2nd Topic

Fourier Transforms
• Sufficient conditions for the existence of Fourier
Transform
• Sufficient conditions for the existence of Inverse Fourier
Transform
• Definition of Fourier Transform of f(x)

Prepared by:
Prof. Sunil
Department of Mathematics & Scientific Computing
NIT Hamirpur (HP)

Fourier Transform:
Sufficient conditions for the existence of Fourier Transform:
1. f(x) is piecewise continuous on every finite interval, and
2. f(x) is absolutely integrable on the x-axis.
Sufficient conditions for the existence of Inverse Fourier Transform:
1. F(s) is absolutely integrable over ( −∞, ∞ ) .

2. lim F ( s ) = 0
s →∞

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Fourier transform of f(x):
The Fourier integral of f(x) in the complex form given by

1
∞
 1 ∞ 
f (x) = ∫  ∫
2π −∞  2π −∞
f (t)eist dt  e − isx ds


1
∞
∞  − isx
⇒ f (x) = ∫  ∫ f (t)e dt  e ds
ist
(i)
2π −∞  −∞ 
Fourier Transforms: 2
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The expression in bracket, a function of s denoted by F ( s ) , is called the Fourier

Transform of f.
Since t is a dummy variable, we replace t by x.
Thus, we have
∞
1
∫ F ( s ) e ds ,
− isx
f (x) = (ii)
2π −∞
∞

∫ f (x)e
isx
where F (s ) = dx . (iii)
−∞

F ( s ) defined by (iii) is known as the Complex Fourier Transform of f(x).

f (x ) defined by (ii) is known as the Inverse Complex Fourier Transform of F ( s ) .

Remarks:
• F ( s ) and f (x ) are known as Fourier transform pair, which differs only in the sign of

the exponent.
1
• The factor can multiply in the expression of F ( s ) in integral (iii) instead of the
2π
expression of f(x) in integral (ii).
1 1
• Basically, the choice of normalizing factors or in integrals (ii) and (iii) is
2π 2π
optional. To make the two integrals as symmetric as possible, we can multiply
1
in both the expressions.
2π
∞
1
• We call f ( x ) = ∫
2π −∞
F ( s ) e − isx ds as an inversion formula corresponding to

∫ f (x)e
isx
F (s ) = dx .
−∞

∞
1
• Some times, we call f ( x ) = ∫
2π −∞
F ( s ) eisx ds as an inversion formula corresponding

∫ f (x)e
− isx
to F ( s ) = dx .
−∞

• Some times, we denote f (s) in place of F(s )

Fourier Transforms: 3
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• Fourier transform breaks up the function into a continuous spectrum of frequencies s.

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Some times, the Fourier integral of f(x) in the complex form given by

1
∞
∞  −isx ∞
1 ∞  −isx
∫  −∞∫ ∫ ∫
ist ist
f (x) =  f (t)e dt  e ds f (x) =  f (t)e dt  e ds
2π −∞  −∞  2π −∞ 
∞ ∞
can be written as f (x ) = 1 ∫ F(s )e −isx ds , can be written as f (x ) = ∫ F(s )e ds ,
−isx
2π
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
1
∫ f (x )e ∫ f (x )e dx .
isx isx
where F(s ) = dx . where F(s ) =
2π
−∞ −∞
or
1
∞
∞  −isx  1 ∞
∞ 
∫  ∫ f (t)e dt  e ds
1
ist
f (x) =
∫ ∫
 ist  − isx
2π −∞  −∞ f (x ) = f ( t ) e dt e ds
 2π − ∞  2π − ∞ 
∞
can be written as f ( x ) = 1 ∫ F ( s ) eisx ds , ∞

2π −∞ can be written as f ( x ) = 1 ∫ F ( s ) e −isx ds ,

∞
2π −∞
∫ f (x)e
− isx ∞
where F (s ) = dx . 1
−∞
where F (s ) = ∫
2π −∞
f ( x ) eisx dx .

***********************************
Fourier Transforms

1 − x 2 , if x < 1
Q.No.1.: Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = 
 0, if x > 1

∞
 x cos x − sin x  x
and use it to evaluate ∫ 
 x 3
 cos dx .
 2
0

Sol.: The Fourier transform of f(x) in the complex form given by

∞ ∞
1
F (s ) = ∫
−∞
f ( x ) eisx dx , where f ( x ) = ∫
2π −∞
F ( s ) e − isx ds .

st
1 − x 2 , if x < 1
1 Part: Find Fourier transform of f (x) = 
 0, if x > 1

The Fourier transform of given f(x) is given by

Fourier Transforms: 4
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∞
 −1 1 ∞

F (s ) = ∫
−∞
f ( x ) eisx dx =  ∫ f ( x ) .eisx dx + ∫ f ( x ) .eisx dx + ∫ f ( x ) .eisx dx 
 −∞ −1 1 
1  1 − x 2 , if x < 1 
∫ (1 − x ) e ∵ f (x) =  
2 isx
= dx
−1   0, if x > 1
1
 eisx eisx eisx 
= (1 − x 2 ) . − ( −2x ) 2
+ ( − 2 ) 3
 is ( is ) ( is )  −1
 2 2 
=  − 2 ( eis + e− is ) + 3 ( eis − e− is ) 
 s is 

 4  eis + e− is  4  eis − e − is  
= − 2  + 3  
 s  2  s  2i  

 cos s sin s   s cos s − sin s 

⇒ F ( s ) = 4  − 2 + 3  = −4  
 s s   s3 
 s cos s − sin s 
⇒ F {f ( x )} = −4   , which is the required Fourier transform.
 s3 
∞
 x cos x − sin x  x
∫
nd
2 Part: Evaluate   cos dx .
0  x3  2

Now, by the inversion formula, we have

∞ ∞
1 2  s cos s − sin s 
f (x) = ∫
2π −∞
F{f (x)}e− isx ds = − ∫ 
π −∞  s3
 ( cos sx − i sin sx ) dx

∞ ∞
2  s cos s − sin s  2i  s cos s − sin s 
=− ∫ 
π −∞  s 3  cos sxds + ∫ 
 π −∞  s3
 sin sxds

∞
2  s cos s − sin s 
∫=−
π −∞ 

s3
 cos sxds

[Since the integrand in the second integral on RHS is odd]

∞
4  s cos s − sin s 
⇒ f (x) = − ∫   cos sxds ,
π0  s3 
 π  1 − x ,
∞ 2
 s cos s − sin s  π if x < 1
⇒∫   cos sxds = − f (x) =  −  
0  s3  4  4   0, if x > 1

1
Taking x = , we have
2
Fourier Transforms: 5
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 π    1    π  1 
∞ 2
 s cos s − sin s  s π 3 3π
∫0  s3 

cos
2
ds =  −      =  − 1 −  = − . = − .
1 −
 4    2    4  4  4 4 16
Replacing s by x, we get
∞
 x cos x − sin x  x 3π
∫ 
 x 3
 cos dx = − . Ans.
 2 16
0
1 for x < 1

Q.No.2.: Find the Fourier transform of f ( x ) =  .
0 for x > 1

∞
sin x
Hence evaluate ∫ x
dx .
0

Sol.: The Fourier transform of f(x) in the complex form given by

∞ ∞
1
∫ ∫
isx
F (s ) = f ( x ) e dx , where f ( x ) = F ( s ) e − isx ds .
−∞
2π −∞

1 for x < 1

1st Part: Find Fourier transform of f ( x ) = 
0 for x > 1

The Fourier transform of given f(x) is given by

∞ 1 1
eisx eis − e − is sin s
∫ ∫
isx isx
F (s) = f ( x ) e dx = (1) e dx = = =2 .
−∞ −1
is −1
is s

sin s
Thus F(s) = 2 , s ≠ 0.
s
This is the required Fourier transform.
For s = 0, we have F(0) = 2.
∞
sin x
∫
nd
2 Part: Evaluate dx .
0
x

Now, by the inversion formula, we get

1
∞ ∞
1 1 2sin s − isx for x < 1
∫ ⇒ ∫
− isx
f (x) = F ( s ) e ds e ds = 
2π −∞ 2π −∞ s 0 for x > 1

∞
sin s − isx π
 for x < 1
⇒
−∞
∫ s
e ds = 
0 for x > 1

Putting x = 0, we get
Fourier Transforms: 6
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∞ ∞
sin s sin s π
∫
−∞
s
ds = π ⇒ ∫
0
s
ds = .
2
[since the integrand is even].

∞
sin x π
Replacing s by x, we get ∫
0
x
dx = .
2

Q.No.3.: Find the Fourier transform of

1
f (x ) = , if x ≤ a
2a .
= 0, if x > a

Sol.: By definition, the Fourier transform of f(x) is

∞

∫ f ( x ) .e
isx
F (s ) = dx
−∞

 −a a ∞

=  ∫ f ( x ) .eisx dx + ∫ f ( x ) .eisx dx + ∫ f ( x ) .eisx dx 
 −∞ −a a 
 −a a
1 isx
∞

=  ∫ 0dx + ∫ e dx + ∫ 0dx 
 −∞ −a
2a a 
a
1 eisx 1
= = eisa − e− isa 
2a ( is ) x =− a 2asi

1  eisa − e − isa  sin ( sa )

=
as   = as . Ans
2i 
Q.No.4.: Represent f(x) as an exponential Fourier transform when
sin x, 0<x<π
f (x) = 
0, otherwise
Show that the result can be written as
∞
1 cos sx + cos s ( x − π )
π ∫0
f (x) = ds .
(1 − s2 )
Sol.: Fourier transform in the exponential form is given by
∞
0 π ∞

F (s ) = ∫
−∞
f (x).eisx dx =  ∫ 0dx + ∫ sin x.eisx dx + ∫ 0dx 
 −∞ 0 π 
Fourier Transforms: 7
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π
 eix − e− ix  isx  ( eix − e− ix ) 
=∫   e dx ∵ sin x = 
0  2i   2i 
π π
1  e( ) e ( )  1  e( ) e ( ) 
π i 1+ s x − i 1−s x i 1+ s x − i 1−s x
1
= ∫ e ( ) − e ( )  dx = 
i 1+ s x − i 1−s x
−  =  + 
2i 0 2i  i (1 + s ) −i (1 − s )  0 2i  i (1 + s ) i (1 − s )  0

1  e( ) e ( ) 1 
i 1+ s π − i 1−s π
1
=  + − − 
2i  i (1 + s ) i (1 − s ) i (1 + s ) i (1 − s ) 

1  eiπ eisπ e − iπ eisπ   1 1 

=  +  −  + 
2i  i (1 + s ) i (1 − s )   i (1 + s ) i (1 − s )  

1  2eisπ   2 
=−   +    since e ±iπ = −1 .
2i  i (1 − s 2 )   i (1 − s 2 )  
   

eiπs + 1
⇒ F (s ) =
1 − s2
is the required exponential Fourier transform representation.

1
∞
1
∞
 eiπs + 1  − isx
∫ F ( s ) e ds = 2π −∞∫  1 − s2  e ds .
− isx
Now f ( x ) =
2π −∞
∞
1  cos πs + i sin πs + 1 
⇒ f (x) = ∫ 
2π −∞  1 − s2
 ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds

∞ ∞
1 cos sx + cos s ( x − π ) i sin sx + sin s ( x − π )
⇒ f (x) = ∫
2π ∞ (1 − s )
2
ds − ∫
2π −∞ (1 − s2 )
ds

Since the 2nd integral is zero (odd function), we get

∞
2 cos sx + cos s ( x − π )
⇒ f (x) = ∫
2π 0 (1 − s2 )
ds

∞
1 cos sx + cos s ( x − π )
π ∫0
⇒ f (x) = ds .
(1 − s2 )

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