Scribd
Upload
55 views

Mathematics - I-Subsidiary Course Code: MATH123: Dr. Sumit Kaur Bhatia Skbhatia@amity - Edu

This document is a lecture outline from Dr. Sumit Kaur Bhatia on set theory for a Mathematics - I Subsidiary course. The outline covers defining sets, representing sets in roster and set-builder form, classifying sets as empty, finite, or infinite, and identifying equal versus unequal sets. Learning outcomes include being able to identify, represent, and classify different types of sets. Exercises are provided to solidify understanding of these set theory concepts.

Uploaded by

Mitesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
55 views

Mathematics - I-Subsidiary Course Code: MATH123: Dr. Sumit Kaur Bhatia Skbhatia@amity - Edu

This document is a lecture outline from Dr. Sumit Kaur Bhatia on set theory for a Mathematics - I Subsidiary course. The outline covers defining sets, representing sets in roster and set-builder form, classifying sets as empty, finite, or infinite, and identifying equal versus unequal sets. Learning outcomes include being able to identify, represent, and classify different types of sets. Exercises are provided to solidify understanding of these set theory concepts.

Uploaded by

Mitesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary

Course Code: MATH123

Dr. Sumit Kaur Bhatia


[email protected]

Department of Mathematics
Amity Institute of Applied Science
Amity University, Uttar Pradesh
Noida, Uttar Pradesh
India
July 1, 2020
Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 1 / 19
Brief outline of the lecture

Set Theory
Representation of Sets
Classification of sets

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 2 / 19


Learning Outcomes

After this lecture student will be able to identify sets.


After this lecture student will be able to represent sets.
After this lecture student will be able to classify sets.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 3 / 19


SET THEORY

The theory of sets was developed by German mathematician George


Cantor(1845-1918). A set is defined as:

Definition
A set is a collection of well-defined objects which are called members or
elements of that set.
By well-defined it is meant that the criteria for determining the members
of the set should not be subjective.
Example
The collection of students who speak the truth. Is it well defined? Perhaps
not.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 4 / 19


Examples of Sets used particularly in mathematics:
N : the set of all natural numbers
Z : the set of all integers
Q : the set of all rational numbers
R : the set of all real numbers
Z+ : the set of all positive integers
Q+ : the set of all positive rational numbers
R+ : the set of all positive real numbers

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 5 / 19


Remark
(i) Objects, elements and members of a sets are synonymous.
(ii) Sets are usually denoted by capital letters A, B, X, Y etc.
(iii) The elements of a set are represented by small letters a, b, x, y etc.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 6 / 19


Representing Sets

There are two methods of representing a set:


1 Roster or tabular form
2 Set builder form
Roster Form: In roster form, all the elements of a set are listed, the
elements are being separated by commas and all enclosed within braces{}.

Example
Consider the sets of all vowels in the English alphabets, it is described in
roster form as {a, e, i, o, u}.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 7 / 19


Remark
(i) In roster form, the order in which the elements are listed is immaterial.
(ii) In roster form, an element is not generally repeated i.e. all the
elements are taken as distinct.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 8 / 19


Set Builder Form: In this form, all the elements of a set posses a single
common property which is not possessed by any element outside the set.
Example
Consider the set {a, e, i, o, u}, in this set all the elements posses a
common property, i.e., each of them is a vowel in the English alphabet and
no other letter posses this property.This set can be written as
V ={x : x is a vowel in English Alphabet}

Remark
In set builder form, the element of the set is denoted by x(other letters
can also be used to denote the element) which is followed by colon “:”
after which we write the characteristic property possessed by the elements
of the set and then enclose the whole description within braces.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 9 / 19


Example
1 A = {x : x is a natural number and 1 < x < 5}
2 B = {x : x is a natural number which divides 32 }

Example
Write the solution set of the equation x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0.

Solution: The given equation is x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0


⇒ (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0
⇒ x = 2, 3
Therefore, the solution set in roster form is {2, 3}.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 10 / 19


Example
Write the set {x : x is a positive integer and x 2 < 50} in the roster form.

Solution: The required numbers are 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. So the set in roster


form is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.

Example
Write the set A = {1, 4, 9, 16, . . .} in set builder form.

Solution: We may write the set A as,


A = {x : x is the square of a natural number}
Alternatively, it can be written as A = {x : x = n2 , where n ∈ N}

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 11 / 19


Exercises

1 Which of the following are sets? Justify your answers.


I The collection of all alphabets of English language.
I The collection of ten most talented actors.
I A collection of five best IPL teams.
2 List all the elements of the following sets:
I A = {x : x is an integer, x 2 < 16}
I B = {x : x is a letter in the word ALGEBRA}
I C = {x : x is a month of a year having 31 days}
3 Write the following sets in set builder form:
I {3, 6, 9, 12}
I {1, 3, 5, 7, . . .}
I {5, 25, 125, 625}

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 12 / 19


Classification of Sets

Definition
Empty Set: A set which does not contain any element is called the empty
set or null set or void set. It is denoted by {} or φ.

Few examples of empty set are as follows:


A = {x : 1 < x < 2, x is a natural number}
B = {x : x 2 − 8 = 0, x is a rational number}

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 13 / 19


Definition
Finite and Infinite Set: A set which is empty or consists of a definite
number of elements is called finite, otherwise the set is infinite.

Example
Let M be the set of months of the year. Then M is finite.
Let P be the set of points on a line. Then P is infinite.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 14 / 19


Definition
Equivalent Sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equivalent if they have
exactly the same number of elements and it is expressed as A ≡ B.

Definition
Equal Sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly
the same elements and it is expressed as A = B. Otherwise, the sets are
said to be unequal and it is written as A 6= B.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 15 / 19


Consider the following examples:
Let A= {x, y , z, w } and B= {w , y , x, z} then A = B.
Let A be the set of prime numbers less than 6 and B be the set of
prime factors of 30. Then A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {2, 3, 5}. Clearly
A=B

Remark
A set does not change if one or more elements of the set are repeated.

For example:A = {a, b, c} and B = {a, a, b, b, b, c} are equal, since each


element of A is in B and vice versa. This is why generally elements are not
repeated in describing a set.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 16 / 19


Example
Find a pair of equal sets; if any in the following sets.
(i) A = {2, 3}
(ii) B = {y : y is a letter in the word WOLF}
(iii) C = {x : x is a solution of the equation x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0}
(iv) D = {y : y is a letter in the word FOLLOW}

Solution: The sets can be written in roster form as follows:


(i) A = {2, 3} (ii) B = {W , O, L, F } (iii) C = {−2, −3} (iv)
D = {F , O, L, W }
So, A 6= B, A 6= C , A 6= D, B 6= C , C 6= D but B = D
Thus, only pair of equal sets are B and D.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 17 / 19


Exercises

1 Which of the following are examples of null set?


I Set of even prime numbers.
I {x : x is a natural number,x < 4andx > 5}
2 State whether each of the following sets is finite or infinite.
I The set of lines which are parallel to y − axis.
I The set of numbers which are divisible by 3.
I The set of circles passing through origin.

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 18 / 19


Thank You !!

Mathematics – I- Subsidiary: MATH123 Module I July 1, 2020 19 / 19

You might also like