British Standard 2000: Part 71:1990

Designation: D445 – 11a

Designation: 71/1/97

Standard Test Method for

Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many

1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi- regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
nation of the kinematic viscosity, n, of liquid petroleum central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and
calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, h, mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, n, by terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
the density, r, of the liquid. website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
may be prohibited by law.
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different
results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary 2. Referenced Documents
diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
behavior, have been included. Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
method is from 0.2 to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section. cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as eter
standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 Pycnometer
m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s. D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers
and Viscosity Oil Standards
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee (Bitumens)
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originally
2
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D445–11. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/D0445-11A. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Committee. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright. (c) ASTM International. 100 Barr Harbour Drive, P.O. Box C-700, West Conshohocken Pennsylvania United States

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 D445 – 11a
D2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum 3.3.1 automated viscometer, n—apparatus which, in part or
Capillary Viscometer in whole, has mechanized one or more of the procedural steps
D6071 Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High Purity indicated in Section 11 or 12 without changing the principle or
Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectros- technique of the basic manual apparatus. The essential ele-
copy ments of the apparatus in respect to dimensions, design, and
D6074 Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant operational characteristics are the same as those of the manual
Base Oils method.
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance 3.3.1.1 Discussion—Automated viscometers have the capa-
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical bility to mimic some operation of the test method while
Measurement System Performance reducing or removing the need for manual intervention or
D6617 Practice for Laboratory Bias Detection Using Single interpretation. Apparatus which determine kinematic viscosity
Test Result from Standard Material by physical techniques that are different than those used in this
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers test method are not considered to be Automated Viscometers.
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther- 3.3.2 density, n—the mass per unit volume of a substance at
mometers a given temperature.
E1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resis- 3.3.3 dynamic viscosity, h, n—the ratio between the applied
tance Thermometers shear stress and rate of shear of a material.
2.2 ISO Standards:3 3.3.3.1 Discussion—It is sometimes called the coefficient of
ISO 3104 Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque dynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity. Dynamic viscosity is a
Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal- measure of resistance to flow or deformation which constitutes
culation of Dynamic Viscosity a material’s ability to transfer momentum in response to steady
ISO 3105 Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers— or time-dependent external shear forces. Dynamic viscosity has
Specification and Operating Instructions the dimension of mass divided by length and time and its SI
ISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory Use— unit is pascal times second (Pa·s). Among the transport
Specification and Test Methods properties for heat, mass, and momentum transfer, dynamic
ISO 5725 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measure- viscosity is the momentum conductivity.
ment methods and results. 3.3.4 kinematic viscosity, n, n—the ratio of the dynamic
ISO 9000 Quality Management and Quality Assurance viscosity (h) to the density (r) of a material at the same
Standards—Guidelines for Selection and Use temperature and pressure.
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of 3.3.4.1 Discussion—Kinematic viscosity is the ratio be-
Testing and Calibration Laboratories tween momentum transport and momentum storage. Such
2.3 NIST Standards:4 ratios are called diffusivities with dimensions of length squared
NIST Technical Note 1297 Guideline for Evaluating and divided by time and the SI unit is metre squared divided by
Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Re- second (m2/s). Among the transport properties for heat, mass,
sults5 and momentum transfer, kinematic viscosity is the momentum
NIST GMP 11 Good Measurement Practice for Assignment diffusivity.
and Adjustment of Calibration Intervals for Laboratory 3.3.4.2 Discussion—Formerly, kinematic viscosity was de-
Standards6 fined specifically for viscometers covered by this test method
NIST Special Publication 819 Guide for the Use of the as the resistance to flow under gravity. More generally, it is the
International System of Units (SI) 7 ratio between momentum transport and momentum storage.
3.3.4.3 Discussion—For gravity-driven flow under a given
3. Terminology
hydrostatic head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportional
3.1 See also International Vocabulary of Metrology.8 to its density, r, if the density of air is negligible compared to
3.2 Definitions: that of the liquid. For any particular viscometer covered by this
3.2.1 digital contact thermometer (DCT), n—an electronic test method, the time of flow of a fixed volume of liquid is
device consisting of a digital display and associated tempera- directly proportional to its kinematic viscosity, n, where
ture sensing probe. n = h/r, and h is the dynamic viscosity.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid to
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., flow under gravity through the capillary of a calibrated
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. viscometer under a reproducible driving head and at a closely
4
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460. controlled and known temperature. The kinematic viscosity
5
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Uncertainty/bibliography.html (determined value) is the product of the measured flow time
6
7
http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/GMP_11_Mar_2003.pdf and the calibration constant of the viscometer. Two such
http://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp811/index.cfm
8
International Vocabulary of Metrology — Basic and General Concepts and
determinations are needed from which to calculate a kinematic
Associated Terms (VIM), 3rd ed., 2008, http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/ viscosity result that is the average of two acceptable deter-
guides/vim.html. mined values.

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 D445 – 11a
5. Significance and Use 6.3 Temperature-Controlled Bath—Use a transparent liquid
5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum bath of sufficient depth such, that at no time during the
materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of measurement of flow time, any portion of the sample in the
the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the viscometer is less than 20 mm below the surface of the bath
liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum liquid or less than 20 mm above the bottom of the bath.
fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, 6.3.1 Temperature Control—For each series of flow time
handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate deter- measurements, the temperature control of the bath liquid shall
mination of viscosity is essential to many product specifica- be such that within the range from 15 to 100°C, the tempera-
tions. ture of the bath medium does not vary by more than 60.02°C
of the selected temperature over the length of the viscometer,
6. Apparatus or between the position of each viscometer, or at the location of
the thermometer. For temperatures outside this range, the
6.1 Viscometers—Use only calibrated viscometers of the
deviation from the desired temperature must not exceed
glass capillary type, capable of being used to determine
60.05°C.
kinematic viscosity within the limits of the precision given in
the precision section. 6.4 Temperature Measuring Device in the Range from 0 to
100°C—Use either calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers
6.1.1 Viscometers listed in Table A1.1, whose specifications
(Annex A2) with an accuracy after correction of 60.02°C or
meet those given in Specifications D446 and in ISO 3105 meet
better, or a digital contact thermometer as described in 6.4.2
these requirements. It is not intended to restrict this test method
to the use of only those viscometers listed in Table A1.1. Annex with equal or better accuracy.
A1 gives further guidance. 6.4.1 If calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers are used, the
6.1.2 Automated Viscometers—Automated apparatus may use of two thermometers is recommended. The two thermom-
be used as long as they mimic the physical conditions, eters shall agree within 0.04°C.
operations or processes of the manual apparatus. Any viscom- 6.4.2 When using a digital contact thermometer (DCT) the
eter, temperature measuring device, temperature control, tem- following shall apply:
perature controlled bath or timing device incorporated in the (1) The only acceptable sensors are a resistance tempera-
automated apparatus shall conform to the specification for ture device (RTD), such as a platinum resistance thermometer
these components as stated in Section 6 of this test method. (PRT), or a thermistor.
Flow times of less than 200 s are permitted, however, a kinetic (2) A minimum display resolution of 0.01°C.
energy correction shall be applied in accordance with Section (3) A combined (display and probe) minimum accuracy of
7 on Kinematic Viscosity Calculation of Specifications D446. 60.02°C.
The kinetic energy correction shall not exceed 3.0 % of the
measured viscosity. The automated apparatus shall be capable (4) A response time of less than 6 s as defined in
of determining kinematic viscosity of a certified viscosity Specification E1137/E1137M.
reference standard within the limits stated in 9.2.1 and Section (5) A drift of less than 10 mK (0.01°C) per year.
17. The precision shall be of statistical equivalence to, or better (6) Linearity of 10 mK over the range of intended use.
(has less variability) than the manual apparatus. (7) The DCT shall have a report of temperature calibration
traceable to a national calibration or metrology standards body
NOTE 3—Precision and bias of kinematic viscosity measurements for
flow times of less than 200 s has not been determined. The precision stated issued by a competent calibration laboratory with demonstrated
in Section 17 is not know to be valid for kinematic viscosity measure- competency in temperature calibration.
ments with flow times less than 200 s. (8) The calibration report shall include data for the series of
6.2 Viscometer Holders—Use viscometer holders to enable test points which are appropriate for its intended use.
all viscometers which have the upper meniscus directly above 6.4.2.1 For a constant temperature bath employed in manual
the lower meniscus to be suspended vertically within 1° in all viscosity measurements, the probe shall be immersed at least
directions. Those viscometers whose upper meniscus is offset 100 mm below the liquid level of the bath but no less than 3
from directly above the lower meniscus shall be suspended times the sensor element length. See Fig. 1. The end of the
vertically within 0.3° in all directions (see Specifications D446 probe sheath shall not extend past the bottom of the viscometer.
and ISO 3105). It is preferable for the center of the sensing element to be
6.2.1 Viscometers shall be mounted in the constant tempera- located at the same level as the lower half of the working
ture bath in the same manner as when calibrated and stated on capillary as long as the minimum immersion requirements are
the certificate of calibration. See Specifications D446, see met.
Operating Instructions in Annexes A1–A3. For those viscom- 6.4.2.2 In the case of constant temperature baths used in
eters which have Tube L (see Specifications D446) held instruments for automatic viscosity determinations, the user is
vertical, vertical alignment shall be confirmed by using (1) a to contact the instrument manufacturer for the correct DCT that
holder ensured to hold Tube L vertical, or (2) a bubble level has performance equivalence to that described here.
mounted on a rod designed to fit into Tube L, or (3) a plumb 6.4.3 Outside the range from 0 to 100°C, use either cali-
line suspended from the center of Tube L, or (4) other internal brated liquid-in-glass thermometers of an accuracy after cor-
means of support provided in the constant temperature bath. rection of 60.05°C or better, or any other thermometric device

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 D445 – 11a

FIG. 1 Temperature Probe Immersion in Constant Temperature Bath

of equal or better accuracy. When two temperature measuring be quite useful, especially when investigating issues or causes
devices are used in the same bath, they shall agree within relating to testing accuracy and precision.
60.1°C. 6.5 Timing Device—Use any timing device that is capable
6.4.4 When using liquid-in-glass thermometers, such as of taking readings with a discrimination of 0.1 s or better and
those in Table A2.1, use a magnifying device to read the has an accuracy within 60.07 % (see Annex A3) of the reading
thermometer to the nearest 1⁄5 division (for example, 0.01°C or when tested over the minimum and maximum intervals of
0.02°F) to ensure that the required test temperature and expected flow times.
temperature control capabilities are met (see 10.1). It is
recommended that thermometer readings (and any corrections 6.5.1 Electrical timing devices may be used if the current
supplied on the certificates of calibrations for the thermom- frequency is controlled to an accuracy of 0.05 % or better.
eters) be recorded on a periodic basis to demonstrate compli- Alternating currents, as provided by some public power sys-
ance with the test method requirements. This information can tems, are intermittently rather than continuously controlled.

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 D445 – 11a
When used to actuate electrical timing devices, such control 9.2.1.1 As an alternative to the calculation in Annex A4, the
can cause large errors in kinematic viscosity flow time mea- approximate tolerance bands in Table 1 may be used.
surements. 9.2.2 The most common sources of error are caused by
particles of dust lodged in the capillary bore and temperature
7. Reagents and Materials measurement errors. It must be appreciated that a correct result
7.1 Chromic Acid Cleaning Solution, or a nonchromium- obtained on a standard oil does not preclude the possibility of
containing, strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solution. a counterbalancing combination of the possible sources of
(Warning—Chromic acid is a health hazard. It is toxic, a error.
recognized carcinogen, highly corrosive, and potentially haz- 9.3 The calibration constant, C, is dependent upon the
ardous in contact with organic materials. If used, wear a full gravitational acceleration at the place of calibration and this
face-shield and full-length protective clothing including suit- must, therefore, be supplied by the standardization laboratory
able gloves. Avoid breathing vapor. Dispose of used chromic together with the instrument constant. Where the acceleration
acid carefully as it remains hazardous. Nonchromium- of gravity, g, differs by more that 0.1 %, correct the calibration
containing, strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solutions are also constant as follows:
highly corrosive and potentially hazardous in contact with C2 5 ~g2/g1! 3 C1 (1)
organic materials, but do not contain chromium which has where the subscripts 1 and 2 indicate, respectively, the
special disposal problems.) standardization laboratory and the testing laboratory.
7.2 Sample Solvent, completely miscible with the sample.
Filter before use. 10. General Procedure for Kinematic Viscosity
7.2.1 For most samples a volatile petroleum spirit or naph- 10.1 Adjust and maintain the viscometer bath at the required
tha is suitable. For residual fuels, a prewash with an aromatic test temperature within the limits given in 6.3.1 taking account
solvent such as toluene or xylene may be necessary to remove of the conditions given in Annex A2 and of the corrections
asphaltenic material. supplied on the certificates of calibration for the thermometers.
7.3 Drying Solvent, a volatile solvent miscible with the 10.1.1 Thermometers shall be held in an upright position
sample solvent (see 7.2) and water (see 7.4). Filter before use. under the same conditions of immersion as when calibrated.
7.3.1 Acetone is suitable. (Warning—Extremely flam- 10.1.2 In order to obtain the most reliable temperature
mable.) measurement, it is recommended that two thermometers with
7.4 Water, deionized or distilled and conforming to Speci- valid calibration certificates be used (see 6.4).
fication D1193 or Grade 3 of ISO 3696. Filter before use. 10.1.3 They should be viewed with a lens assembly giving
approximately five times magnification and be arranged to
8. Certified Viscosity Reference Standards eliminate parallax errors.
8.1 Certified viscosity reference standards shall be certified 10.2 Select a clean, dry, calibrated viscometer having a
by a laboratory that has been shown to meet the requirements range covering the estimated kinematic viscosity (that is, a
of ISO 17025 by independent assessment. Viscosity standards wide capillary for a very viscous liquid and a narrower
shall be traceable to master viscometer procedures described in capillary for a more fluid liquid). The flow time for manual
Test Method D2162. viscometers shall not be less than 200 s or the longer time
8.2 The uncertainty of the certified viscosity reference noted in Specifications D446. Flow times of less than 200 s are
standard shall be stated for each certified value (k = 2, 95% permitted for automated viscometers, provided they meet the
confidence). See ISO 5725 or NIST 1297. requirements of 6.1.2.
10.2.1 The specific details of operation vary for the different
9. Calibration and Verification types of viscometers listed in Table A1.1. The operating
instructions for the different types of viscometers are given in
9.1 Viscometers—Use only calibrated viscometers, ther-
Specifications D446.
mometers, and timers as described in Section 6.
10.2.2 When the test temperature is below the dew point, fill
9.2 Certified Viscosity Reference Standards (Table A1.2)—
the viscometer in the normal manner as required in 11.1. To
These are for use as confirmatory checks on the procedure in
ensure that moisture does not condense or freeze on the walls
the laboratory.
9.2.1 If the determined kinematic viscosity does not agree
TABLE 1 Approximate Tolerance Bands
within the acceptable tolerance band, as calculated from Annex
A4, of the certified value, recheck each step in the procedure, NOTE—The tolerance bands were determined using Practice D6617. The
including thermometer and viscometer calibration, to locate the calculation is documented in Research Report RR:D02-1498.A
source of error. Annex A1 gives details of standards available. Viscosity of Reference Material, mm2/s Tolerance Band
< 10 60.30%
NOTE 4—In previous issues of Test Method D445, limits of 60.35% of
10 to 100 60.32%
the certified value have been used. The data to support the limit of 100 to 1000 60.36%
60.35% cannot be verified. Annex A4 provides instructions on how to 1000 to 10 000 60.42%
determine the tolerance band. The tolerance band combines both the 10 000 to 100 000 60.54%
uncertainty of the certified viscosity reference standard as well as the > 100 000 60.73%
uncertainty of the laboratory using the certified viscosity reference A
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
standard. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1498.

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 D445 – 11a
of the capillary, draw the test portion into the working capillary timing mark. If this flow time is less than the specified
and timing bulb, place rubber stoppers into the tubes to hold minimum (see 10.2), select a viscometer with a capillary of
the test portion in place, and insert the viscometer into the bath. smaller diameter and repeat the operation.
After insertion, allow the viscometer to reach bath temperature, 11.2.1 Repeat the procedure described in 11.2 to make a
and the remove the stoppers. When performing manual viscos- second measurement of flow time. Record both measurements.
ity determinations, do not use those viscometers which cannot 11.2.2 From the two measurements of flow time, calculate
be removed from the constant temperature bath for charging two determined values of kinematic viscosity.
the sample portion. 11.2.3 If the two determined values of kinematic viscosity
10.2.2.1 The use of loosely packed drying tubes affixed to calculated from the flow time measurements agree within the
the open ends of the viscometer is permitted, but not required. stated determinability figure (see 17.1.1) for the product, use
If used, the drying tubes shall fit the design of the viscometer the average of these determined values to calculate the kine-
and not restrict the flow of the sample by pressures created in matic viscosity result to be reported. Record the result. If not,
the instrument. repeat the measurements of flow times after a thorough
10.2.3 Viscometers used for silicone fluids, fluorocarbons, cleaning and drying of the viscometers and filtering (where
and other liquids which are difficult to remove by the use of a required, see 11.1) of the sample until the calculated kinematic
cleaning agent, shall be reserved for the exclusive use of those viscosity determinations agree with the stated determinability.
fluids except during their calibration. Subject such viscometers 11.2.4 If the material or temperature, or both, is not listed in
to calibration checks at frequent intervals. The solvent wash- 17.1.1, use 1.5% as an estimate of the determinability.
ings from these viscometers shall not be used for the cleaning
of other viscometers. 12. Procedure for Opaque Liquids
12.1 For steam-refined cylinder oils and black lubricating
11. Procedure for Transparent Liquids oils, proceed to 12.3 ensuring a thoroughly representative
sample is used. The kinematic viscosity of residual fuel oils
11.1 Charge the viscometer in the manner dictated by the
and similar waxy products can be affected by the previous
design of the instrument, this operation being in conformity
thermal history and the following procedure described in
with that employed when the instrument was calibrated. If the
12.1.1-12.2.2 shall be followed to minimize this.
sample is thought or known to contain fibers or solid particles,
12.1.1 In general, the viscometers used for opaque liquids
filter through a 75 µm screen, either prior to or during charging
are of the reverse-flow type listed in Table A1.1, C.
(see Specifications D446).
12.1.2 Heat in the original container, in an oven, at 60 6
NOTE 5—To minimize the potential of particles passing through the 2°C for 1 h.
filter from aggregating, it is recommended that the time lapse between 12.1.3 Thoroughly stir the sample with a suitable rod of
filtering and charging be kept to a minimum.
sufficient length to reach the bottom of the container. Continue
11.1.1 In general, the viscometers used for transparent stirring until there is no sludge or wax adhering to the rod.
liquids are of the type listed in Table A1.1, A and B. 12.1.4 Recap the container tightly and shake vigorously for
11.1.2 With certain products which exhibit gel-like behav- 1 min to complete the mixing.
ior, exercise care that flow time measurements are made at 12.1.4.1 With samples of a very waxy nature or oils of high
sufficiently high temperatures for such materials to flow freely, kinematic viscosity, it may be necessary to increase the heating
so that similar kinematic viscosity results are obtained in temperature above 60°C to achieve proper mixing. The sample
viscometers of different capillary diameters. should be sufficiently fluid for ease of stirring and shaking.
11.1.3 Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bath 12.2 Immediately after completing 12.1.4, pour sufficient
long enough to reach the test temperature. Where one bath is sample to fill two viscometers into a 100-mL glass flask and
used to accommodate several viscometers, never add or with- loosely stopper.
draw, or clean a viscometer while any other viscometer is in 12.2.1 Immerse the flask in a bath of boiling water for 30
use for measuring a flow time. min. (Warning—Exercise care as vigorous boil-over can occur
11.1.4 Because this time will vary for different instruments, when opaque liquids which contain high levels of water are
for different temperatures, and for different kinematic viscosi- heated to high temperatures.)
ties, establish a safe equilibrium time by trial. 12.2.2 Remove the flask from the bath, stopper tightly, and
11.1.4.1 Thirty minutes should be sufficient except for the shake for 60 s.
highest kinematic viscosities. 12.3 Two determinations of the kinematic viscosity of the
11.1.5 Where the design of the viscometer requires it, adjust test material are required. For those viscometers that require a
the volume of the sample to the mark after the sample has complete cleaning after each flow time measurement, two
reached temperature equilibrium. viscometers may be used. A single viscometer in which an
11.2 Use suction (if the sample contains no volatile con- immediate, repeat flow time measurement can be made without
stituents) or pressure to adjust the head level of the test sample cleaning may also be used for the two measurements of flow
to a position in the capillary arm of the instrument about 7 mm time and calculation of kinematic viscosity. Charge two vis-
above the first timing mark, unless any other value is stated in cometers in the manner dictated by the design of the instru-
the operating instructions for the viscometer. With the sample ment. For example, for the cross-arm or the BS U-tube
flowing freely, measure, in seconds to within 0.1 s, the time viscometers for opaque liquids, filter the sample through a
required for the meniscus to pass from the first to the second 75-µm filter into two viscometers previously placed in the bath.

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 D445 – 11a
For samples subjected to heat treatment, use a preheated filter 14. Calculation
to prevent the sample coagulating during the filtration. 14.1 Calculate each of the determined kinematic viscosity
12.3.1 Viscometers which are charged before being inserted values, n1 and n2, from the measured flow times, t1 and t2, and
into the bath may need to be preheated in an oven prior to the viscometer constant, C, by means of the following equa-
charging the sample. This is to ensure that the sample will not tion:
be cooled below test temperature. n1,2 5 C · t1,2 (2)
12.3.2 After 10 min, adjust the volume of the sample (where
the design of the viscometer requires) to coincide with the where:
filling marks as in the viscometer specifications (see Specifi- n1,2 = determined kinematic viscosity values for n1 and n2,
respectively, mm2/s,
cations D446).
C = calibration constant of the viscometer, mm2/s2, and
12.3.3 Allow the charged viscometers enough time to reach t1,2 = measured flow times for t1 and t2, respectively, s.
the test temperature (see 12.3.1). Where one bath is used to Calculate the kinematic viscosity result, n, as an average of
accommodate several viscometers, never add or withdraw, or n1 and n2 (see 11.2.3 and 12.5.1).
clean a viscometer while any other viscometer is in use for 14.2 Calculate the dynamic viscosity, h, from the calculated
measuring flow time. kinematic viscosity, n, and the density, r, by means of the
12.4 With the sample flowing freely, measure in seconds to following equation:
within 0.1 s, the time required for the advancing ring of contact h 5 n 3 r 3 1023 (3)
to pass from the first timing mark to the second. Record the
measurement. where:
12.4.1 In the case of samples requiring heat treatment h = dynamic viscosity, mPa·s,
described in 12.1 through 12.2.1, complete the measurements r = density, kg/m3, at the same temperature used for the
of flow time within 1 h of completing 12.2.2. Record the determination of the kinematic viscosity, and
measured flow times. n = kinematic viscosity, mm2/s.
14.2.1 The density of the sample can be determined at the
12.5 Calculate kinematic viscosity, n, in mm2/s, from each test temperature of the kinematic viscosity determination by an
measured flow time. Regard these as two determined values of appropriate method such as Test Methods D1217, D1480, or
kinematic viscosity. D1481.
12.5.1 For residual fuel oils, if the two determined values of
kinematic viscosity agree within the stated determinability 15. Expression of Results
figure (see 17.1.1), use the average of these determined values 15.1 Report the test results for the kinematic or dynamic
to calculate the kinematic viscosity result to be reported. viscosity, or both, to four significant figures, together with the
Record the result. If the calculated kinematic viscosities do not test temperature.
agree, repeat the measurements of flow times after thorough
cleaning and drying of the viscometers and filtering of the 16. Report
sample. If the material or temperature, or both, is not listed in 16.1 Report the following information:
17.1.1, for temperatures between 15 and 100°C use as an 16.1.1 Type and identification of the product tested,
estimate of the determinability 1.0 %, and 1.5 % for tempera- 16.1.2 Reference to this test method or a corresponding
tures outside this range; it must be realized that these materials international standard,
can be non-Newtonian, and can contain solids which can come 16.1.3 Result of the test (see Section 15),
out of solution as the flow time is being measured. 16.1.4 Any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the
procedure specified,
13. Cleaning of Viscometer 16.1.5 Date of the test, and
16.1.6 Name and address of the test laboratory.
13.1 Between successive determinations of kinematic vis-
cosity, clean the viscometer thoroughly by several rinsings 17. Precision and Bias
with the sample solvent, followed by the drying solvent (see
17.1 Comparison of Determined Values:
7.3). Dry the tube by passing a slow stream of filtered dry air
17.1.1 Determinability (d)—The difference between succes-
through the viscometer for 2 min or until the last trace of
sive determined values obtained by the same operator in the
solvent is removed.
same laboratory using the same apparatus for a series of
13.2 Periodically clean the viscometer with the cleaning operations leading to a single result, would in the long run, in
solution (Warning—see 7.1), for several hours to remove the normal and correct operation of this test method, exceed the
residual traces of organic deposits, rinse thoroughly with water values indicated only in one case in twenty:
(7.4) and drying solvent (see 7.3), and dry with filtered dry air Base oils at 40 and 100°C9 0.0020 y (0.20 %)
or a vacuum line. Remove any inorganic deposits by hydro- Formulated oils at 40 and 100°C10 0.0013 y (0.13 %)
chloric acid treatment before the use of cleaning acid, particu- Formulated oils at 150°C11 0.015 y (1.5 %)
Petroleum wax at 100°C12 0.0080 y (0.80 %)
larly if the presence of barium salts is suspected. (Warning—It Residual fuel oils at 80 and 100°C13 0.011 (y + 8)
is essential that alkaline cleaning solutions are not used as Residual fuel oils at 50°C13 0.017 y (1.7 %)
changes in the viscometer calibration can occur.) Additives at 100°C14 0.00106 y1.1

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 7

 D445 – 11a
Gas oils at 40°C15 0.0013 (y+1) Base oils at 40 and 100°C9 0.0011 x (0.11 %)
Jet fuels at –20°C16 0.0018 y (0.18 %) Formulated oils at 40 and 100°C10 0.0026 x (0.26 %)
Formulated oils at 150°C11 0.0056 x (0.56 %)
where: y is the average of determined values being com- Petroleum wax at 100°C12 0.0141 x1.2
pared. Residual fuel oils at 80 and 100°C13 0.013 (x + 8)
Residual oils at 50°C13 0.015 x (1.5 %)
17.2 Comparison of Results: Additives at 100°C14 0.00192 x1.1
17.2.1 Repeatability (r)—The difference between succes- Gas oils at 40°C15 0.0043 (x+1)
sive results obtained by the same operator in the same Jet fuels at –20°C16 0.007 x (0.7 %)
laboratory with the same apparatus under constant operating where: x is the average of results being compared.
conditions on identical test material would, in the long run, in 17.2.2 Reproducibility (R)—The difference between two
the normal and correct operation of this test method, exceed the single and independent results obtained by different operators
values indicated only in one case in twenty: working in different laboratories on nominally identical test
material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
9
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may operation of this test method, exceed the values indicated
be obtained by requesting Research Reports RR:D02-1331 and RR:D02-1132. below only in one case in twenty.
These precision values were obtained by statistical examination of interlaboratory
Base oils at 40 and 100°C9 0.0065 x (0.65 %)
results from six mineral oils (base oils without additive package) in the range from
Formulated oils at 40 and 100°C10 0.0076 x (0.76 %)
8 to 1005 mm2/s at 40°C and from 2 to 43 mm 2/s at 100°C, and were first published
Formulated oils at 150°C11 0.018 x (1.8 %)
in 1989. Request See Guide D6074. Petroleum wax at 100°C12 0.0366 x1.2
10
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may Residual fuel oils at 80 and 100°C13 0.04 (x + 8)
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1332. These precision values Residual oils at 50°C13 0.074 x (7.4 %)
were obtained by statistical examination of interlaboratory results from seven fully Additives at 100°C14 0.00862 x1.1
formulated engine oils in the range from 36 to 340 mm2/s at 40°C and from 6 to 25 Gas oils at 40°C15 0.0082 (x+1)
mm2/s at 100°C, and were first published in 1991. See Guide D6071. Jet fuels at –20°C16 0.019 x (1.9 %)
11
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1333. These precision values where: x is the average of results being compared.
were obtained by statistical examination of interlaboratory results for eight fully 17.3 The precision for used oils has not been determined but
formulated engine oils in the range from 7 to 19 mm2/s at 150°C, and first published
in 1991. See Guide D6074.
is expected to be poorer than that for formulated oils. Because
12
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may of the extreme variability of such used oils, it is not anticipated
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1334. These precision values that the precision of used oils will be determined.
were obtained by statistical examination of interlaboratory results from five 17.4 The precision for specific automated viscometers has
petroleum waxes in the range from 3 to 16 mm2/s at 100°C, and were first published
in 1988.
not been determined. However, an analysis has been made of a
13
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may large data set including both automated and manual viscom-
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1198. These precision values eters over the temperature range of 40 to 100°C. The repro-
were obtained by statistical examination of interlaboratory results from fourteen ducibility of automated viscometer data is not statistically
residual fuel oils in the range from 30 to 1300 mm2/s at 50°C and from 5 to 170
mm2/s at 80 and 100°C, and were first published in 1984. significantly different than the reproducibility of manual vis-
14
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may cometer data. It is also shown that there is no bias of the
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1421. These precision values automated data in comparison to the manual data.17
were obtained by statistical examination of interlaboratory results from eight
additives in the range from 145 to 1500 mm2/s at 100°C and were first available in
1997. 18. Keywords
15
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may 18.1 dynamic viscosity; kinematic viscosity; viscometer;
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1422. These precision values
were obtained by statistical examination of interlaboratory results from eight gas viscosity
oils in the range from 1 to 13 mm2/s at 40°C and were first available in 1997.
16
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1420. These precision values
17
were obtained by statistical examination of interlaboratory results from nine jet fuels Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
in the range from 4.3 to 5.6 mm2/s at– 20°C and were first available in 1997. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1498.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 8

 D445 – 11a
ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. VISCOMETER TYPES AND CERTIFIED VISCOSITY REFERENCE STANDARDS

A1.1 Viscometer Types TABLE A1.1 Viscometer Types

Viscometer Identification Kinematic Viscosity Range,A mm2/s
A1.1.1 Table A1.1 lists capillary viscometers commonly in
A. Ostwald Types for Transparent Liquids
use for viscosity determinations on petroleum products. For
specifications, operating instructions, and calibration, refer to Cannon-Fenske routineB 0.5 to 20 000
Zeitfuchs 0.6 to 3 000
specifications in Specifications D446. BS/U-tubeB 0.9 to 10 000
BS/U/M miniature 0.2 to 100
A1.1.2 Table A1.2 lists certified viscosity reference stan-
SILB 0.6 to 10 000
dards. Cannon-Manning semi-micro 0.4 to 20 000
PinkevitchB 0.6 to 17 000
B. Suspended-level Types for Transparent Liquids
BS/IP/SLB 3.5 to 100 000
BS/IP/SL(S)B 1.05 to 10 000
BS/IP/MSL 0.6 to 3 000
UbbelohdeB 0.3 to 100 000
FitzSimons 0.6 to 1 200
AtlanticB 0.75 to 5 000
Cannon-Ubbelohde(A), Cannon 0.5 to 100 000
Ubbelohde dilutionB(B)
Cannon-Ubbelohde semi-micro 0.4 to 20 000
C. Reverse-flow Types for Transparent and Opaque Liquids
Cannon-Fenske opaque 0.4 to 20 000
Zeitfuchs cross-arm 0.6 to 100 000
BS/IP/RF U-tube reverse-flow 0.6 to 300 000
Lantz-Zeitfuchs type reverse-flow 60 to 100 000
A
Each range quoted requires a series of viscometers. To avoid the necessity of
making a kinetic energy correction, these viscometers are designed for a flow time
in excess of 200 s except where noted in Specifications D446.
B
In each of these series, the minimum flow time for the viscometers with lowest
constants exceeds 200 s.

TABLE A1.2 Certified Viscosity Reference Standards

Approximate Kinematic Viscosity, mm2/s
Designation
20°C 25°C 40°C 50°C 80 °C 100°C
S3 4.6 4.0 2.9 ... ... 1.2
S6 11 8.9 5.7 ... ... 1.8
S20 44 34 18 ... ... 3.9
S60 170 120 54 ... ... 7.2
S200 640 450 180 ... ... 17
S600 2400 1600 520 280 67 32
S2000 8700 5600 1700 ... ... 75
S8000 37 000 23 000 6700 ... ... ...
S30 000 ... 81 000 23 000 11 000 ... ...

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 D445 – 11a

A2. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY TEST THERMOMETERS

A2.1 Short-Range Specialized Thermometer A2.2.2.2 Other thermometric devices, if used, will also
A2.1.1 Use a short-range specialized thermometer conform- require periodic recalibration. Keep records of all recalibration.
ing to the generic specification given in Table A2.1 and Table A2.2.3 Procedure for Ice-point Recalibration of Liquid-in-
A2.2 and to one of the designs shown in Fig. A2.1. glass Thermometers.
A2.1.2 The difference in the designs rests mainly in the A2.2.3.1 Unless otherwise listed on the certificate of cali-
position of the ice point scale. In Design A, the ice point is bration, the recalibration of calibrated kinematic viscosity
within the scale range, in Design B, the ice point is below the thermometers requires that the ice-point reading shall be taken
scale range, and in Design C, the ice point is above the scale within 60 min after being at test temperature for not less than
range. 3 min.
A2.2.3.2 Select clear pieces of ice, preferably made from
A2.2 Calibration distilled or pure water. Discard any cloudy or unsound por-
A2.2.1 Use liquid-in-glass thermometers with an accuracy tions. Rinse the ice with distilled water and shave or crush into
after correction of 0.02°C or better, calibrated by a laboratory small pieces, avoiding direct contact with the hands or any
meeting the requirements of ISO 9000 or ISO 17025, and chemically unclean objects. Fill the Dewar vessel with the
carrying certificates confirming that the calibration is traceable crushed ice and add sufficient water to form a slush, but not
to a national standard. As an alternative, use thermometric enough to float the ice. As the ice melts, drain off some of the
devices such as platinum resistance thermometers, of equal or water and add more crushed ice. Insert the thermometer, and
better accuracy, with the same certification requirements. pack the ice gently about the stem, to a depth approximately
A2.2.2 The scale correction of liquid-in-glass thermometers one scale division below the 0°C graduation.
can change during storage and use, and therefore regular A2.2.3.3 After at least 3 min have elapsed, tap the thermom-
re-calibration is required. This is most conveniently achieved eter gently and repeatedly at right angles to its axis while
in a working laboratory by means of a re-calibration of the ice making observations. Successive readings taken at least 1 min
point, and all of the main scale corrections altered for the apart shall agree within 0.005°C.
change seen in the ice point. A2.2.3.4 Record the ice-point readings and determine the
A2.2.2.1 The interval for ice-point recalibration shall be no thermometer correction at this temperature from the mean
longer than six months (see NIST GMP 11). For new thermom- reading. If the correction is found to be higher or lower than
eters, monthly checking for the first six months is recom- that corresponding to a previous calibration, change the cor-
mended. A change of one or more scale divisions in the ice rection at all other temperatures by the same value.
point means that the thermometer may have been overheated or
A2.2.3.5 During the procedure, apply the following condi-
damaged, and it may be out of calibration. Such thermometers
tions:
shall be removed from service until inspected, or recalibrated,
or both. A complete recalibration of the thermometer, while (1) The thermometer shall be supported vertically.
permitted, is not necessary in order to meet the accuracy (2) View the thermometer with an optical aid that gives a
ascribed to this design thermometer (see NIST Special Publi- magnification of approximately five and also eliminates paral-
cation 819). Any change in ice-point correction shall be added lax.
to the other corrections of the original Report of Calibration. (3) Express the ice-point reading to the nearest 0.005°C.

TABLE A2.1 General Specification for Thermometers

NOTE—Table A2.2 gives a range of ASTM, IP, and ASTM/IP thermom-
eters that comply with the specification in Table A2.1, together with their
designated test temperatures. See Specification E1 and Test Method E77.
Immersion Total
Scale marks:
Subdivisions °C 0.05
Long lines at each °C 0.1 and 0.5
Numbers at each °C 1
Maximum line width mm 0.10
Scale error at test temperature, max °C 0.1
Expansion chamber:
Permit heating to °C 105 up to 90, 120 between 90 and 95
130 between 95 and 105, 170 above
105
Total length mm 300 to 310
Stem outside diameter mm 6.0 to 8.0
Bulb length mm 45 to 55
Bulb outside diameter mm no greater than stem
Length of scale range mm 40 to 90

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 D445 – 11a
TABLE A2.2 Complying Thermometers
Test Test
Thermometer No. Temperature Thermometer No. Temperature
°C °F °C °F
ASTM 132C, IP 102C 150 ASTM 128C, F/IP 33C 0 32
ASTM 110C, F/IP 93C 135 275 ASTM 72C, F/IP 67C −17.8 0
ASTM 121C/IP 32C 98.9, 210, ASTM 127C/IP 99C −20 −4
100 212 ASTM 126C, F/IP 71C −26.1 −20
ASTM 129C, F/IP 36C 93.3 200 ASTM 73C, F/IP 68C −40 −40
ASTM 48C, F/IP 90C 82.2 180 ASTM 74C, F/IP 69C −53.9 −65
IP 100C 80
ASTM 47C, F/IP 35C 60 140
ASTM 29C, F/IP 34C 54.4 130
ASTM 46C F/IP 66C 50 122
ASTM 120C/IP 92C 40
ASTM 28C, F/IP 31C 37.8 100
ASTM 118C, F 30 86
ASTM 45C, F/IP 30C 25 77
ASTM 44C, F/IP 29C 20 68

FIG. A2.1 Thermometer Designs

A2.2.4 When in use, immerse the thermometric device to immersion condition, it shall be immersed to the top of the
the same depth as when it was fully calibrated. For example, if mercury column with the remainder of the stem and the
a liquid-in-glass thermometer was calibrated at the normal total expansion volume at the uppermost end exposed to room

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 D445 – 11a
temperature and pressure. In practice, this means that the top of A2.2.4.1 If this condition cannot be met, then an extra
the mercury column shall be within a length equivalent to four correction may be necessary.
scale divisions of the surface of the medium whose temperature
is being measured.

A3. TIMER ACCURACY

A3.1 Regularly check timers for accuracy and maintain WWVH Kauai, HI 2.5, 5, 10, 15, MHz
records of such checks. CHU Ottawa, Canada 3.33, 7.335, 14.67 MHz

A3.1.1 Time signals as broadcast by the National Institute A3.1.2 Radio broadcast of voice and audio on a telephone
of Standards and Technology are a convenient and primary line at phone 303-499-7111. Additional time services are
standard reference for calibrating timing devices. The follow- available from the National Institute of Standards and
ing can be used to an accuracy of 0.1 s: Technology.
WWV Fort Collins, CO 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

A4. CALCULATION OF ACCEPTABLE TOLERANCE ZONE (BAND) TO DETERMINE CONFORMANCE WITH A

CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIAL

NOTE A4.1—These calculations are based on Practice D6617. A4.3.1 If the coverage factor, k, is not known, use the value
2.
A4.1 Determine the standard deviation for site uncertainty,
ssite, from a laboratory quality control program. (See Practice A4.4 Construct the acceptable tolerance zone:
D6299.) TZ 5 61.44 =ssite
2 2
1 SEARV (A4.2)
A4.1.1 If the standard deviation for site uncertainty, ssite, is
A4.5 Worked out example for kinematic viscosity zone
not known, use the value 0.19%.
(band):
A4.2 Determine the combined extended uncertainty (CEU) ssite 5 0.19 % ~default value from A4.1.1! (A4.3)
of the accepted reference value (ARV) of the certified reference CEUARV 5 0.22 % ~from the CVRS label or documentation!
material (CRM) from the supplier’s label or included docu- (A4.3)
mentation. In this test method, the CRM is the Certified k 5 2 ~from the CVRS label or documentation! (A4.3)
Viscosity Reference Standard (CVRS) as defined in 9.2. 0.22
SEARV 5 2 5 0.11 (A4.3)
NOTE A4.2—Combined Extended Uncertainty (CEU) is equivalent to
Expanded Uncertainty (U). See NIST Technical Note 1297. TZ 5 61.44=0.192 1 0.112 5 61.44=0.0361 1 0.0121 5 60.32 %
(A4.3)
A4.3 Calculate the standard error of the accepted reference
value (SEARV) by dividing the CEU by the coverage factor, k, A4.5.1 In this example, the tolerance zone will be 60.32 %
listed on the supplier’s label or included documentation. of the certified viscosity reference standard value on the report
of test or bottle label. If this site uses a CVRS (for example)
CEUARV with a kinematic viscosity of 33.98 mm2/s, the TZ = 33.87 to
SEARV 5 k (A4.1)
34.09 mm2/s, with 95 % certainty. Viscosity measurements
NOTE A4.3—Standard Error (SEARV) is equivalent to Combined Stan- made with this CVRS at that site should fall within that
dard Uncertainty (UC). See NIST Technical Note 1297. tolerance zone (band) 19 out of 20 times.

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 D445 – 11a
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D445–11) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1, 2011.)

(1) Revised 6.4 to define requirements for electronic tempera-

ture measurement.

Subcommittee D02.07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D445–10) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Jan. 1, 2011.)

(1) Revised 3.3.3 and 3.3.4 to update definitions. (3) Added reference to the International Vocabulary of
(2) Added discussions under 3.3.4 to provide continuity be- Metrology.
tween the old and the new definitions.

Subcommittee D02.07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D445–09) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2010.)

(1) Revised Annex A4 to clarify terms and add a worked (2) Revised 1.4 to clarify SI units used in the test method and
example. add units reference for users.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

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