Module 1 General Concepts of Sciecne, Technology and Society

Lesson 1: Introduction to STS In early societies, scientific

study was undertaken by priests
The most basic definition of and monks, and scientific
science is "it is a systematic
knowledge of nature through
Linking knowledge was taught in temples
and monasteries.
repeatable observation and
Science and As civilizations developed, the

What is experimentation." Its aim is the

discovery of the laws
govern natural phenomena.
that
Religion
link between science and religion
weakened and science became the
domain of philosophy.

Science? The systematic knowledge

based on facts, nature, and
A clear
science and
distinction
religion
between
did
develop until well into the 18th
not

it's formulated through century.

careful observation,
experimentation, and research

Science developed from the observation of regularity in the Religion, like science, attempts
natural world such as the return of spring after winter the to establish a system of
setting of the sun at a day's end, the falling of the ebb tide knowledge about nature.
after high water. Regularity suggests that nature is not all All religions are based on the
chaos but follows rules. belief that gods act in an
orderly fashion and make sure
Defined in this way science has been a human activity well
before the development of the first civilizations. The oldest
civilizations are believed to have emerged sometime before 3000
that nature follows rules.
The human mind is opposed to Religion
chaos; it can only make sense of
BC, but excavations from Catal Hüyük in Anatolia have shown an ordered world and finds order
that the people in today's Turkey had developed advanced skills to meet its needs, even where
in measurement and accurate mapping as early as 6200 BC. order may not exist.
 Technology is about taking
Science is a system of
action to meet human needs
knowledge based on
rather than merely understanding

Separation repeatable observation and

experiment.
Religion is a system of
the workings of the
world, which is the goal of
natural

What is
of Science knowledge based
unverifiable belief.
on
Science.
It uses much more scientific
knowledge and includes values as
Technology?
and Early societies had only
limited means of
experimentation, and their
much as facts, practical craft
knowledge much as theoretical

Religion
knowledge
endeavor to discover the
The word technology has changed
laws of nature had to rely
its meaning several times since
on a range of unverifiable
it came into use in Europe
assumptions.
during the 17th century.

In the most general terms, it can be defined as the application

As human knowledge progressed, the need for unverifiable
of knowledge about nature to the practical aims of human
assumptions decreased progressively, and eventually science
endeavor. If this definition is accepted it follows that
and religion separated.
technological development occurred at least as early as the
Religious belief can still stimulate scientific discovery
first scientific study: Stone-age humans realized that
today.
flintstone produces better cutting tools than sandstone. They
Einstein's famous words "God does not play dice" expressed
made that discovery and used their new knowledge well before
the belief in a God who loves order, a belief that
someone found the scientific explanation for the phenomenon.
influenced his approach to scientific study and led to new
scientific insight.
Long periods of human history were characterized by the
People in early human societies had to spend much of their
mastering of technologies such as the smelting of copper,
time procuring food and shelter and could not afford to put
bronze or iron, without much knowledge of the underlying
much effort into non-essential activities. If science was
scientific principles. In some societies, this lack of
practiced in the earliest societies it must have been for a
scientific understanding gave technology mystical qualities and
purpose; in other words, science was undertaken for
lead to misguided activities such as medieval European alchemy
practical applications. The fruits of science translated
(unscientific attempts to convert lead or other low value
into new technological developments.
metals into silver or gold) or the quest for immortality
through chemical concoctions in ancient China.
 Society is a group of
individuals involved in
persistent social
interaction, or a larg social Humans are the only creatures that live
group sharing the same in evolving societies because they can

What is geographical
territory.
or social restructure their societies in response
to changes in environmental and economic
conditions.

Society? Society is the organizational

form in which individuals of
a species live together. Even The earliest human society was
hunter-gatherer society. It relied on
the
the animal world contains
many examples of different food availability from the land and could
societies. therefore only support very small kinship
groups. Larger gatherings of many people
could be sustained only on festive
Bears have a large daily food intake
(religious) occasions and then only for a
requirement but live in an
few days.
environment where the food supply is
scattered over a wide region; as a
consequence bears live solitary lives
through most of the year.
The agricultural society is still
widespread today and probably the
Lions and wolves rely on
most common society structure
collaborative hunting and therefore
across the globe. It coexists
live in small hunting parties. In
with the more advanced form of
both cases the internal structure of
the urban society, which
their societies is determined by the
developed when the division of
environmental conditions and the
labor reached the stage where
survival needs of the species. Their
individuals specialized in trades
societies cannot evolve; bears could
and had to receive food and other
not survive in groups, nor could
subsistence in exchange for
lions live solitary lives.
products of their work.
 A civilization is therefore always sustained by an urban
An important aspect of the society, although the majority of its people may (and often
development of societies is that do) live in an agricultural society structure in the
interaction between many countryside.
individuals is impossible

Society without
acceptable
rules of
behavior.
socially
The
establishment of a moral code is
The existence of prehistoric art demonstrates that human
societies developed
civilization. The
a
point
culture
where a
before
culture
they developed
evolved into

and Ethics therefore a natural product of

the evolution
(Singer, 1995).
of societies
civilization is difficult to determine, and the boundaries
between the two concepts are indeed blurred.

If culture is behavior, civilization is structure. One approach

to defining civilization lists a few conditions that have to be
It is a widespread belief that moral codes are based on
met before society is considered a civilization.
religious foundations and that without religion there can be no
agreement on what is right and what is wrong. The comparative
study of humans and animal societies shows that moral codes are Culture Defined Description of Different
a natural ingredient and regulator of life in all societies. Civilization
Any group of humans or animals falls apart if its members make The classic definition of culture
Different civilizations
frequent recourse to totally unrestrained attacks. goes back to 1871, when the
are described based mainly
English anthropologist Edward
on their
Burnett Tylor wrote in his work
Civilization requires that Primitive Culture that "culture cultural achievements
the society has developed a ... is that complex whole which spiritual achievements
central institution includes knowledge, belief, art, artistic achievements
responsible for
organization of daily life
the
What is morals, law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired
support, for example, the
maintenance of a water
supply or a transportation
civilization? by man as a member of society."

Culture is behaviour; it includes language, rituals, social

system. customs and many other elements of expression.
This requires an advanced Ex. Neolithic Culture - is an artistic expressions of stone-
administration, which is not age humans.
found before the development French culture - “French way of life”; which is a major
of cities. consideration in the formation of today's nation.
 1. the existence of cities;

Civilization is
2. advanced division of labo
ur based
on specialized occupational gr
3. social classes, including
oups;
a ruling
Summary
Characterized class that is exempt from wo
rk for Science is a system of knowledge based on repeatable
by basic subsistence;
n collect
observation and experiment. Religion is a system of
4. an administration that ca knowledge based on unverifiable belief.
surplus" (taxes or Technology is the application of knowledge about nature
"social
tribute); to the practical aims of human endeavor.
gned as
5. public buildings not desi Technology and science began as parallel developments but
dwellings but for communal became eventually inseparable.
purposes; and Society is the organizational form in which individuals
rm.
6. record-keeping in written fo of a species live together.
Human society is the only evolving society; its structure
changes in response to environmental and economic
conditions from the hunter-gatherer society through the
agricultural society to urban society.
Not all civilizations satisfy all of these criteria, but to be The development of cities was accompanied by a division
considered a civilization they have to satisfy the majority of of labour and by the development of classes.
them. The structure of the basic social unit (family) of the
human society evolves in response to changes in society,
Thus defined, civilizations are large structures that can and its role differs between its classes.
contain many cultures. The boundaries between different Civilization requires a central institution responsible
civilizations are sometimes not well defined, particularly when for the organization of daily life and an advanced
one civilization evolved from another. It is therefore not administration.
possible to state with certitude a definite number for all Civilization is structure; culture is behaviour.
civilizations of the world, but the number is small, much
smaller than the number of languages, nations or art styles.
There are a few thousand languages and hundreds of cultures but
only about a dozen civilizations.
 Lesson 2: Interrelated of STS
Most new technology is the result of scientific research Ancient cities were therefore usually small but extremely
that preceded it. crowded.
It is also generally accepted that today science and Evidence obtained from excavations from before 2000 BC
technology are closely linked and that science provides the suggests that cities of up to 20,000 people occupied less
theoretical underpinning for its technological applications. than half a kilometre square, a population density nearly
The symbol of this symbiosis is probably Thomas Alva Edison, twice that of today's most crowded cities such as Kolkata
the first engineer to establish a factory for inventions (Calcutta) or Shanghai
just before the 20th century. Technological innovation offered opportunities to take up a
Science and technology are activities exclusive to the trade, but these innovations affected mainly the way in
species Homo sapiens. which people hunt or build houses and not so much the way in
But it is not science that sets humans visibly apart from which people prepare meals.
the animal world, because scientific research produces It was therefore mostly the men who took up a trade and
invisible results, and it is impossible to tell whether an began to bring money into the family.
animal can think and reach scientific conclusions or not. As a result, the development of the urban society increased
The proof is not in the thought but in the action. Some the economic dependence of women, and women became more and
animals have been observed to use tools, for example a stick more disadvantaged.
to poke into a bees' nest or to reach a fruit on a tree; but Societies cannot ignore prevailing economic conditions, but
no animal fashions general tools and keeps them for later there can be choices in their response to economic change.
use. Village societies in Europe and in the South Pacific existed
This is the essence of technology, and if proof is required under similar economic conditions but developed quite
that Homo sapiens differs from all other animal species, different social structures.
technology can provide it. The economic conditions of 21st century capitalism can offer
The rise of the urban society is a clear example of the economic independence for all; they do not prescribe a
interaction between technology and society. society of isolated individuals connected through electronic
Increased division of labour resulted from new technological technology.
developments and allowed people to live in communities of a
size that could not be sustained before.
Technology also defined the size of the new cities:
Everything required for daily life had to be reached by
foot, and living quarters had to be within reasonable
distance of the public water supply.
 Without technology, some science expirements would not be
Science Technology possible
Without science, technology could not proceed

1. Deals with natural world. 1. Deals with how humans The very questions that scientist ask are shaped by the
2. is very concernced with what modify, change, alter, or available technology.
is (exists) in the natural control the natural world.
From the beginning of time, man has strived to improve his
world (i.e.: Biology, 2. is very concerned with what
way and quality of life. The caveman discovered how to make
Chemistry, Physics, etc.) can or should designed,
and use tools, developed a logical sequence for activities,
3. is concerned with processes made, or developed from,
and evolved processes that added value to his life.
that seek out the meaning of natural world materials and
the natural world by substances to satisfy human
The totality of the use and application of his knowledge,
"Inquiry", "Discovering what needs and wants
skills, tools, and materials constitutes what we today
is", "exploring", and using 3. is concerned with such
describe as "technology"
"the Scientific Method" processes that we use to
alter/change the natural
world such as "invention", The relationship between
"Innovation", Practical
problem solving and Design
technology
reciprocal.
and society
Society
is
drives
Technology
technological change while
changing technologies in turn
shapes
Science explores for the shape society. Society?
Interconnection purpose of knowing,
technology explores for the
while Technological decisions should
take into account both costs
or
between Science purpose of making something
useful from that knowledge
and benefits.
Everyone should observe how
Society
and technology Science drives technology by the technological changes are shapes
making new technology possible
through scientific
driven by the needs of society
and;
Technology?
breakthroughs they should be able to predict
Engineers focus on using what some of the consequences
science to develop products of those new technologies
might be.
 Lesson 3: Importance/Analysis of STS
Development is...
For every nation to get developed, the application of both The acceleration of economic growth
science and technology has to go hand in hand. Villages are The reduction of inequality
developed into towns and towns to cities and cities are The eradication of absolute poverty
expanding to greater horizons. This expansion has occurred A multidimensional process
through the expansion of science and technology over the years Involves the reorganization and reorientation
passed and will be more in the coming years. of the entire economic and social systems
Involves major changes in administrative,
The role that science and technology have played in improving institutional, and social structure
the life conditions across the globe is vivid, but the benefit Involves major changes in popular attitudes,
has been harvested maximum by all countries. Science and customs, and beliefs
technology have made life a lot easier and also a lot better
with the advancement of medicines and analysis on diseases. In
spite of the advancements in almost all sectors, still, the
What is the role of science and
world is not free from hunger, disease, pollution, illiteracy, technology in development?
and poverty. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened.
By the 21st century, with the right applications of research, Science and technology are considered by many to be forces
development, and implications of science and technology a major for improvement in the welfare of developing states.
difference could be brought about. On the other hand, science and technology are also feared by
many to be potential contributors to the dehumanization of
man and to the degradation of environment.
Recognizing these two seemingly opposing influences of
science and technology in development, we need to be
Science and to many countries, development objective in our perspective, that is, to view science and

Technology in is simply becoming in the

future of what industrialized
technology in development.

Development countries are today.

Lesson 4: Development of Technology and its Benefits to the Society

Technology has advanced into many areas of our lives, making

information more accessible, improving communication, changing
transportation, and the list goes on. While it is easy to sit
back and benefit from a plethora of technological advancements,
it is crucial we do not become blind to its effects on society.
Today, society is hugely reliant on technology and showing no
signs of curtailing its dependence.

Technology can make our lives easier, but with each benefit
comes a potential cost. We can still advance technologically
without impacting society too immensely by understanding these
costs and minimizing them.
 Module II Historical Antecedents
Lesson 1: Historical Antecedents in the World
THE GREEKS were the first people to try and
develop the theory behind their
Through science, we develop new observations. People such as Pythagoras
technologies. Technology is the concentrated on a mathematical view of the
application of scientifically world. Similarly, Aristotle and Plato
gained knowledge for practical developed logical methods for examining the
purpose. Scientists use technology world around them.
in all their experiments. A It was the Greeks who first suggested that
scientist is someone who conducts matter was made up of atoms - fundamental
scientific research to advance particles that could not be broken down
knowledge in an area of interest. further.
But it wasn't only the Greeks who moved
science on. Science was also being
developed in India, China, the Middle East
and South America.

In about 4000 BC, the Mesopotamians

it took until the 16th century for Copernicus to revolutionize
tried to explain their observations by
(literally) the way that we look at the Universe, and for
suggesting that the Earth was at the
Harvey to put forward his ideas on how blood circulated around
center of the Universe, and that the
the human body. This slow progress was sometimes the result of
other heavenly bodies moved around it.
religious dogma, but it was also a product of troubled times!
Humans have always been interested in the
nature and origins of this Universe.
 The Birth of Modern Science
It was in the 17th century that modern science was really born, Aristotle - Biology
and the world began to be examined more closely, using
instruments such as the telescope, microscope, clock and
Great Ancient Euclid - Geometry
Hippocrates - Medicine
barometer. It was also at this time that scientific laws Time Scientist Archimedes - Astronomy
started to be put forward for such phenomena as gravity and the
way that the volume, pressure and temperature of a gas are
related.

In the 18th century much of basic biology and chemistry was Use of allegory- using of symbols
developed as part of the Age of Enlightenment. or representation that convey
The 19th century saw some of the great names of science: people
like the chemist
meaning rather than literal. Characteristics
Carefully studied Human Anatomy
John Dalton, who developed the atomic theory of matter, Developed art paintings of Medieval Time
Michael Faraday and James Maxwell who both put forward Invention of mechanical clock
theories concerning electricity and magnetism. Technology of weaving and textile
Charles Darwin, who proposed the (still) controversial making• Use of iron in mining
theory of evolution.

Each of these developments forced scientists radically to re-

examine their views of the way in which the world worked. Johann Gutenberg (1398 - 1468)
- Inventor-Printing Press
Leonardo Davinci (1425-1519)
Increasingsedentism
Great People of - Architect and Designer
Charlemagne (742-814)

Characteristics
metallurgy
Craft specialization
Medieval Time -Emperor and King
-Bring new monetary system and
Monumental architecture
of Ancient times Astronomical observations
Writing system
educational reform
Joan of Arc (1412-1431)
- Missionary and Mlitary Leader
Roads and transportation
 Increasing role of science and Lesson 2: Historical Antecedents in the Philippines
technology.
Mass literacy and proliferation
of mass media.
Science
Characteristics Spread of social movements. In pre- Spanish Philippines, science is embedded in the way of
Institution of representative life of the Filipinos. Scientific knowledge is observed in the
of Modern Times democracy. way they plant their crops that provide them food, in taking
Individualism. care of animals to help them in their daily tasks, and for food
Industrialization. productions.
Urbanization.
Science is observed in the way they interpret the movements
of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates, and in
Mark Zuckerberg organizing days into months and years. They used science in
- Founder and CEO of Facebook preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and like any other
Louis Pasteur ancient culture, they discovered the medicinal uses of plants.
- A French Microbioligist Great People of
Michael Faraday
- Discovered the principles of Modern Time Technology
electromagnetic induction and Is used by people in building houses, irrigations and in
diamagnetism, and the laws of developing tools that they can use in everyday life. They
electrolysis. develop tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing,
for fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts,
and for transportation, both on land and on water ways. They
also develop technologies in creating musical instruments.

Stone Age
Archaeological findings show that modern man from Asian
mainland first came over land across narrow channels to live
in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
Subsequently, they formed settlements in Sulu, Davao,
Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan,
and Cagayan.
Inventions Trading
They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later The people of Ma-1 and San- Hsu [Palawan] traded bee wax,
developed method of sawing and polishing stones around cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise shell and
40,000 B.C medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, leads,
By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes ornaments of fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron, pots, iron needles
seashells and pottery. Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 and fin.
years until they imported Chinese porcelain. Soon they
learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal
tools and ornaments.
Before Spaniards
Filipinos were already engaged in activities and practices
Iron Age related to science forming primitive or first wave technology.
Included were the curative values of some plant and the
The Iron Age lasted from the third century B.C to 11th technology on how to extract medicine from herbs. They had an
century A.D .During this period Filipinos were engaged in alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting and weights
extraction, smelting and refining of iron from ores until and measure. They had no calendar, but the years were
the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from determined by the period of the moon and the period from one
China. harvest to another.
Invention/Discoveries
They learned to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and
cultivate lowland rice and dike fields of terraced fields
utilizing spring water in mountain regions.
They also learned to build boats for trading purposes. Pre-Colonial Period
Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships called
caracoa suited for interisland trade raids. Scientific and technological development in the Philippines
began in the Pre-Colonial Period. Even before the Spaniards
10th Century A.D came to the Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers were
Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with champa [Vietnam] already using certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems of
and those from Ma-1 [Mindoro] with China as noted in Chinese farming and animal- raising were also implemented. Moreover,
records containing several references to the Philippines. early Filipinos had also developed different modes of
These archaeological findings indicated that regular trade transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime.
relations between the Philippines, China and Vietnam had
been well established from the 10th century to the 15th
century A.D.
 A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of
the Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. Through In 1947, the Bureau of Science was recognized into an
these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the Institute of Science. In the same year, an Institute of
mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated an Nutrition, and in 1952, the Science Foundation of the
irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountain Philippines [SFP] were created and placed [along with the
tops to achieve an elaborate farming system. The rice terraces Institute of Science] under the Office of the President.
of the Cordilleras, which are still functional, show the
innovative and ingenious way of the natives to survive in an
otherwise unfriendly environments.
Lesson 3: Different Filipino Inventions
Colonial Period Agapito Flores is the reason why the
world becomes brighter. A Filipino
Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with
modern means of construction. Wall, roads, bridges, and other
large infrastructure were built using some of the engineering
Florescent
by Agapito Flores
Inventor who is known for his funnel
of the Fluorescent light tube
skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, the invention – one of the most commonly
Spanish government developed health and education systems that used lighting devices in the world.
were enjoyed by the principal class
The American occupation modernized almost all aspect of life
The first Asian to have entered the
in the Philippines. They established a government Agency, the
prestigious Harvard University’s
Bureau of Science ,for the sole purpose of Nurturing
Development in the field of science and technology.
School of Medicine is also credited Incubator
by Fe Del Mundo
for her studies that lead to the
invention of incubator and jaundice
Science and Technology during the relieving device.

American Period
Science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly
during the American regime. This was made possible by the Karaoke
by Roberto Del Rosario
Roberto del Rosario is the president
of the Trebel Music Corporation and
simultaneous government encouragement and support for an the inventor of the Karaoke Sing
extensive public education system, the granting of scholarships Along System in 1975.
for higher education in science and engineering, the
organization of science research agencies and establishment of
science based public services.
 He is the inventor of the Moon Buggy
or the Lunar Rover. This Moon buggy
ALCO-DIESEL, LAN-GAS, AND
Lunar Rover
by Eduardo San Juan
was the car used by Neil Armstrong
and other astronauts when they first
SUPERBUNKER FORMULA
by Rudy Lantano sr.
explored the moon in 1969. In 1996, Rudy Lantano Sr., a revolutionary fuel half-composed
of water. The mix burns faster and emits pollutants, 95 percent
less than those released to the air by traditional fuel
products. The inventor said his invention is a result of
Gregorio Zara was born in Lipa City blending new ingredients and additives with ordinary oil
Philippines, invented the videophone products through agitation and mixing, which is a very safe
in 1955 and referred to as a process.
Photophone separator signal.
Gregorio Zara invented 30 Patented Videophone
by Gregorio Zara
Dr. Virgilio “Billy” Malang is
products includingThe Compass in one of the renowned Filipino
1929,
Chamber
Wooden
and
Microscope,
Robot that
Vapor
talked
Feminine Hygiene inventors. One of his famous
inventions was the Feminine
by Dr. Virgilio Malang
walked, and responded to a given Hygiene or The External Vaginal
command. Etc… Cleanser.

Aguilar discovered the antibiotic

from the Aspergillus species of SINGLE-CHIP GRAPHICAL USER
fungi in 1949 and sent samples to
Indiana-based pharmaceutical firm INTERFACE ACCELERATOR
by Diosdado Banatao
Eli Lilly Co. The drug firm

Erythromycin
by Abelardo Aguilar
allegedly registered the propriety
name Iloson for the antibiotic in
Introduced the first single-chip graphical user interface
accelerator that made computers work a lot faster and for
honor of Iloilo province where helping develop the Ethernet controller chip that made the
Aguilar discovered it. Erythromycin, Internet possible. In 1989, he pioneered the local bus
the generic name of Iloson, was concept for personal computers and in the following year
reportedly the first successful developed the First Windows accelerator chip. Intel is now
macrolide antibiotic introduced in using the chips and technologies developed by Banatao. He now
the US. runs his own semiconductor company, Mostron, and Chips &
Technology, which is based in California’s Silicon Valley.
 an innovative ink at that time and Carmen Velasquez - She discovered 32 species and one
was further developed to work with genus of digenetic trematodes on fish populations. She
Parker Pens. Aside from being quick- also discovered two new trematode species on birds and
Quink Ink drying, it was also water-resistant,
by Francisco Quisumbing did not clog the pen opening, does
five on mammals.
Jose Rodriguez - invented methods of controlling Leprosy
not blot, and will not fade. It is
considered one of the best selling
ink for fountain pens of the
Lesson 4: Intellectual Revolution
millennium. is used to refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in
Others: the period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE).
the alternative, technical terms are "pre Socratic" or "non-
Daniel Dingel - Water-powered Car theological" or "first philosophy"
Angel Alcala - Artificial Coral Reefs the world is a natural whole
Julian Banzon - coconut and other indigenous materials as
“renewable sources of chemicals and fuels.” 3 Characteristics there is a natural order
humans can discover those
Ramon Barba - known for inventing techniques to promote crop laws
flowering
Juan Salcedo Jr. - "Enriched Rice" Rice fortified with B1
Lourdez J. Cruz - toxic peptides from the venom of fish-
hunting conus marine snails Thales ca 585 BCE
Edgardo Dizon Gomez - world's first national-scale assessment argued that the primary
of damage to coral reefs leading to international substance was 'water' perhaps
conservation initiatives. He also pioneered giant clam observing that water can be
NS Juliano - contributions to the chemistry and technology of observed in liquid, gas or solid
rice and rice food products form.
Dr. Gelia T. Castillo - ecognized for her outstanding
contributions to agricultural social science resulting in a
body of knowledge about Philippine rural society which has
enabled the Filipino to better understand the social Pythagoras
conditions and dynamics of agricultural and rural perceived that the ultimate
development. reality (arché) was not
Dioscoro L. Umali - Father of Philippine plant breeding something material, but number.
 Intellectual revolutions ASIAN
The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom
that defined society and independent nationhood along the improvement brought by
it internally.
COPERNICAN MIDDLE EAST
This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the
placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected development and growth of individual nationalism,
Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize
and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of
solar system having the earth revolving around it.) the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region.
DARWINIAN AFRICAN
This has brought a great impact on how people approach The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.
Biology forever. This revolution provided a different than
the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started
when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of
Species" that emphasizes that humans are the result of an
evolution.
FREUDIAN
This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with
Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory of MAYA CIVILIZATION
Personality" that involves the human development contributes Incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into
to his/her personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is their temples and religious structures
the process for achieving proper functioning if a human does They built observatories so their priest could watch the
not complete his/her developmental stage. stars and plan the best time for festivals, religious
INFORMATION rituals and cultural celebrations
This has been the era in which technology has been Maya believed sacrifices to the Gods had to be carefully
prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age that has timed
brought so much change on how are we living today. Writing System - Maya Hieroglypich writing
MESO-AMERICAN
It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for INCA CIVILIZATION
Archaeology. The temples and pyramids left a lot about of Polytheists
Architecture that leads us to study more of it. Inti (Sun God) the most important God
had religious festivals to honor Gods
AZTECS ARYABHATA
Built beautiful and sophisticated cities First of the major mathematician-
Highly developed empire had an elaborate leader and society astronomer from the classical age of
that consisted four classes Indian mathematics and Indian
1. Nobles - Highest in power astronomy
2. Commoners - majority of populations were mostly Aryabhatiya - Place value system;
farmers Approximation of pi; Triginometry
3. Serfs - Worked land for the nobles Solar and Lunar eclipses were
4. Slaves - Consisted of those captured and scientifically explained by Aryabhata.
indebted who couldn't pay He states that the Moon and planets
shine by reflected sunlight
365-day calendar and a 260-day ritual calendar
calculates the end of the world as December 21, 2012
Science and Technology in Asia
BRAHMAGPUTA
In the past, the Asian civilizations most notable for their Brahmasphutasiddhanta
contributions to science and technology were India, China and defined the properties of the number
the West Asian civilizations. At present, probably the most zero, both as a place holder and a
notable country in Asia in terms of its technological and decimal digit
scientific achievement is Japan, which is particularly known suggested that gravity was a force of
for its electronics and automobile products. In recent years, attraction
China and India have also once again become major contributors
to science and technology. Other countries are also notable in
other scientific fields such as chemical and physical
achievements.

INDIA ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works Development of Geometry
Medicine - Ayurveda Center of alchemy
Ancient Indians were very interested in astronomy studied human anatomy and pharmacology
They were aware of seven of the eight planets Astronomy
They knew the sun was a star Mathematics
They could even predict eclipses of the sun and the moon
 Module 111: Science and Technology in Nation Building
It is a well-known fact that no nation can develop without Lesson 1: Science and Technology Education in the PH
advancing in the areas of science and technology.
Science and technology have been considered as one of the PRE-SPANISH PHILIPPINES
driving forces of the economic growth of nations. Embedded in the way of life
Countries like Japan, India, South Korea, and Taiwan have
achieved much through science and technology for economic
growth.
Science Technology
1. Planting Crops 1. Building houses
Without a proper foundation in basic sciences, it is very 2. Take care of animals 2. Irrigations
difficult if not impossible to achieve sustainable 3. Food Production 3. Developing tools
scientific development. 4. Interpret the movements of 4. Musical Intruments
It is now recognized that scientific knowledge, which is heavenly bodies to predict 5. Metal Age influence
inexhaustible, is more essential for the wealth creation of the season and climates 6. Trading with other
nations today than either capital or land. 5. Medicinal use of plants countries
The standard of living of a nation depends on science and
technology whether in agriculture, food production, good SPANISH RULE
health, good housing, communication, better roads, etc. Brought their own culture and practices
Even if a country has a national commitment to science and Established school and introduced the concepts of subjects
technology, if literacy is low, it will not be successful and disciplines
in its national development. Learning of science in school focuses on understanding
different concepts related to the human body, plants,
animals, and bodies
Technology focuses on using and developing house tools

LIFE DURING THE SPANISH ERA

Became modernized
Filipinos replicated technology brought by Spaniards using
indigenous materials
Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal
colleges and universities
GALLEON TRADE
HEALTH AND SANITATION
Galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely from post
Filipino learned the value of cleanliness, proper hygiene,
areas of Fujian who traveled to Manila to sell Spaniards
and healthy practices
spices, porcelain, ivory, processed silk cloth and other
Hospitals, clinics, and health centers were established
valuable commodities.
including public hospital for lepers
From 1565 to 1815, the galleon trade contributed to the
change of culture, language, and environment for both
INFRASTRUCTURE
Philippines and Mexico
Americans built roads, streets, and bridges
The galleon trade was a government monopoly. Only two
The new infrastructure helped make the movement of products
galleons were used: One sailed from Acapulco to Manila with
and services more efficient
some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea;
Boulevards, zone districts, and centers of leisure were also
the other sailed from Manila to Acapulco, with some 250,000
established
worth of goods spending 90 days at sea
NEW REPUBLIC
The country became one of the centers of global trade in SEA Focusing on using its limited resources in improving S&T
one of the most developed places in the religion capability.
Use of overseas development allocation to improve scientific
Superstitious beliefs and Catholic doctrine and practices productivity and technological capability
halted the growth science in the country HUman resources development

AMERICAN PERIOD
More influence in the Development of Science and technology
Public Education System
Improved engineering works and health of the people
Mineral resources were explored and exploited

"Americanized" the Filipinos

Reorganized the learning of science
In basic education, science education focuses on nature
studies and science and sanitation
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
3.Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
INtroduced and implemented programs, projects, and policies
to boost science and technology Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing
Goal: prepare the whole country and its people to meet the firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards by
demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the full implementation of the FDA
people to live in a world driven by science Creating an education council dedicated to
standardization of pharmaceutical services
In response to ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly and care
the DOST, has sought the expertise of the NRCP to consult Empowering food and drug agencies to
various sectors in the society to study how the Philippines can conduct evidence-based research as the
prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 goals. pool of information
Allocating 2% of the GDP to research
Legislating a law supporting human genome
porjects
The NRCP clustered these policies into four: 4.Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
1.Sciences, Humanities, education, international
Protecting and conserving biodiversity by
policies and governance
full implementation of existing laws
Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic Use of biosafety and standard model by
education without adding to the curriculum ASEAN countries
Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and
Developing school infrastructureand indigenous people's conservation
providing for ICT broadband Formulation of common food and safety
Local food security standards
2.Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth
and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and
employment opportunities
Outright grants for peer monitoring
Review of RA 9184
Harnessing science and technology as an
independent mover of development
 Lesson 2: The Philippine Government S & T Agenda Lesson 3: Major Development Programs/Government
Policies for S & T in the New Normal
The DOST, in consultation with government and private research
and development institutions, the academe, industry, and other The COVID-19 pandemic has changed life as we know it. As
concerned agencies, prepared the Harmonized National R&D Agenda the rate of infections begins to slow down in some hard-hit
(HNRDA) 2017-2022 to ensure that the results of S&T endeavors areas, early signs of recovery are appearing. Some towns,
are geared towards and are utilized in areas of maximum cities and states are starting to slowly reopen businesses,
economic and social benefit for the people. public areas and more.
As long as the world has not found a cure or a vaccine for
The HNRDA is aligned with AmBisyon Natin 2040: matatag, Covid-19, we may have to adjust to a “new normal”, meaning
maginhawa at panatag na buhay para sa lahat. It has three a new way of living and going about our lives, work and
pillars: Malasakit (enhancing the social fabric), Pagbabago interactions with other people.
(reducing inequality) and Kaunlaran (increasing potential Filipinos have also experienced a significant impact on
growth). AmBisyon Natin 2040 and the three pillars form the their household income due to community quarantine
foundation for more inclusive growth, a high-trust and measures. 38% claimed that their income is down by more
resilient society and a globally competitive knowledge economy. than 50%, the highest among the six countries surveyed.
With the fear still imminent, Filipinos think that it will
take them some time to revert to their pre-COVID-19
The DOST’s Harmonized National R&D Agenda (2017-2022) had the routines.
following R&D Priority Areas and Programs: When asked what Filipinos plan to spend on after movement
restrictions, spending on essentials will still continue:
Section I: National Integrated Basic Research Agenda (NIBRA)
food for cooking at home, cleaning products, and personal
Section II. Health
care items. Filipinos will, however, minimize expenditures
Section III. Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources
compared before on restaurants and cafes, travel, and
Sector (AANR)
cultural activities than before.
Section IV. Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology
Section V. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change
Adaptation (DRR CCA)
 Lesson 4: Personalities in S & T in the Philippines
There is no doubt about their contributions having aided in the
improvement of the lives of the Filipino people. Most of them
are National Scientists and their names are on the list of
National Scientists of the Philippines by the Presidential
Communications Operations Office.

Here’s a catchy theme of a previous NAST Annual Scientific

Meeting: “On Being and Becoming: Where We Are and Where We Want
To Be.” Annual meetings such as this one serve “to challenge
more of our scientists, policymakers, and citizens to work
together towards the progressive Philippines anchored on
science, which is the vision of the Academy for our beloved
nation.” This was part of the message given by then President
of NAST, Perla D. Santos Ocampo, M.D. Pediatrician Santos
Ocampo was conferred the prestigious rank, National Scientist
on June 23, 2010, through Proclamation No. 2099.

Dr. Fe V. Del Mundo (Pediatrics)

Dr. Julian A. Banzon (Chemistry)
Dr. Clara Y. LIm-Syliangco (Biochemistry & Organic Chemistry)
Dr. Gregorio Y. Zara (Engineering and Inventions)
Dr. Ernesto O. Domingo (infectious diseases)
Dr. Eduardo A. Quisumbing (Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and
Morphology)
Dr. Angel C. Alcala (Ecology and Biology)
Dr. William G. Padolina (Natural Products Chemistry)
Engr. Diosdado P. Banatao (Engineering/Entrepreneurship)
Dr. Juan S. Salcedo, Jr. (Nutrition and Public Health)
Dr. Francisco O. Santos (Human Nutrition and Agricultural
Chemistry)
Dr. Lourdes J. Cruz (Marine Biology)