VOLUME I OF THE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

The National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume I- Buildings, Towers and
Other Vertical Structures, Seventh Edition (2015) is designed to meet the needs for an
up-to-date structural code addressing the design and installation of structural systems
through various model codes/regulations to safeguard the public health and safety
nationwide. This updated Structural Code establishes minimum requirements for
structural systems using prescriptive and performance-based provisions. It is founded
on broad-based principles that make possible the use of new materials and new
building designs. Also, this code reflects the latest seismic design practice for
earthquake-resistant structures.
Chapter 1: General Requirements
Chapter 2: Minimum Design Loads
Chapter 3: Earthworks and Foundation
Chapter 4: Structural Concrete
Chapter 5: Structural Steel
Chapter 6: Wood
Chapter 7: Masonry
 VOLUME II OF THE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
The National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume II– Bridges, Second
Edition (1997) Committee has adopted the provisions of the AASHTO Standard
Specifications for Highway Bridges with modifications to suit local conditions. The
changes incorporated in the 1997 Edition are expounded. In line with the government’s
policy to use the modern metric system, it should be noted that the use of the
International System of Units (SI Units) for all equations and formula is retained.
The purpose of NSCP Volume II – Bridges, Second Edition (1997) is guiding the
country’s engineers towards sustainable development in bridge engineering design and
construction. This code should not be constructed as to relieve or lessen the
responsibility of any individual for any damage to person or properly caused by defects,
neglects, misuse, abuse, and managements.
Section 1: General Provisions
Section 2: General Features of Design
Section 3: Loads
Section 4: Foundations
Section 5: Retaining Walls
Section 6: Culverts
Section 7: Substructures
Section 8: Reinforced Concrete
Section 9: Prestressed Concrete
Section 10: Structural Steel
Section 11: Aluminum Design
Section 12: Soil-Corrugated Metal Structure Interaction Systems
Section 13: Timber Structures
Section 14: Elastomeric Bearings
Section 15: TFE Bearing Structures
Section 16: Steel Tunnel Liner Plates
Section 17: Soil Reinforced Concrete Structure Interaction Systems
Section 18: Soil-Thermoplastic Pipe Interaction System
Section 19: Pot Bearings
Section 20: Disc Bearings
Section 21: Seismic Design
 ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES (ASEP)

The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP) is the

recognized organization of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. Established in 1961,
ASEP has been existence for more than 50 solid years.
ASEP is known for its publications like the different volumes of the National
Structural code of the Philippines, the approved referral codes of the Philippine National
Building Code. In ASEP’s roster of members, you will find structural engineers of
renowned structural ability, reliability and professionalism.

Mission
ASEP is a nationally-recognized association which exists to advance structural
engineering practice, uphold high ethical values, and promote national and international
professional collaborations with governments, industry, and academe. It shall serve as a
respected, authoritative and proactive voice in the development of codes and standards,
and shall contribute to nation building by advocating public safety and welfare, and
sustainability of the built environment.

Vision
ASEP envision itself to be a dynamic internationally-known structural engineering
organization, equipped with resources and competent members, dedicated to the
improvement of the quality of life.
FUNCTIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
OF THE PHILIPPINES (ASEP)
 CURRENT OFFICIALS IN MAKING THE CURRENT EDITION OF THE NATIONAL
STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES VOLUME I COMMITTEE
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

ASEP President (2015-2017) Frederick Francis M. Sison

ASEP President (2014-2015) Carlos M. Villaraza
Chairperson, Codes and Standards Committee Emilio M. Morales
Adviser, Codes and Standards Committee Romeo A. Estrañero

CODES AND STANDARDS COMMITTEE

GENERAL REQUIREMENT
Chairperson Francis Anthony G. Valderama
Co-Chairperson Juanito C. Cunanan

LOADS AND ACTIONS

Chairpersons Adam C. Abinales
Ronald S. Sison
Work Group Member/s Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano
Ernesto F. Cruz
Wilfredo S. Lopez

EARTHWORKS AND FOUNDATIONS

Chairperson Mark Albert H. Zarco
Work Group Member/s Mark K. Morales
Frederick Francis M. Sison

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
Chairperson Jorge P. Genota
Work Group Member/s Juanito C. Cunanan
Blas N. Espinosa
Wilfredo S. Lopez
Vinci Nicholas R. Villageñor
Danilo A. Domingo

STRUCTURAL STEEL
Chairperson Anthony Vladimir C. Pimentel
Co-Chairperson Allan B. Benogsudan
Work Group Member/s Mark Elson C. Lucio
Gilbert B. Magbutay

WOOD
Chairperson Christopher P.T. Tamayo
Co-Chairperson Ariel P. Santos
Work Group Member/s Mark Elson C. Lucio

MASONRY
Chairperson Cegar C. Pabalan
Work Group Member/s Christopher P.T. Tamayo

ASEP SECRETARIAT
Administrative Officer Ailyn C. Anonical
Account Officer May A. Jacinto
Administrative Staff/s Cereline G. Lucacia
June B. Caig

EDITORIAL BOARD
Chairperson Romeo A. Estrañero
Chapters 1, 2 and 4 Virgilio B. Columna
Chapter 2 Wilfredo S. Lopez
Christopher P.T. Tamayo
Chapter 3 Ariel P. Santos
Chapter 4 Danilo A. Domingo
Chapter 5 Allan B. Benogsudan
Chapter 6 Mark Elson C. Lucio
Chapter 7 Cesar C. Pabalan

NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES VOLUME I COMMITTEE

ASEP OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

PUBLICATIONS AND 1ST PRINTING OF NSCP VOLUME II (1997-1998)

President Nicanor M. Mayoralgo
Vice President Benito M. Pacheco
Secretary Ricardo A. Tabujara III
Treasurer Emilio Daniel G. Table III
Directors Jose S. Abad
Adam C. Abinales
Claudio B. Altura
Alfredo B. Juinio, Jr.
Luis I. Mallonga
Ricardo L. Sipin
Ex-Officio Director Mario D. Taruc

REGISTRATION AND REPRINTING OF NSCP VOLUME II (2005-2006)

President Jorge P. Genota
Vice President Rico P. Gomez
Secretary Joseph Ramil I. Manalo
Treasurer Danilo A. Domingo
Directors Ronald T. Ramirez
Elmer P. Francisco
Wilfredo S. Lopez
Ferdinand A. Briones
Roleza Jean V. Marzan
Christopher T. Tamayo
Ex-Officio Director Cesar C. Pabalan

ASEP COMMITTEE

Chairman Alberto C. Cañete

Members Melinda N. Andalecio
Wilson L. Ching
Rafael C. Discipulo
Geoffrey Geronimo
Carlos Jimenez
Planita F. Ocampo
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

CHAPTER 4 SECTION 406

406.1 Scope
406.1.1 This section shall apply to
methods of analysis,
modeling of members and
structural systems, and
calculation of load effects.

406.2 General
406.2.1 Members and structural
systems shall be permitted
to be modeled in
accordance with Section
406.3.
406.2.2 All members and structural
systems shall be analyzed
for the maximum effects of
loads including the
arrangements of live load
in accordance with Section
406.4.
406.2.3 Methods of analysis
permitted by this Section
shall be (a) through (e):
(a) The simplified method
for analysis of continuous
beams and one-way slabs
for gravity loads in Section
406.5;
(b) First-order in Section
406.6;
(c) Elastic second-order in
Section 406.7
(d) inelastic second-orders
in Section 406.8
(e) Finite element in
Section 406.9;
406.2.4 Additional analysis
methods that are permitted
include Sections 406.2.4.1
through 406.2.4.4.
406.2.4.1 Two-way slabs shall be
permitted to be analyzed
for

gravity loads in accordance

with (a) or (b):
 (a) Direct design method in
Section 408.10;
(b) Equivalent frame
method in Section 408.1 L
406.2.4.2 Slender walls shall be
permitted to be analyzed in
accordance with Section 41
1.8 for out-of-plane effects.
406.2.4.3 Diaphragms shall be
permitted to be analyzed in
accordance with Section
412.4.2.
406.2.4.4 A member or region shall
be permitted to be
analyzed and designed
using the strut-and-tie
method in accordance with
Section 423.
406.2.5 Slenderness effects shall
be permitted to be
neglected if (a) or (b) is
satisfied:
(a) For columns not braced
k lu
against sides way ≤22
r
(b) For columns braced
against sides way
k lu
≤34 +12 M 1/ M 2
r
where M1 /M2 is negative if
the column is bent in single
curvature, and positive for
double curvature.
If bracing elements
resisting lateral movement
of a storey have a total
stiffness of at least 12
times the gross lateral
stiffness of the columns in
the direction considered, it
shall be permitted to
consider columns within
the storey to be braced
against sides way.
406.2.5.1 The radius of gyration, r,
shall be permitted to be
 calculated by (a),(b),or (c)
Ig
(a) r =
(b)
√ Ag
0.30 times the
dimension in the direction
stability is being considered
for rectangular columns;
(c) 0.25 times the diameter
of circular columns.
406.2.5.2 For composite columns,
the radius of gyration, r,
shall not be taken greater
than:
(EcIg /5) EsIsx
r=
√ (EcAg /5) EsAsx
Longitudinal bars located
within a concrete core
encased
by structural steel or within
transverse reinforcement
surrounding a structural
steel core shall be
permitted to be
used in calculating Asxand
Isx .
406.2.6 Unless slenderness effects
are neglected as permitted
by Section 406.2.5, the
design of columns,
restraining beams, and
other supporting members
shall be based on the
factored forces and
moments considering
second order effects in
accordance with Sections
406.6.4, 406.7, or 406.8.
Mu including second-order
effects shall not exceed 1.4
Mu due to first-order
effects.

406.3 Modeling Assumptions

406.3.1 General
406.3.1.1 Relative stiffnesses of
 members within structural
systems shall be based on
reasonable and consistent
assumptions.
406.3.1. To calculate moments and
shears caused by gravity
loads in columns, beams,
and slabs, it shall be
permitted to use a model
limited to the members in
the level being considered
and the columns above
and below that level. It
shall be permitted to
assume far ends of
columns built integrally with
the structure to be fixed.
406.3.1.3 The analysis model shall
consider the effects of
variation of member cross-
sectional properties, such
as that due to haunches.
406.3.2 T-beam Geometry
406.3.2.1 For non-prestressed T-
beams supporting
monolithic or composite
slabs, the effective flange
width bf shall include the
beam web width bw plus an
effective overhanging
flange width in accordance
with the table below, where
h is the slab thickness and
sw is the clear distance to
the adjacent web.

Dimensional Limits for Effective Overhanging

Flange Width for T-Beams
Effective overhanging
Flange Location flange
width, beyond face of web
8h
Each side of web Least of: sw/2
l n/8
6h
One side of web Least of: sw/2
l n/12
406.3.2.2 Isolated non-prestressed T-
beams in which the flange
is used to provide
additional compression
area shall have a flange
thickness greater than or
equal to 0.5 bwand an
effective flange width less
than or equal to 4 bw.
406.3.2.3 For prestressed T-beams,
it shall be permitted to use
the geometry provided by
Sections 406.3.2.1 and
406.3.2.2.

406.4 Arrangement of Live Load

406.4.1 For the design of floors or
roofs to resist gravity loads,
it shall be permitted to
assume that live load is
applied only to the level
under consideration,
406.4.2 For one-way slabs and
beams, it shall be permitted
to assume (a) and (b):
(a) Maximum positive Mu
near midspan occurs with
factored Lon the span and
on alternate spans;
(b) Maximum negative Mu
at a support occurs with
factored L on adjacent
spans only.
406.4.3 For two-way slab systems,
factored moments shall be
calculated in accordance
with Section 406.4.3.1,
406.4.3.2, or 406.4.3.3,
and shall be at least the
moments resulting from
factored L applied
simultaneously to all
panels.
406.4.3.1 If the arrangement of L is
known, the slab system
 shall be analyzed for that
arrangement.
406.4.3.2 If L is variable and does not
exceed 0.75 D, or the
nature of h is such that all
panels will be loaded
simultaneously, it shall be
permitted to assume that
maximum Mv at all
sections occurs with
factored Lapplied
simultaneously to all
panels.
406.4.3.3 For loading conditions
other than those defined in
Section 406.4.3.1 or
406.4.3.2, it shall be
permitted to assume (a)
and (b):
(a) Maximum positive Mv
near midspan of panel
occurs with 75 percent of
factored L on the panel and
alternate panels;
(b) Maximum negative Mv
at a support occurs with 75
percent of factored L on
adjacent panels only.

406.5 Simplified Method of

Analysis for Non-
Prestressed Continuous
Beams and One-way Slabs
406.5.1 It shall be permitted to
calculate Mv and Vvdue to
gravity loads in accordance
with this section for
continuous beams and
one-way slabs satisfying
(a) through (e):
a. Members are prismatic;
b. Loads are uniformly
distributed;
c. L<3 D;
d. There are at least two
spans;
 e. The longer of two
adjacent spans does not
exceed the shorter by more
than 20 percent.
406.5.2 Mu due to gravity loads
shall be calculated in
accordance with the table
below.

Approximate Moments for Non-Prestressed

Continuous Beams and One-Way Slab
Moment Location Condition Mu
Positive End span Discontinuous
2
end integral wu l n /14
with support
Discontinuous
end wu l 2n /11
unrestrained
Interior All
spans wu l 2n /16
Interior Member built
face of integrally with
exterior supporting wu l 2n /24
support spandrel
beam
Member built
integrally with
supporting wu l 2n /16
column
Exterior Two spans wu l 2n /9
face of
More than
first
two spans wu l 2n /10
interior
support
Face of All
other wu l 2n /11
supports
Face of all Slabs with
supports spans not
satisfying exceeding
(a) or (b) 3m.
Beams where
ratio of sum
2
of column wu l n /12
stiffnesses to
beam
stiffness
exceeds 8 at
each end of
span.

406.5.3 It Moments calculated in

accordance with Section
 406.5.2 shall not be
redistributed.
406.5.4 Vu due to gravity loads
shall be calculated in
accordance with the table
below.

Approximate Shears for Non-Prestressed

Continuous Beams and One-Way Slab
Location Vu
Exterior face of first interior
support
1.15 wu ln /2
Face of all other supports wu l n/2

406.5.5 Floor or roof level moments

shall be resisted by
distributing the moment
between columns
immediately above and
below the given floor in
proportion to the relative
column stiffnesses
considering conditions of
restraint.

406.6 First-order Analysis

406.6.1 General
406.6.1.1 Slenderness effects shall
be considered in
accordance with Section
406.6.4, unless they are
allowed to be neglected by
Section 406.2.5.
406.6.1.2 Redistribution of moments
calculated by an elastic
first-order analysis shall be
permitted in accordance
with Section 406.6.5.
406.2 Modeling of Members and
Structural Systems
406.6.2.1 Floor or roof level moments
shall be resisted by
distributing the moment
between columns
immediately above and
below the' given floor in
 proportion to the relative
column stiffnesses and
considering conditions of
restraint
406.6.2.2 For frames or continuous
construction, consideration
shall be given to the effect
of floor and roof load
patterns on transfer of
moment to exterior and
interior columns, and of
eccentric loading due to
other causes.
406.6.2.3 It shall be permitted to
simplify the analysis model
by the assumptions of (a),
(b), or both:
(a) Solid slabs or one-way
joist systems built integrally
with supports, with clear
spans not more than 3m.,
shall be permitted to be
analyzed as continuous
members on knife edge
supports with spans equal
to the clear spans of the
member and width of
support beams otherwise
neglected;
(b) For frames or
continuous construction, it
shall be permitted to
assume the intersecting
member regions are rigid.
406.6.3 Section Properties
406.6.3.1 Factored Load Analysis
406.6.3.1.1 Floor Moment of inertia and
cross-sectional area of
members shall be
calculated in accordance
with the table below, unless
a more rigorous analysis is
used. If sustained lateral
loads are present, I for
columns and walls shall be
divided by (1+ βds) where
 βds is the ratio of maximum
factored sustained shear
within a storey to the
maximum factored shear in
that storey associated with
the same load combination.

Moment of Inertia and Cross-Sectional Area

Permitted for Elastic Analysis at Factored Load
Level
Cross-
Member and Moment of
Sectional
condition Inertia
Area
Columns 0.70 Ig
Wall Uncracked 0.70 Ig
s Cracked 0.35 Ig 1.0 Ag
Beams 0.35 Ig
Flat plates and flat
slabs
0.25 Ig

406.6.3.1.2. For factored lateral load

analysis, it shall be
permitted to assume
I =0.50 Ig for all members
or to calculate I by a more
detailed analysis,
considering the reduced
stiffness of all members
under the loading
conditions.
406.3.1.3 For factored lateral load
analysis of two-way slab
systems without beams,
which are designated as
part of the seismic-force-
resisting system, I for slab
members shall be defined
by a model that is in
substantial agreement with
results of comprehensive
tests and analysis and I of
other frame members shall
be in accordance with
Sections 406.6.3.1.1 and
406.63.1.2.
406.6.3.2 Service Load Analysis
406.6.3.2.1 Immediate and time-
 dependent deflections due
to gravity loads shall be
calculated in accordance
with Section 424.2.
406.6.3.2.2 It shall be permitted to
calculate immediate lateral
deflections using a moment
of inertia of 1.4 times I
defined in Section
406.63.1, or using a more
detailed analysis, but the
value shall not exceed Ig.
406.6.4 Slenderness Effects,
Moment Magnification
Method
406.6.4.1 Unless Section 406.2.5 is
satisfied, columns and
stories in structures shall
be designated as being
nonsway or sway. Analysis
of columns in nonsway
frames or storeys shall be
in accordance with Section
406.6.4.5. Analysis of
columns in sway frames or
storeys shall be in
accordance with Section
406.6.4.6.
406.6.4.2 The cross-sectional
dimensions of each
member used in an
analysis shall be within 10
percent of the specified
member dimensions in
construction documents or
the analysis shall be
repeated. If the stiffnesses
of Table 406.6.3.1.1(b) are
used in an analysis, the
assumed member
reinforcement ratio shall
also be within 10 percent of
the specified member
reinforcement in
construction documents.
406.6.4.3 It shall be permitted to
 analyze columns and
stories in structures as
nonsway frames if (a) or (b)
is satisfied:
(a) The increase in column
end moments due to
second order effects does
not exceed 5 percent of the
first order end moments;
(b) Q in accordance with
Section 406.6.4.4.1 does
not exceed
406.6.4.4 Stability Properties
406.6.4.4.1 The stability index for a
storey, Q, shall be
calculated by:
Σ Pu Δ o
Q=
Vus l c
where Σ Pu and Vus are the
total factored vertical load
and horizontal storey
shear, respectively, in the
story being evaluated, and
Δ o is the first-order relative
lateral deflefition between
the top and the bottom of
that storey due to Vus .
406.6.4.4.2 The critical buckling load,
Pc, shall be calculated by:
π 2 ( EI ) eff
Pc=
(k lu)2
406.6.4.4.3 The effective length factor
k shall be calculated using
Ec in accordance with
Section 419.2.2 and I in
accordance with Section
406.6.3.1.1. For nonsway
members, k shall be
permitted to be taken as 1 .
0, and for sway members,
k shall be at least 1.0.
406.6.4.4.4 For non-composite
columns, ( EI ) eff shall be
calculated in accordance
with (a), (b), or (c):
 0.4 EcIg
(a) ( EI ) eff =
1+ βdns
0.2 EcIg+ EsIse
(b)( EI ) eff =
1+ βdns
EcI
(c) ( EI ) eff =
1+ βdns
where βdns shall be the
ratio of maximum factored
sustained axial load to
maximum factored axial
load
associated with the same
load combination and I in
Eq.406.6.4.4.4c is
calculated for columns or
walls.
406.6.4.4.5 For composite columns,
( El) eff shall be calculated
by Eq. 406.6.4.4.4b, Eq.
406.6.4.4.5, or from a more
detailed analysis.
( 0.2 EcIg)
( EI ) eff = + EsIsx
1+ βdns
406.6.4.5 Moment Magnification
Method: Nonsway Frames
406.6.4.5.1 The factored moment used
for design of columns and
walls, Mc, shall be the first-
order factored moment M 2
amplified for the effects of
member curvature.
Mc=δM 2
406.6.4.5.2 Magnification factor δ shall
be calculated by:
Cm
δ= ≥1.0
Pu
1−
0.75 Pc
406.6.4.5.3 Cm shall be in accordance
with (a) or (b)
(a) For columns without
transverse loads applied
between supports:
M1
Cm=0.6−0.4
M2
where M 1 /M 2 is negative
if the column is bent in
 single curvature, and
positive if bent in double
curvature;
b. For columns with
transverse loads applied
between supports.
Cm=1.0
406.6.4.5.4 M 2 in Eq. 406.6.4.5.1 shall
be at least M 2,min
calculated according to Eq.
406.6.4.5.4 about each
axis separately.
M 2 , min=Pu(15+0.03 h)
If M 2 min exceeds M 2, Cm
shall be taken equal to 1.0
or calculated based on the
ratio of the calculated end
moments M 1 /M 2, using
Eq. 406.6.4.5.3a.
406.6.4.6 Moment Magnification
Method: Sway Frames
406.6.4.6.1 Moments Mx and M2 at the
ends of an individual
column shall be calculated
by (a) and (b).
(a) M 1=M 1 ns+ δsM 1 s
(b) M 2=M 2 ns+ δsM 2 s
The moment magnifier δs
shall be calculated by (a),
(b), or (c). If δs exceeds
1.5, only (b) or (c) shall be
permitted:
1
(a) δs= ≥1
1−Q
1
δs= ≥1
(b) Σ Pu
1−
0.75 Σ Pc
(c) Second-order elastic
analysis.
where Σ Pu is the
summation of all the
factored vertical loads in a
storey and Σ Pcis the
summation for all sway
resisting columns in a
storey. Pc is calculated
 using Eq. 406.6.4.4.2 with
k determined for sway
members from Section
406.6.4.4.3 and ( EI ) eff
from Section 406.6.4.4.4 or
406,6.4.4.5 as appropriate
with βds substituted for
βdns.
406.6.4.6.3 Flexural members shall be
designed for the total
magnified end moments of
the columns at the joint.
406.6.4.6.4 Second-order effects shall
be considered along the
length of columns in sway
frames. It shall be
permitted to account for
these effects using Section
406.6.4.5, where Cm is
calculated using M 1 and
M2 from Section
406.6,4.6.1.
406.6.5 Redistribution of Moments
in Continuous Flexural
Members
406.6.5.1 Except where approximate
values for moments are
used in accordance with
Section 406.5, where
moments have been
calculated in accordance
with Section 406.8, or
where moments in two-way
slabs are determined using
pattern loading specified in
Section 406,4.3.3,
reduction of moments at
sections of maximum
negative or maximum
positive moment calculated
by elastic theory shall be
permitted for any assumed
loading arrangement if (a)
and (b) are satisfied:
(a) Flexural members are
continuous;
 (b) εt ≥ 0.0075 at the section
at which moment is
reduced.
406.6.5.2 For prestressed members,
moments include those due
to factored loads and those
due to reactions induced by
prestressing.
406.6.5.3 At the section where the
moment is reduced,
redistribution shall not
exceed the lesser of 1000 εt
percent and 20 percent.
406.6.5.4 The reduced moment shall
be used to calculate
redistributed moments at
all other sections within the
spans such that static
equilibrium is maintained
after redistribution of
moments for each loading
arrange
406.6.5.5 Shears and support
reactions shall be
calculated in accordance
with static equilibrium
considering the
redistributed moments for
each loading arrangement.

406.7 Elastic Second-order

Analysis
406.7.1 General
406.7.1.1 An elastic second-order
analysis shall consider the
influence of axial loads,
presence of cracked
regions along the length of
the member, and effects of
load duration. These
considerations are satisfied
using the cross-sectional
properties defined in
Section 406.7.2.
406.7.1.2 Slenderness effects along
the length of a column shall
 be considered. It shall be
permitted to calculate these
effects using Section
406.6.4.5.
406.7.1.3 The cross-sectional
dimensions of each
member used in an
analysis to calculate
slenderness effects shall
be within 10 percent of the
specified member
dimensions in construction
documents or the analysis
shall be repeated.
406.7.1.4 Redistribution of moments
calculated by an elastic
second-order analysis shall
be permitted in accordance
with Section 406.6.5.
406.7.2 Section Properties
406.7.2.1 Factored Load Analysis
406.7.2.1.1 It shall be permitted to use
section properties
calculated in accordance
with Section 406.6.3.1.
406.7.2.2 Service Load Analysis
406.7.2.2.1 Immediate and time-
dependent deflections due
to gravity loads shall be
calculated in accordance
with Section 424.2.
406.7.2.2.2 Alternatively, it shall be
permitted to calculate
immediate deflections
using a moment of inertia
of 1.4 times I given in
Section 406.6.3.1, or
calculated using a more
detailed analysis, but the
value shall not exceed Ig.
406.8 Inelastic Second-Order
Analysis
406.8.1 General
406.8.1.1 An inelastic second-order
analysis shall consider
material nonlinearity,
 member curvature and
lateral drift, duration of
loads, shrinkage and
creep, and interaction with
the supporting foundation.
406.8.1.2 An inelastic second-order
analysis procedure shall
have been shown to result
in prediction of strength in
substantial agreement with
results of comprehensive
tests of statically
indeterminate reinforced
concrete structures.
406.8.1.3 Slenderness effects along
the length of a column shall
be considered. It shall be
permitted to calculate these
effects using Section
406.6.4.5.
406.8.1.4 The cross-sectional
dimensions of each
member used in an
analysis to calculate
slenderness effects shall
be within 10 percent of the
specified member
dimensions in construction
documents or the analysis
shall be repeated.
406.8.1.5 Redistribution of moments
calculated by an inelastic
second-order analysis shall
not be permitted.

406.9 Acceptability of Finite

Element Analysis
406.9.1 Finite element analysis to
determine load effects shall
be permitted.
406.9.2 The finite element model
shall be appropriate for its
intended purpose.
406.9.3 For inelastic analysis, a
separate analysis shall be
performed for each
 factored load combination.
406.9.4 The licensed design
professional shall confirm
that the results are
appropriate for the
purposes of the analysis.
406.9.5 The cross-sectional
dimensions of each
member used in an
analysis shall be within 10
percent of the specified
member dimensions in
construction documents or
the analysis shall be
repeated.
406.9.6 Redistribution of moments
calculated by an inelastic
analysis shall not be
permitted.
 TYPES OF LOADS

SECTION 204. Dead Loads

Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials deconstruction incorporated into
the building or other structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, roots. | J ceilings,
stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding and other similarly incorporated
architectural and structural items, and fixed service equipment, including the weight of
cranes.

SECTION 205. Live Loads

Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or
occupancy but in no case shall be less than the loads required by this section.

SECTION 206. Other Minimum Loads

In addition to the other design loads specified in this chapter, structures shall be
designed to resist the loads specified in this section and the special loads set forth in
Table 205-2. See Section 207 for design wind loads and Section 208 for design
earthquake loads.

Lateral
Use or Occupancy Vertical Load
Load
Category Description kPa kPa
1. Construction, public access at site Walkway 7.2 -
(live load) Canopy 7.2 -
2. Grandstands, reviewing stands,
bleachers, and folding and telescoping Seats and footboards 1.75 kN/m See Note 3
seating (live load)
Catwalks 1.9 -
3. Stage accessories (live load) Follow spot, projection and
2.4 -
control rooms
Over stages 1.0 -
4, Ceiling framing (live load) All uses except over 4
0.5 -
stages
5. Partitions and interior walls, - - 0.25
6. Elevators and dumbwaiters (dead and
- 2*total load -
live loads)
Total load including impact 0.10*total
7. Cranes (dead and live loads) 1.25*total load5
increase load6
Exit facilities serving an
occupant load greater than - 0.75 kN/m7
8. Balcony railings and guardrails 50 persons
Other than exit facilities - 0.30 kN/m7
Components - 1.28
See Note
9. Vehicle barriers - -
10
See Table
10. Handrails - See Note 10
208-13
See Table
11. Storage racks Over 2.4m high Total loads11
208-13
 1.1kN plus
weight of
12. Fire sprinkler structural support -
water-filled
pipe12

SECTION 207. Wind Loads.

Buildings and other vertical structures shall be designed and constructed to resist
wind loads as specified and presented in Sections 207A through 207F.
Antenna towers and antenna supporting structures shall be designed and
constructed to resist wind loads as specified and presented in ANSI/TIA-222-G-2005,
entitled as “Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting
Structures and ANSI/TIA-222-G-1-2007, entitled as “Structural Standards for Steel
Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures - Addendum I”.

SECTION 208. Earthquake Loads

The purpose of the succeeding earthquake provisions is primarily to design
seismic-resistant structures to safeguard against major structural damage that may lead
to loss of life and property. These provisions are not intended to assure zero-damage to
structures nor maintain their functionality after a severe earthquake.

SECTION 209. Soil Lateral Loads

Basement, foundation and retaining walls shall be designed to resist lateral soil
loads. Soil loads specified in Table 209-1 shall be used as the minimum design lateral
soil loads unless specified otherwise in a soil investigation report approved by the
building official. Basement walls and other walls in which horizontal movement is
restricted at the top shall be designed for at-rest pressure. Retaining walls free to move
and rotate at the top are permitted to be designed for active pressure. Design lateral
pressure from surcharge loads shall be added to the lateral earth pressure load. Design
lateral pressure shall be increased if soils with expansion potential are present at the
site.

SECTION 210. Rain Loads

Roof drainage systems shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of
the code having jurisdiction in the area. The flow capacity of secondary (overflow)
drains or scuppers shall not be less than that of the primary drains or scuppers.

SECTION 211. Flood Loads

Within flood hazard areas as established in Section 211.3, all new construction of
buildings, structures and portions of buildings and structures, including substantial
improvement and restoration of substantial damage to buildings and structures, shall be
designed and constructed to resist the effects of flood hazards and flood loads. For
buildings that are located in more than one flood hazard area, the provisions associated
with the most restrictive flood hazard area shall apply.
BORING TEST
COMPONENTS OF BUILDING STRUCTURE
MINIMUM/ALLOWABLE DIMENSION OF COMPONENTS
OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE
MINIMUM/ALLOWABLE NUMBER AND SIZE OF REINFORCEMENTS OF
COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE
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