Chapter 2 Definitions, Units & Measures (Ajay)

CHAPTER-2
DEFINITIONS, UNITS & MEASURES
Que.1. Define calorific value, gross calorific value, net calorific value, caking
& coking of coal.
Ans. Calorific value: The calorific value is defined as the total heat produced when a unit
mass of fuel is completely burnt with pure oxygen.
Net Calorific value: when the Calorific value of a fuel is determined considering that the water
is present in the vapor form, it is said to be net Calorific value.
Gross Calorific value: If the vapor are condensed, the latent heat of water vapor can be made
available for useful purpose
Caking of coal: When the bituminous coal are heated, they soften and from a plastic mass that
swells and resolidifies into the porous solid, coal that exhibit such behavior are called caking of
coal.
Coking of coal: coking destructive distillation of coal to make coke a process for thermally
converting the heavy residual bottoms crude oil entirely to lower boiling petroleum products and
by product petroleum cokes. Thus if this part of heat is added to the net Calorific value is called
gross calorific value.
Que.2. Discuss about rank of coal.
Ans. The degree of 'metamorphism' or coalification undergone by a coal, as it matures

from peat to anthracite, has an important bearing on its physical and chemical properties, and is
referred to as the 'rank' of the coal. Low rank coals, such as lignite and sub-bituminous coals, are
typically softer, friable materials with a dull, earthy appearance; they are characterised by high
moisture levels and a low carbon content, and hence a low energy content. Higher rank coals are
typically harder an d stronger and often have a black vitreous lustre. Increasing rank is
accompanied by a rise in the carbon and energy contents and a decrease in the moisture content
of the coal. Anthracite is at the top of the rank scale and has a correspondingly higher carbon and
energy content and a lower level of moisture.
Coal rank implies the degree of coalification. It is a measure of the maturity of coal and is
assessed in terms of moisture and carbon content, volatile matter and Vitrinite reflectivity. While
peat and lignite are essentially low rank coals, anthracite are in the last stage of coalification and
form the highest rank of coals.
All coals are rocks formed form the altered remains of what was originally luscriant
vegetation. The variety of coals encountered relates to the amount of alteration that the original
material has undergone and the conditions that have influenced its formation into rank. The
concept of rank is used by coal of highest rank are those coals which have under gone the
greatest change – metamorphosis, as it is termed, Transformation stage gives us one of the
varities of coal. by rearranging the various types of coal in an ascending order of rank, we
achieve what is known as the coalification series.
In proceeding up this series from low to high rank, the character and composition of the
material changes. The following table describes some of the major variations that occur with
changes in rank. The concept of coal rank is used to indicate the stage of alteration attained by a
particular coal; the greater the alteration, the higher the rank of the coal
Rank Moisture% V.M.% F.C. Original depth

Of burial (m)
Peat 80 9 5 ---------
Lignite 55 20 17 Up to 1000
Sub-bituminous 20 36 40 Up to 2000
Bituminous 2 36 60 Up to 5000
Anthracite 1 9 87 More than 5000
The rank of coal is determined by low deeply the original plant matter was buried plant
material buried close to the surface become peat, while plant buried very deeply becomes semi-
anthracite coal.
As the depth increase the proportion of water in the coal is reduced, and the proportion of
carbon is increased. These change also affect the volume of coal. As it becomes higher in rank,
water and gaseous hydrocarbon are given off, and the coal become more compressed.
Que. 3 Describe about caking and coking of coal.
Ans.
Caking of coal: When the bituminous coal are heated, they soften and from a plastic mass that
swells and resolidifies into the porous solid, coal that exhibit such behavior are called caking of
coal.
Coking of coal: coking destructive distillation of coal to make coke a process for thermally
converting the heavy residual bottoms crude oil entirely to lower boiling petroleum products and
by product petroleum coke.
Samples (400 pounds) representative of 15 different coal beds were oxidized progressively in an
accelerated weathering apparatus and than subjected to a series of test to follow the change in
various aspects of their caking and coking behavior.
The length of time each coal could with stand standard oxidized condition before losing
its coking power showed a 16 fold rang among the coal tested.
The durability of coking power of most coals can be predicted with fair accuracy from
their analysis by the method developed loss in coking tendency of followed by several different
test comparisons showed:
 Decrease in agglutinating value predicts decreased strength of coke.
 The amount of un fused char remaining in the retort after carbonization can be correlated
with strength of coke and also with the agglomerating index that is based upon
classification of coke buttons made in the standard volatile matter test.
 The caking tendency of coals can be reduced greatly by storage or oxidation long before
the true loss in heating value exceeds one or two percent.
Que.4 Discuss about the gasification.
Ans. The gasification of coal involves chemical reaction between coal, steam and air
(or oxygen) at high temperature.
Gasification is process that convent organic or fossil boned carboneous material into
carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide
This is achieve by reducing by reacting the material at high temperature (>700˚C)

although combination with a controlled amount O2 and steam. The resulting gas mixture is called
syngas. The resulting is called gasification.
The gases obtained from coal are further processed and upgraded in several steps.
 Synthetic natural gas (SNG) is gaseous fuel obtained from coal or naptha, SNG contains
as to 98% methane.
 Manufactured gas: The gas obtained from distructive distillation of coal by thermal
decomposition of oil or by reaction with steam air, coal high temperature and pressure.
 Coal gas, coke even gas, blast furnace gas, blue gas, produced gas.
 Difference in this processes are related to the method of handling operations at each
stage.
→ Admission of coal into pressurized system.
→ Handling of agglomerating gas .
→ Removal of sulpher.
→ Removal of ash.
→ Catalytic shift conversion.
→ Methanation.
 The composition of synthetic gas obtained from coal gasification is a function of the
following.
→ Composition of coal.
→ Feed rate of oxygen.
→ Feed rate of coal.
→ Gasification temperature.
→ Gasification pressure.
Fig. shown in next page is simplified flow diagram comprising following steps:
 Hydro gasification in coal gasifier

 Catalytic shift conversion
 Purification
 Catalytic Methanation.
The choice of the basic scheme to be adopted for coal gasification plant depends on the
desired end products. Following alternate scheme have been developed:
 Coal gasification process for electric power plant, the slag and sulfur are by-products of
coal gasification and are sold as commercial product.
 Coal gasification for electric power, steam and methanol.
 Coal gasification for electric power, steam, hydrogen, methanol.
 Coal gasification for coal gas and coke (This process is also called coal gasification).
Fig. of generalized flow chart of coal gasification

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CHAPTER-2

DEFINITIONS, UNITS & MEASURES

Que.2. Discuss about rank of coal.

Ans. The degree of 'metamorphism' or coalification undergone by a coal, as it matures

Rank Moisture% V.M.% F.C. Original depth

Que. 3 Describe about caking and coking of coal.

Que.4 Discuss about the gasification.

This is achieve by reducing by reacting the material at high temperature (>700˚C)

 Hydro gasification in coal gasifier

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