocation Factor (AF)
• Based on Consumer Survey
• Based on Transformer Load Management Survey

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 Method for allocation of load on DT and Feeder Sections

1. Allocation Factor (AF)

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 Allocation Factor (AF)

Total transformer kVA = kVAT 1 + kVAT 2 + kVAT 3

Metered demand S
AF = =
Total transformer kVA kVAT 1 + kVAT 2 + kVAT 3

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Based on Allocation Factor

S1 = AF ⋅ kVAT 1
S S 2 = AF ⋅ kVAT 2
AF =
kVAT 1 + kVAT 2 + kVAT 3 S3 = AF ⋅ kVAT 3

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Based on Allocation Factor

92.9 kVA 25 37.5 50

kVA kVA kVA

S1 = 0.825 × 25 = 20.62 kVA

AF =
92.9
= 0.825 S 2 = 0.825 × 37.5 = 30.93 kVA
25 + 37.5 + 50 S3 = 0.825 × 50 = 41.24 kVA

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 Problems with AF based method

1. Simple but approximate method

2. Erroneous results

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 Method for allocation of load on DT and Feeder Sections

2. Consumer Load Survey

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 Based on Consumer Load Survey
• Max demand on distribution transformer based on table of diversity factor
of loads served by it

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Based on Consumer Load Survey

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Based on Consumer Load Survey
Let the consumer kWh
data is known from
billing information

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 Based on Consumer Load Survey

kW=0.2+0.008 kWh
Transformer 1
Customer #1 #2 #3 #4 #5
kWh 1523 1645 1984 1590 1456
kW 12.4 13.4 16.1 12.9 11.9

Transformer 2 Transformer 3
Customer #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 Customer #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18
kWh 1235 1587 1698 1745 2015 1765 kWh 2098 1856 2058 2265 2135 1985 2103
kW 10.1 12.9 13.8 14.2 16.3 14.3 kW 17.0 15.1 16.7 18.3 17.3 16.1 17.0
Source: W. H. Kresting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC
Press, New York, 2002.
 Based on Consumer Load Survey

Max. Diversified Demand on T1

Max. noncoincident demand
S1 =
Diversity factor for 5
Transformer 1 12.4 + 13.4 + 16.1 + 12.9 + 11.9
Customer #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 =
2.20
kWh 1523 1645 1984 1590 1456
66.7
kW 12.4 13.4 16.1 12.9 11.9 = = 30.3 kW
2.2
 Based on Consumer Load Survey

Max. Diversified Demand on T2

Max. noncoincident demand
S2 =
Transformer 2 Diversity factor for 6
Customer #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 10.1 + 12.9 + 13.8 + 14.2 + 16.3 + 14.3
=
kWh 1235 1587 1698 1745 2015 1765 2.30
kW 10.1 12.9 13.8 14.2 16.3 14.3 81.6
= = 35.5 kW
2.3
 Based on Consumer Load Survey

Max. Diversified Demand on T3

Transformer 3 Max. noncoincident demand
S3 =
Diversity factor for 7
Customer #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18
117.5
kWh 2098 1856 2058 2265 2135 1985 2103 = = 48.9 kW
kW 17.0 15.1 16.7 18.3 17.3 16.1 17.0
2.4
 Maximum Diversified Demand on Feeder Sections
Transformer 1
Customer #1 #2 #3 #4 #5
kWh 1523 1645 1984 1590 1456
kW 12.4 13.4 16.1 12.9 11.9

Transformer 2
Customer #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 66.7 81.6 117.5
kW kW kW
kWh 1235 1587 1698 1745 2015 1765
kW 10.1 12.9 13.8 14.2 16.3 14.3

Transformer 3
Customer #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18
kWh 2098 1856 2058 2265 2135 1985 2103
kW 17.0 15.1 16.7 18.3 17.3 16.1 17.0

Source: W. H. Kresting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC

Press, New York, 2002.
Based on Consumer Load Survey

66.7 81.6 117.5

kW kW kW

Max.nonconincident demand from N 3 to N 4

Max. Diversified Demand on Segment N 3 to N 4 =
Diversity factor for 7
117.5
= = 48.9 kW
2.4

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Based on Consumer Load Survey

66.7 81.6 117.5

kW kW kW

Max.nonconincident demand from N 2 to N 3

Max. Diversified Demand on Segment N 2 to N 3 =
Diversity factor for 13
81.6 + 117.5 199.1
= = = 72.7 kW
2.74 2.74

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Based on Consumer Load Survey

66.7 81.6 117.5

kW kW kW

Max.nonconincident demand from N1 to N 2

Max. Diversified Demand on Segment N1 to N 2 =
Diversity factor for 18
66.7 + 81.6 + 117.5 265.8
= = = 92.9 kW
2.86 2.86

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 Method for allocation of load on DT and Feeder Sections

3. Transformer Load Management Survey

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Load Allocation by Transformer Load Management Survey
• Determined based on kWh supplied by the
transformer during month of billing.
• Measure related maximum diversified
demand with energy supplied by
transformer (put meter).
• This can be done with the help of load
survey similar to consumer load survey
discussed earlier.
• Information of several sample transformers
is used.
• Consumers consumption (kWh) is available
from the billing information.
• This needs distribution transformer wise
database of consumers

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Summary of the Lecture
• Load allocation to distribution transformers and feeder
sections
1. Based on substation metered demand and allocation factor
2. Based on diversity factor and consumer load surveys
3. Based on transformer load surveys

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