A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
in
Math 108

Calculus 1

College of Education
BSED-Math
 Module No. 1

Analytic Geometry
and Conic Sections

2nd Semester AY 2020-2021

Prepared by

Lea Linda S. Canilla

Associate Professor III

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Table of Contents

Contents Page

Cover Page i
Title Page ii
Table of Contents iii
Instruction to User iv
Introduction v
Chapter 1 1
Overview 1
Learning Outcomes 1
Pre-test 2
Lesson 1-Straight Lines 8
A. Learning Outcomes 8
B. Time Allotment 8
C. Discussion 8
D. Activities/Exercises 47
Lesson 2-Conic Sections 20
A. Learning Outcomes 20
B. Time Allotment 20
C. Discussion 20
D. Activities/ Exercises 47

Evaluation/Post-test 49
References 55

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as
well to ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It
covers the topic about sets and real number system.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social
media platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst
this Covid-19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines University!

Shape your dreams with quality learning experience.

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

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INTRODUCTION

Hello everyone! Welcome to one of our learning areas, the Calculus. We will
learn another one of the major learning areas in mathematics. Take this subject as one
of the games you are playing or one of the hobbies that you are doing. Enjoy studying
mathematics as if you are just learning something new in order to improve yourself
and for your future career as future mentors.
We will try our best to learn this subject in a simple way so as we will be able to
understand its concepts and principles. Try to look around you, we can observe that
everything that surrounds us keep changing. Particular example, our life as a student,
before, we go to school, meet new friends, hangout with barkadas, talk to others face-
to-face, but due the pandemic circumstances, all these things change. We meet new
friends through different google platforms such as Facebook, messenger, Instagram,
and many other forms. Yet, we can communicate with them. As we try to overcome
this situation that we are in, we still need to enhance our learning in mathematics. We
learned different disciplines in mathematics, particularly Algebra.
The change that we observed will be the one we will study in calculus. In
Calculus, we are interested in how a change in one variable affects other variables.
Unlike in Algebra, we solve equations for a particular value of a variable. We will learn
more about the limit, derivative and integration of a function, however, let us first
discuss some topics in analytic geometry and the conic sections.

We will just discuss the simple one, so let us learn together. Don’t hesitate to
ask questions through group chat that we created. If in case you don’t understand the
lesson try to message me, so as we can discuss.

The subject matter will enhance your capabilities in learning and exploring
more advanced mathematics. Its usefulness will address the future needs you will have
in teaching mathematics.

This module will lead you to study of straight lines and conic sections and
explore more about the analytic geometry and conic sections in more details.

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Chapter 1-Analytic Geometry and

Conic Section
Overview
Module 1 covers the recall of coordinate and lines as well as the study of conic
sections.
This module includes Lesson 1-Straight lines, Lesson 2- Conic Sections

The activities or exercises included are carefully designed to the students

enrolled in the Mathematics specialization. The activities may also serve as sample
exercises that may be adopted by future teachers when they are already in the field

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you can:
1. Recall the concepts of coordinates and lines, distance and midpoint, slope, and
equation of the lines
2. Interpret the concepts of circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola

3. Derive the equations of the lines using the concepts of slopes, equation of circle,
ellipse, parabola and hyperbola
4. Solve problems involving circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola
5. Apply translation of axes in graphing conic sections

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Pre-test
Directions: This is a test to assess the ideas on coordinates, lines and conic sections.
The result of this test will not be recorded but to ensure that you have
performed the process, you have to submit your answers after checking it
by yourself. That is, you have to provide an answer sheet, where you will
write your answers on the test items below. The result of this test will be
your guide in assessing yourself for more exposure to the topics to be
discussed. You will also know what lesson content you have to learn more.

Test I: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer
sheet.

1. In the ordered pair(−2, 3), what is the ordinate?

A. 3 B. -2 C. both a & b D. none

2. The point (−4, −1 ( is located in which quadrant?

A. I B. II C. III D. IV

3. Which of the following points is found on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠?

A. (1, −1) B. (0, −3) C. (−3,5) D. (−2,0)

4. If a point 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏) is in the fourth quadrant, which of the following is true?

A. a is positive; b is negative C. a and b are positive
B. a is negative; b is positive D. a and b are negative

5. The coordinates of four points are𝐴(4,4), 𝐵(−4,4), 𝐶 (−4, −4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷(4, −4). If line
segments join A to B, B to C, C to D, and D to A, what geometric figure is formed?
A. rectangle B. square C. trapezoid D. cone

6. As a particle moves from (3, -5) to (4, 2), the directed distance or increment in 𝑦
is
A. 7 B. -3 C. -7 D. 3

7. Which of the following has a zero 𝑥 increment or directed distance in 𝑥?

A. (7, -1) to (-7, 5) B. (8, -5) to (-8, 5) C. (5, 5) to (5, -5) D.(5, −5)𝑡𝑜(−5, −5)

8. As a particle moves from (-1, 3) to (4, -2),

A. 𝑥 is negative B. 𝑦 is positive C. 𝑥 is zero D. 𝑦 is negative

9. What is the distance between the two points 𝐴(3,2) and 𝐵(3, −7)?
A. 0 B. 3 C. 9 D. 81

10. What is the distance between the points C(5, 3) and D (-4, 3)?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 3 D. 9

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11. What is the distance between the points P(-2, 2) and Q (2, 5)?
A. 2 B. 5 C. 9 D. 16

12. What is the midpoint of the line segment joining A(3, -8) and B(7, 2)?
A. (4, -1) B. (2, 5) C. (5, -3) D. (10, -6)

13. The midpoint between points P and Q is at M (3, 5). If P is at (-2, 6), where is Q
located at?
A. (8, 4) B. (8, 7) C. (8, -4) D. (-4, 12)

14. What is the 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of the equation 4x + 2y = 24?

A. 0 B. 2 C. 5 D. 6
2𝑥 3𝑦
15. What is the x-intercept of the equation 3 + 4 = 8 ?
A. 4 B. -4 C. 12 D. -12

16. What is the y-intercept of the equation y – 10 + 12x = 0?

A. 10 B. 12 C. 10/12 D. 5/12

17. What is the slope of the line passing through the points (3, -1) and (4, 7)?
A. 8 B. -8 C. 1/8 D. 3/4

18. The slope of the line tilted upward from right to left is
A. positive B. negative C. zero D. undefined

19. The line x = -2 has

A. a positive slope B. a negative slope C. zero slope D. no slope

20. The slope of the line is 4. It passes through the point (1, -2), what is the second
point on the line?
A. (-3, 4) B. (3, 6) C. (5, -2) D. (6, 2)

21. . What is the slope of the equation 2x – 3y – 6 = 0?

A. -3/2 B. 2 C. 2/3 D. 6

22. . What is the equation of the line that passes through the point (3, -4) and has
slope of 3/5?
A. 3x – 5y – 29 = 0 B. 3x + y + 29 = 0 C. 5x – 3y – 11 = 0 D. 5x + 2y – 20 = 0

23. The line passes through the points (3, -1) and (4, 7) has the equation
A. 8x – y = 32 B. 8x – y – 25 = 0 C. x + 8y – 32 = 0 D. 8x + 2y – 25 = 0

24. A line whose slope is -2 has a y-intercept of 3. What is the equation of the line?
A. 2x + y – 3 = 0 B. x – y – 3 = 0 C. y – x + 3 = 0 D. 2x - y - 3 = 0

25. What is the equation of the line which has x- intercept of 3 and y- intercept of
2?
A. 2x + y – 3 = 0 B. 2x + 3y – 6 = 0 C. 3x – 2y – 6 = 0 D. 3x – 2y – 1 = 0

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26. The equation 3x – y – 2 = 0 has a y-intercept of

A. - 2 B. 2 C. -2/3 D. – 3/2

27. If the line L1 and L2 are perpendicular, their slopes are

A. both zero B. equal C. positive reciprocals D. negative reciprocals

28. What is the slope of the line parallel to 5x – 3y = 1?

A. 3/5 B. 5/3 C. 1 D. -5/3

29. What is the slope of the line perpendicular to 3x – 5y – 12 = 0?

A. 1/3 B. -3/5 C. 5/3 D. -3

30. The line y - 2x = 5 is parallel to the line

A. 2x – 3y = 1 B. 2x – y = 4 C. 2x + 3y = 1 D. 3x + y = 5

31. A line L passes through the points (5, -2) and (-1, 1). The slope of a line
perpendicular to L is
A. 1/2 B. -1/2 C. 2 D. -2

32. What is the equation of the line through (3, -2) and the point of intersection of
lines x + 2y = 8 and 3x – y = 3?
A. 5x – y = 7 B. 5x - y = -7 C. x + 5y = -13 D. 5x – y = 13

33. What is the equation of the line perpendicular to y – 2x = 5 and passing through
(1, 3)?
A. 3y + 2x = 1 B. 2x - y = -1 C. y + 2x = 1 D. 2y + x = 4

34. What is the distance between the point (4, 1) and the line y = 2x + 1?
8√5 5√8
A. units B. 8 units C. units D. 5 units
5 8

35. The equation 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 0 gives a graph that faces

A. upward B. downward C. to the right D. to the left

36. The equation 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 = 30 is an equation of which type of conic?

A. circle B. ellipse C. parabola D. hyperbola

37. The two fixed points in an ellipse are the

A. Vertices B. length sum C. foci D. intercepts

38. If the center of the circle is at the origin and it passes through (1, -5), what is the
equation of the circle?
A. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 B. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 26 C. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 D. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

39. The fixed line in a parabola is called the

A. asymptote B. focus C. directrix D. Intercept

40. In the equation 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 = 0, the focus is at the point

1 1 4 4
A. (0, 5) B. ( 5 , 0 ) C. ( 5 , 0 ) D. (0, 5)

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41. A line perpendicular to the axis will have a slope equal to

A. Zero B. -1 C. 1 D. undefined

42. In the equation4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 36 , the radius is

A. 3 B. 6 C. 9 D. 36

43. In the equation 𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 25, the vertices are at

A. (0, ±5) B. (0, ±1) C.( ±5, 0) D. (±1, 0)
1
44. The equation of the parabola whose focus is at(− 3 , 0) is
A. 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 0 B. 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 = 0 C. 4𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 D. 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 = 0

45. The equation of the line that passes through (-3, 4) and perpendicular to 3x – 5y
= 1 is
A. 5x = 3y + 11 = 0 B. 5x + 3y + 3 = 0 C. 5x + 3x – 11 = 0 D. 5y -3x + 29 = 0

46. If the radius of the circle is 4, and the center at the origin , the equation of the
circle is
A. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 1 B. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 C. 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 16 D. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 32

47. The distance between the line 4x + 3y – 10 = 0 and the origin is

A. -2 B. 3/5 C. 2 D. -3/5

48. Which of the following is an equation of an ellipse?

A. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 1 B. 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 1 C. 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 = 1 D. 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = 1

49. A segment joining two points on a circle is called

A. vertex B. center C. chord D. tangent

50. 𝑀 is the midpoint of segment 𝐿𝑁 . If LM = 3x + 16 and MN = 7x, how long is LN?

A. 56 B. 26 C. 66 D. 36

51. AB is a chord of circle O of length 20 cm. If OA = 15 cm. Find the distance of AB

from O.
A. 5cm B. 5√5 cm C. 4 cm D. 15√5 cm

52. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 = 0 if the point of
tangency is (0, 8).
A. y – 8 = 0 B. y + 8 – 0 C. y = 4 D. y + 4 = 0

53. What is the equation of the parabola with focus at (2, 0) and vertex is at origin?
A. 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 B. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 C. 𝑥 2 = 3𝑦 D. 𝑥 2 = 6𝑦

54. When the focus of the parabola is at (0,-5), the curve faces
A. upward B. downward C. to the left D. to the right

55. The vertex of the parabola is at the origin and the directrix is at the line y= -3.
What is the equation of the parabola?
A. 𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 B. 𝑥 2 = −12𝑦 C. 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥 D. 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥
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56. The focus of the parabola x2 – 24y = 0 is found at

A. (0, 6) B. (0, -6) C. (6, 0) D. (-6,0)

57. Find the equation of the parabola with focus at (8, 0) and with directrix x= -8.
A. 𝑦 2 = −32𝑥 B. 𝑥 2 = 32𝑦 C. 𝑦 2 = 32𝑥 D. 𝑥 2 = −32𝑦

58. Find the equation of the parabola with focus (6, -5) and directrix y = 2.
A. 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 57 = 0 C. 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 57 = 0
B. 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 − 8𝑥 − 57 = 0 D. 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 16𝑥 + 57 = 0

For item number 59 and 60. Refer to the given problem. Given the equation of the
parabola 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 16 = 0 find

59. The coordinates of the vertex?

A. (6, -6) B.(4, -4) C. (3, -3) D.(2, -2)

60. The length of the latus rectum

A. 6units B. 3 units C. 12 units D. 9 units

For item number 61 and 62 refer to the given problem. The equation of the
parabola 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 7 = 0 find

61. The coordinates of the vertex

A. (-1, 2) B.(1, 2) C. (0, 2) D. (2, 2)

62. The coordinates of the focus

A. (1, 1) B. (0,0) C. (2, 2) D. (3, 3)

63. Which of the equation below describes an ellipse?

𝑥2 𝑦2
A. x2 + y2 = 4 B.4x2 + 9y2 = 36 C. 2x2 + 2y2 = 50 D. + =1
16 16

𝑥2 𝑦2
64. The vertices of the ellipse 16 + =1
4
A. (± 4,0) B. (0, ±2) C. ( 0, ± 4, ) D. (±2, 0)

65. Find the length of the major axis of the ellipse 16x2 + 5y2 = 400.
A. 5 B. 10 C.8√5 D. 10√5

66. Find the equation of the ellipse with vertices at (-14, -0) and (14, 0) and foci at (-
9, 0) and (9, 0).

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. + 196 = 1 C. 196 + 115 = 1
81

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
B. 196 + 81 = 1 D. 115 + 196 = 1

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67. Find the equation of the ellipse with vertices of (0, -18) and (0, 18) and minor
axis of length 30.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. 225 + 99 = 1 C. 225 + 324 = 1

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
B. + =1 D. + =1
99 225 324 225

You did a good job!

Let us now proceed to the main course of the discussion! Are you ready for more
activities? Sure, you are. Good luck!

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Lesson 1-Straight lines

In this lesson you are going to review about distance and midpoint, division of
a segment, slope, parallel and perpendicular lines, and distance from a point to a line.
You are given the learning outcomes to achieve, time allotment for your guide in time
management, the discussion of the contents, the activities to be done, and try to assess
yourself if learning outcomes are fulfilled.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you can
1. Recall the concepts of coordinate and lines.
2. Solve problems involving equation of the lines, distance and midpoint.

Time Allotment
The minimum time allotment for this lesson is at least 2 hours. You can
exceed the allowable time. It doesn’t matter if you have completed beyond
the time allotment, as long as you learn the process, and completed the tasks
assigned. What matters the most is you have achieved the learning outcomes
expected from you.

Discussion
Coordinates and Lines

You have learned in Algebra about the real number systems.

Now let us discuss the distance between two real numbers.

1.1. Distance
1. Undirected distance

On a number line, the absolute value of a number is just the undirected

distance of the number from the origin.

2. Distance between two real numbers

The distance between two real numbers 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 on a real number line is
given by the absolute value of the difference between 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏, which can
be written as, |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑜𝑟 |𝑏 − 𝑎| . The distance between 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 can be
expressed symbolically as ̅̅̅̅̅̅
|𝐴𝐵|.

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Illustration:
Let 𝐴(−2) and 𝐵(5) be points on the same number line. Find the distance
̅̅̅̅̅̅
|𝐴𝐵| between 𝐴 and 𝐵.

Solution:
𝑎 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 5 , the distance between 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 is given by ̅̅̅̅̅̅
|𝐴𝐵| =
|𝑎 − 𝑏| = |−2 − 5| = 7

• intervals
Recall the interval of real numbers.
Let 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 be real numbers such that 𝑎 < 𝑏.
a. Open interval (𝑎, 𝑏)
The open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) consists of all real numbers between
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏. Equivalently,
(𝑎, 𝑏) = {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ: 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏}

b. closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏]

The closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] consists of all real numbers between
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏. Equivalently,
[𝑎, 𝑏] = {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}

c. other types of intervals

[𝑎, 𝑏) = {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏}
(𝑎, 𝑏] = {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ: 𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}
(𝑎, +∞) = {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ: 𝑎 < 𝑥 }
(−∞, 𝑏) = {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ: 𝑥 < 𝑏}
[𝑎, +∞) = {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 }
(−∞, 𝑏] = {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ: 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}

3. Directed Distance
Recall the rectangular coordinate system. When we draw a pair of
perpendicular on the plane such that one is horizontal line and the
other is vertical line. See the figure 1.1
• 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is the horizontal line
• 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is the vertical line
• origin is the intersection of two perpendicular lines
• ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) is real numbers that corresponds to each point
in a plane.
• 𝑥 is the directed distance of the point from the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
• 𝑦 is the directed distance of the point from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
• The point associated to the ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) lies
o to the right of the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
o to the left of the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
o on the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
• The point lies
o above the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 > 0
o below the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 < 0
o on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 0
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𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

II: 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0 I: 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0

𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

III: 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 < 0 IV: 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 < 0

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.1

• abscissa of the point is the number 𝑥 in the ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦)

• ordinate of the point is the number 𝑦 in the ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦)
• rectangular or cartesian coordinates of the point is the abscissa
and ordinate of a point.
• Coordinate axes are the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. These axes divide
the plane into four parts, the quadrants. The quadrants are
numbered I, II, III, IV as shown in figure 1.1.
• Rectangular or cartesian coordinate system is the one-to-one
correspondence between the plane and the set of all ordered pairs
of real numbers.
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
• If 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 on the
plane, we can write 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑦
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) which means
that 𝑃 has
coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦).
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑥

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.2

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• Distance Formula

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑦2 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑦1
𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑥1 𝑥2

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.3

We can see at the figure 1.2 that by using Pythagorean theorem, we can derive the
distance formula given two points 𝑃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 . You can derive it on your own and still
you will arrive at the same formula.

The distance between two points 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) on the same plane is
given by the formula

The distance between two points𝑃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 can be denoted as 𝑑(𝑃1 𝑃2 ) or |̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃1 𝑃2 |.

Example:

1. Find the distance between 𝑃(−2,4) and 𝑄(1,8).

Solution: Given (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−2,4) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (1, 8) and using the
distance formula, we obtain

𝑑 = √(1 − (−2))2 + (8 − 4)2

= √(3)2 + (4)2

= √25

𝑑=5

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1.2 Midpoint of a line segment

The midpoint 𝑀 of the line segment having 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) as

endpoints has coordinates

𝑥1 + 𝑥2
𝑥=
2
𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑦=
2

𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.4

Example:

1. Find the midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are 𝑃(−2,4) and
𝑄(1,8).
Solution:

Given (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−2,4) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (1, 8) and using the midpoint formula,
we obtain

−2 + 1 4 + 8 −1
𝑀=( , ) = ( , 6)
2 2 2

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1.3 Slope
On a straight line we can find its slope. Looking at the figure 1.5, we can
observe that we are given two points on a line on the cartesian plane.

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑦2 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
( )
𝑦1
𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑥1 𝑥2

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.5
The slope 𝒎 of the line joining two points 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is given by

𝑚=

Things to remember:

• The slope of vertical line is undefined.

• The slope of horizontal line is zero.

Example:
1. Find the slope of the line passing through the points (−1,3)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2, −1).
Solution:
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−1,3) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (2, −1) the slope of the line is
computed as

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −1 − (−3) −1 + 3 2
𝑚= = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 − (−1) 2+1 3

1.4 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines

We can define parallel and perpendicular lines using the slope of the lines.

Theorem 1.4.1 Two non-vertical lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are said to be parallel if and
only if their slopes are equal.

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Theorem 1.4.1 Two non-vertical and non-horizontal lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are said to
be perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is −1.

Remarks:
1. The slopes of parallel lines are equal. That is, if the slope of 𝐿1 𝑖𝑠 𝑚1 and the
slope of 𝐿2 is 𝑚2 , then 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 .

2. The product of the slopes of perpendicular lines is equal to 1. That is 𝑚1 𝑚2 =

−1.

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝐿1
𝐿2

𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.6
A pair of parallel lines

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝐿1

𝐿2

𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.7
A pair of perpendicular lines

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Example:
1. The slope of a line𝑙1 is 3. Find the slope of the second line 𝑙2 if 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 are
a. Parallel
b. Perpendicular

Solution:
1. If 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 are parallel then their slopes are equal. Since the
slope of 𝑙1 is 3, then the slope of 𝑙2 is 3 also.
2. If 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 are perpendicular then the product of their slopes is -
1 or one slope is negative reciprocal of the other slope. Since the
1
slope of 𝑙1 is 3, then the slope of 𝑙2 is − 3.

1.5 Equations of a line

Forms of the equation of a line

1.5.1 General equation of a line

The general equation of a line is given by

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0

where 𝐴, 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 are constants and not both 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are zero.

Example:
3
1. Determine if the point (− 2 , 2) lies on the line given by 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 3 = 0.

Solution:
3 3
At the point (− 2 , 2) , 𝑥 = − 2 and 𝑦 = 2. If we substitute these
values to the given equation 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 3 = 0, we obtain
3
2 (− 2) + 3(2) − 3 = 0, or −3 + 6 − 3 = 0, which is true.
3
Therefore, (− 2 , 2)lies on the line given by 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 3 = 0.

1.5.2 Two-point form equation of a line

Let 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) be two points on a line 𝐿. If 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) is

another point on a line 𝐿, then the slope of 𝑃 ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 𝑄 is equal to slope of 𝑃1 𝑃2,
that is, 𝑚̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃1 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑃 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 𝑃2
.

𝑦−𝑦 𝑦 −𝑦 𝑦−𝑦 𝑦 −𝑦
Since 𝑚̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃1 𝑄 = 𝑥−𝑥 , and 𝑚𝑃
1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 𝑃2
= 𝑥2 −𝑥1, then we have 𝑥−𝑥1 = 𝑥2−𝑥1
1 2 1 1 2 1
Equivalently
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )
which is equation of a line in two-point-form.
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Example:
1. Find the equation of the line that passes through
(2, −1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1, −3).

Solution:

Let (2, −1) 𝑏𝑒 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (−1, −3) 𝑏𝑒 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), then by using the two-
point form of equation of the line, we obtain

(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )

(−3 − (−1))
𝑦 − (−1) = (𝑥 − 2)
(−1 − 2)

2
𝑦 + 1 = (𝑥 − 2)
3

1.5.3 Intercept form equation of a line

Recall that 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is a point on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 where the line
intersects, while 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is a point on the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 where the line
intersects.
Suppose 𝑎 is the 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 and 𝑏 is the 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of a
line such that 𝑎 ≠ 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 0. Then the line passes through (𝑎, 0) and
(0, 𝑏). Using the two-point form of the equation of the line, we get

𝑏−0
𝑦−𝑏 = ( ) (𝑥 − 0)
0−𝑎
𝑏𝑥
𝑦 =− +𝑏
𝑎
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑏 (− + 1)
𝑎
𝑦 𝑥
=− +1
𝑏 𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏

which is the equation of the line in intercept form

Example:
1. A line passes through (3,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,4). Find the equation of the line in
intercept form.

Solution:
Using the intercept form, we obtain
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝟑 𝟒

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1.5.4 Point-slope form of the equation of the line

Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a known point on a line 𝐿 with a slope 𝑚. If 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) is any
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑦−𝑦
other point on 𝐿, then 𝑚𝑃𝑄 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚 , but 𝑚𝑃𝑄
̅̅̅̅ = , so 𝑥−𝑥1 = 𝑚 which is
𝑥−𝑥 1 1
equivalently equal to

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

This is the equation in point-slope form.

Example:
A line passes through points (−1, −3)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2, −1). Find the point-slope form
equation of this line.

Solution:
Let (2, −1) 𝑏𝑒 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (−1, −3) 𝑏𝑒 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), then we find the slope to be

−3 − (−1) 2
𝑚= =
−1 − 2 3

Using the point-slope form, we obtain

2
𝑦 − (−1) = (𝑥 − 2)
3
𝟐
𝒚+𝟏= ( 𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝟑

1.5.5 Slope-intercept form equation of the line

Let 𝑚 be the slope of a line whose y-intercept is 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 (0, 𝑏). Using the point-
slope form, we obtain an equation of a line as
𝑦 − 𝑏 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 0)
which is equivalent to
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏

and this is the equation of the line in slope-intercept form.

Example:

1. Find the equation of the line with slope of 3 and 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 − 1.

Solution:
Given 𝑚 = 3 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = −1 then by using the slope-intercept form we get
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1

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1.6 Distance from a point to a line

Theorem 1.6: The distance 𝑑 from a point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to a line 𝐿 with equation
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 is given by

|𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶 |
𝑑=
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2

Example:
4𝑥
Find the distance of a point (5,1) from the line given by 𝑦 = + 5.
3

Solution:
4𝑥
Transform the given equation 𝑦 = + 5 into the general form of the equation of
3
4𝑥
the line. So, 𝑦 = + 5 ⟺ 3𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 15 ⟺ 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 15 = 0, then the general
3
equation of the line is 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 15 = 0. We identify 𝐴 = 4, 𝐵 = −3, 𝐶 = 15. While
the given 𝑥 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1. By substituting these values to the equation of distance
from a point to a line, we obtain

|4(5) + (−3)(1) + 15|

𝑑=
√(4)2 + (−3)2

|20 + (−3) + 15|

𝑑=
√25

32
𝑑=
5

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Activities/Exercises
Problem Set # 1. Solve each of the following items below. Submit your answer with
solutions through e-mail. This is my e-mail address:
[email protected]. If you have any questions regarding this
matter, please don’t hesitate to message me.

1. Find the distance between the points 𝐴(1, −2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(7,8).
2. Find the value of 𝑦 so that the distance between two points
𝐵(2,6) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 (−1, 𝑦)𝑖𝑠 6.
3. If 𝐿(2, −3)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 (−6, −5) are endpoints of a diameter of a circle, find the center
and radius of the circle.
4. Use slopes to show that 𝐸 (−2,5), 𝐹 (1, −1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺(−4,9) are collinear.
5. What is the slope of a line whose general equation is 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0?
6. Find the value of 𝑘 such that the line given by 4𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 = 2𝑘
a. is parallel to the line given by 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 5
b. has slope equal to 3
c. Passes through (2,1)

7. Find the general equation of the line satisfying the following properties:
7.1 with slope equal to 3 and 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 equal to −2.
7.2 passing through the point (2,1) and perpendicular to the line given by
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 5
7.3 passing through the points (−3,4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2,6).
7.4 with slope equal to 3 and 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 equal to 5.
7.5 passing through the point (0,2) and parallel to the line given by 2𝑥 +
3𝑦 = 5
7.6 perpendicular to and bisecting the line segment whose endpoints are
(−3,4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2,1).
7.7 Perpendicular to the line given by 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 = 5 and passing through the
point of intersection of the lines given by 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7
7.8 Passing through (−3, −4) and has equal intercepts.

8. Find the distance of the point (−2, 5) from the line given by 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 5.
9. The points 𝐴(−2, 5), 𝐵(0, 4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(3, 1) are vertices of a triangle. Show that the line
through the midpoints 𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 of the sides ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ , respectively, is parallel to
the third side 𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ | = 1 |𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ of the triangle. Also show that |𝐷𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ |.
2

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Lesson 2- Conic Sections

In this lesson you are going to learn about conic sections such as parabola,
ellipse and hyperbola including circle. You are given the learning outcomes to achieve,
time allotment for your guide in time management, the discussion of the contents, the
activities to be done, and try to assess yourself if learning outcomes are fulfilled.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you can:
1. Describe conic sections.
2. Interpret the concepts of circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.
3. Derive the equation of circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.
4. Solve problems involving circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.

Time Allotment
The minimum time allotment for this lesson is at least 1 hour. You can exceed
the allowable time. It doesn’t matter if you have completed beyond the time allotment,
as long as you learn the process, and completed the tasks assigned. What matters the
most is you have achieved the learning outcomes expected from you.

Discussion
2.1 Conic Sections
2.1.1 Definitions:
• Conic section is the intersection of a plane and a right circular cone with
two nappes. Curves formed by the intersection of a plane and a double
right circular cone.

Intersection of a plane and

a double right circular cone

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Vertical axis

generators

upper nappe

vertex

Lower nappe

Figure 2.1.1
• Generator of the cone- a line lying entirely on the cone. All generators of
the cone pass through its vertex.
• Vertex- is the only point where the two nappes intersect.
• Vertical axis -axis where the generators move around.

2.1.2 Types of conics

2.1.2.1 Degenerate conic
A degenerate conic is either a point, a circle, a line or two intersecting
lines. They are not curves but possible results of the intersection of the
plane and double right circular cone.

Intersecting lines single line single point

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2.1.2.1 Non-degenerate conic

Non-degenerate conic is either a parabola, an ellipse or a hyperbola.
These non-degenerate conics can be characterized by the number of
generators which are parallel to a cutting plane.

The conic sections (or conics), is a particular class of curves which

oftentimes appear in nature and which have applications in other fields. One of
the first shapes we learned, a circle, is a conic. When you throw a ball, the
trajectory it takes is a parabola. The orbit taken by each planet around the sun is
an ellipse. Properties of hyperbolas have been used in the design of certain
telescopes and navigation systems.

2.1.3 Descriptions of the conic sections.

1. Circle
If cutting plane is not parallel to any generator but is perpendicular to the
axis, the curve is a circle. This happens when the plane is horizontal.

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2. Parabola
If cutting plane is parallel to one and only one generator, the curve is
parabola. It occurs when the plane intersects only one cone to form an
unbounded curve.

3. Ellipse
If cutting plane is not parallel generator, that is it cuts all generators,
the curve of intersection is ellipse. It happens when the (tilted) plane intersects
only one cone to form a bounded curve.

4. Hyperbola
If the cutting plane is parallel to two generators, the curve of
intersection is hyperbola. It is when the plane (not necessarily vertical)
intersects both cones to form two unbounded curves (each called a branch
of the hyperbola).

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• So, non-degenerate conic is a set of points 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) on the plane such that the
ratio of the undirected distance of P from a fixed point (focus) to the
undirected distance of p from a fixed line not through the fixed point
(directrix) is a constant.
• The constant ratio is the eccentricity of the conic denoted by 𝑒.
• Let 𝑃 be a point on a conic with focus at F and let 𝑄 be the projection of 𝑃
on the directrix.
̅̅̅̅ | = 𝑒|𝐹𝑃
|𝐹𝑃 ̅̅̅̅|

• The line through a focus and perpendicular to a directrix of a conic is called

the principal axis of the conic. A point of intersection of the conic and its
principal axis is called a vertex of the conic.
• Given eccentricity e of a conic the conic is
a. a parabola if 𝑒 = 1

b. an ellipse if 0 < 𝑒 < 1

c. a hyperbola if 𝑒 > 1

Let us now discuss the conic section in details.

First, though circle is mostly considered as geometric figure rather than included as
conic, but we have to understands its details.

1. CIRCLE
• Definition and equation of a circle.

❖ Plot the following points in Cartesian plane the point

𝐶 (2, 1), 𝐴(−3, 1), 𝐵(5 , 5).

❖ What is the distance of B from C?

❖ What are the collections of points from point C to any point?

6
In the figure, we can
5 𝐵(5,5)
observe that moving
4
3 line 𝐵𝐶, will coincide
2 with 𝐴𝐶 and form an
𝐴(−3,1) 1 𝐶(2,1) arc with set of points.
0 Another point 𝑃 is
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1 located, and we note
-2 that the distance of
𝑃
-3 𝑃𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 = 5.
-4 𝑃𝐶 = 5
-5

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.1
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A Definition of a circle
Suppose we let 𝐶 be a given point, as shown in the firgure2.1.3.2. The set of
all points 𝑃 having the same distance from 𝐶 is called a circle. The point 𝐶
is called the center of the circle, that is the fixed point, and a fixed or
common distance from 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 is its radius 𝑟.

𝑦
𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘)

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.2
B. Standard equation of a circle with center 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌) and radius 𝒓.
The radius refers to a segment from the center 𝐶 to a point 𝑃 on the circle. We
will find the length of this segment 𝑃𝐶 using the distance between two points
formula.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘 ) 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦). The distance
of the segment 𝑃𝐶 is given below.
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑟 = √(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2

𝑟 2 = (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2

Therefore, the equation of a circle is given by

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

This is the standard equation of the circle

with center 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌) and radius 𝒓 > 𝟎.

C. Center at the origin

If the center is at origin 𝐶 (0,0)𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 0, then the equation of the circle
is given by:
(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

This is equation of the circle with center at the

origin 𝑪(𝟎, 𝟎) and radius 𝒓.
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D. Center at origin and radius 𝒓 = 𝟏

If the center is at origin and the radius is 1, then the equation of the circle is given
by:

(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 12
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
Example:
In each item, give the standard equation of the circle satisfying the given conditions.

1. Center at the origin, radius is 3.

Solution:
𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘 ) = (0,0), 𝑟 = 3
Using the formula 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (3)2
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗
2. Center (−4,3), 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 √7
Solution:
𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘 ) = (−4,3), 𝑟 = √7

Using the form equation of a circle as

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝟐
(𝒙 − (−𝟒))𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = √𝟕

(𝒙 + 𝟒))𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟕

3. In this circle, figure 2.1.3.3

6
5 𝐵(5,5)
4
3
2
𝐴(−3,1) 1 𝐶(2,1)
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
-2
𝑃
-3
-4 𝑃𝐶 = 5
-5

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𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.3
 27

Solution:
As shown on the circle, the center is (2,1). The radius can be obtained by
𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 𝑟 = √(5 − 2)2 + (5 − 1)2
𝑟 = √(3)2 + (4)2
𝑟 = √9 + 16
𝑟 = √25
𝑟=5
So, the equation of the circle is
(𝒙 − 𝟐))𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓

4. Circle A in the figure 2.1.3.3

6 𝐴
5
4
3
𝐵 2
1
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.4

Solution:
By inspection, the center of circle is (4, 2) and the radius 𝑟 = 4, so the equation is

(𝒙 − 𝟒))𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔

5. Circle B, in figure 2.1.3.4.

Solution:

By inspection, the center of circle is (−1, −1) and the radius 𝑟 = 3, so the equation
is
(𝒙 − (−𝟏))𝟐 + (𝒚 − (−𝟏))𝟐 = 𝟗

(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟗
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6. Center (4, −5), 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Solution:
Recall that tangent to the circle is perpendicular to the radius.

The center is 5 units away from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, so the radius is 𝑟 = 5. The
equation is

(𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟓))𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓

7. It has a diameter with endpoints 𝐴(−1,4) and 𝐵(4,2).

Solution:
−1+4 4+2 3
The center 𝐶 is the midpoint of 𝐴 and 𝐵: 𝐶 = ( , ) = (2 , 3). The radius is then
2 2
3 2 29
𝑟 = 𝐴𝐶 = √(−1 − 2) + (4 − 3)2 = √ 4 .
3 2 29
The circle has equation (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 − 3)2 = .
4

A. General Equation of a Circle

3 2 29
Let us expand the equation of the circle in standard form (𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 − 3)2 =
2 4

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 5 = 0

So the general equation form of a circle is given by

𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0, 𝐴≠0
or
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0, 𝐴≠0

Example:
1. Identify the center and radius in the given equation. Sketch its graph and
indicate the center.
a. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 = 7

Solution:
The first thing to do is to rewrite the equation into standard form. To do this, is to
apply the completing the square in 𝑥 and in 𝑦 by finding a perfect polynomial
square to be added. Since we can identify the center and radius if the equation is
in standard form.

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 = 7
Rewrite: 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 7
1 2
Take (2 𝑏) [𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦) and add to both sides of the equation.

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1 2
So (2 (−6)) = 9
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 7 + 9
(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
Center (3,0), 𝑟 = 4
𝑦

6
5
4
3
2
1
0 𝑥
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

b. 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = −14
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = −14

𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = −14 + 49 + 1
(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 36
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 (7, −1), 𝑟 = 6
𝑦

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 3 4 𝑥
0 1 2 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

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2. PARABOLA
1. Definition
Parabola is a conic section with eccentricity of 𝑒 = 1. It is the set of all points
in the plane whose distance from a fixed point (focus) is equal to its distance
from a fixed line (directrix).

Look at the figure below on how the parabola formed.

𝑦

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.5
2. Equation of parabola

Consider the parabola below.

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.6

Let point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is on the parabola, then the distance of point 𝑃 from
𝐹(𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠) is equal to the distance of 𝑃 from 𝐷 (𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥).

The distance of 𝑃 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐹 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑃𝐹 = √(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 .

The distance of 𝑃 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑃𝐷 = |𝑥 − (−𝑝)|.

Since the distance of 𝑃 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐹 is equal to 𝑃 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷, then we have,

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√(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = |𝑥 − (−𝑝)|

√(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + (𝑦)2 = |𝑥 + 𝑝|

Squaring both sides
2
(√(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + (𝑦)2 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑝)2

(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑝)2

𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝2

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑝2 − 𝑝2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑝𝑥 + 2𝑝𝑥

𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒙

A. standard equation of parabola with vertex at origin

𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒙

Focus: (𝒑, 𝟎)
Directrix: 𝒙 = −𝒑
Vertex: (𝟎, 𝟎)
End points of latus rectum:(𝒑, 𝟐𝒑), (𝒑, −𝟐𝒑)

• Axis of symmetry, is a line through the focus that is perpendicular to the

directrix.
• Vertex, is the intersection of the axis and the parabola.
• |𝑝| is the distance of vertex from focus or the distance of vertex from
directrix.
• Latus Rectum I the line segment with endpoints on the parabola and
parallel to the directrix that contains the focus.
• Endpoints of latus rectum: (𝑝, 2𝑝), (𝑝, −2𝑝)

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.7

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B. Equations of parabola
1. 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒙 Focus: (𝒑, 𝟎) Directrix: 𝒙 = −𝒑

𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥

2. 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒚 Focus: (𝟎, 𝒑) Directrix: 𝒚 = −𝒑

𝑦 𝑦

𝑥
𝑥

Example 1:

𝑥2
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 12
Solution:
Equation: 12𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 = 12𝑦 (from the given equation and fit into the equation
of parabola where 𝑥 is being squared. Since 𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦 then,
𝑥 2 = 4(3)𝑦
So 𝑝 = 3, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 it is positive then the parabola opens upward.
Vertex: 𝑉(0,0)
Focus: 𝐹 (0,3) (𝐹(0, 𝑝)
Endpoints of latus rectum:𝐵1 (−2𝑝, 𝑝)(−2(3), 3) = (−6,3) and 𝐵2 (2𝑝, 𝑝)(2(3), 3) =
(6,3)
Directrix: 𝐷: 𝑦 = −𝑝, 𝑠𝑜 𝐷: 𝑦 = −3

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To sketch the parabola we will use the given solution above.

6
5
4
3
2
1
0 𝑥
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

Example 2:
Sketch the graph of 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 = 0

Solution:
Rewrite the equation then find 𝑝.

1
𝑦 2 = 4 (− ) 𝑥
3

1
𝑝=−
3
Since 𝑝 < 0, then the parabola opens to the left
Vertex: 𝑉 (0,0)
1
Focus: 𝐹(− 3 , 0)
1 2 1 2
Endpoints of latus rectum:𝐵1 (− 3 , − 3) , 𝐵2 (− 3 , 3)
1
Directrix: 𝑥 = 3

Sketch the graph based on the given solution.

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In general, if the vertex of a parabola is at the point (ℎ, 𝑘 ), then it has

either of the form

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉)
or
𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒉) = 𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌)

3. Parabola opening to the right

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉), 𝒑 > 𝟎

𝑦

Vertex:𝑉(ℎ, 𝑘)
Focus: 𝐹 (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘 )
𝑥 Endpoint of latus rectum:
𝐵1 (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘 − 2𝑝) and 𝐵2 (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘 + 2𝑝)
Directrix 𝐷: 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑝

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.8

4. Parabola opening to the left

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉), 𝒑 < 𝟎

Vertex:𝑉(ℎ, 𝑘)
Focus: 𝐹 (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘 )
Endpoint of latus rectum:
𝑥 𝐵1 (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘 + 2𝑝) and 𝐵2 (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘 − 2𝑝)
Directrix 𝐷: 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑝

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.9

Take note that the only difference in parabola opening to the right and
left is the direction or orientation of the parabola itself as well as the value
of 𝑝.
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5. Parabola opening upward

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌), 𝒑 > 𝟎

Vertex:𝑉(ℎ, 𝑘)
Focus: 𝐹 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑝)
Endpoint of latus rectum:
𝐵1 (ℎ − 2𝑝, 𝑘 + 𝑝) and 𝐵2 (ℎ + 2𝑝, 𝑘 + 𝑝)
𝑥 Directrix 𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.10

6. Parabola opening downward

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌), 𝒑 < 𝟎

Vertex:𝑉(ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑥 Focus: 𝐹 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑝)
Endpoint of latus rectum:
𝐵1 (ℎ − 2𝑝, 𝑘 + 𝑝) and 𝐵2 (ℎ + 2𝑝, 𝑘 + 𝑝)
Directrix 𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.11

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Example 3
Identify the focus, endpoints of latus rectum, and the directrix of the
equation 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 0.

Solution:

𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 = −4𝑥
By completing the square
𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 16 = −4𝑥 + 16
By factoring
(𝑦 − (−4))2 = 4 (−1)(𝑥 − 4)

𝑝 = −1, therefore, the parabola opens to the left

Vertex:𝑉(4, −4)
Focus: 𝐹 (4 + (−1), −4), 𝐹 (3, −4)
Endpoint of latus rectum:
𝐵1 , 𝐵1 (3, −2),and 𝐵2 (3, −6)
Directrix 𝐷: 𝑥 = 5

You can sketch the graph using the information in the solution.

3. ELLIPSE

A. Definition
Ellipse is a set of points in the plane whose distances from two fixed
points (foci) sum up to a constant.

B. Properties of an ellipse
Foci: 𝐹1 (−𝑐, 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 (𝑐, 0)
Vertices: 𝑉1 (−𝑎, 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 (𝑎, 0)
Endpoints of minor axis: 𝐵1 (0, −𝑏)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵2 (0, 𝑏)
If the distance of a point 𝑃 to 𝐹1 plus the distance of 𝑃 to 𝐹2 is equal to a
constant then that point 𝑃 is on the ellipse.

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.12
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C. Forms of equation of an ellipse

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.13
Suppose we let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on an ellipse, then from the definition
of ellipse we obtain

√(𝑥 + 𝑐 )2 + 𝑦 2 + √(𝑥 − 𝑐 )2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎

2 2
(√(𝑥 + 𝑐 )2 + 𝑦 2 ) = (2𝑎 − √(𝑥 − 𝑐 )2 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑥 2 + 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎2 − 4𝑎√(𝑥 − 𝑐 )2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑦 2

4𝑎√(𝑥 − 𝑐 )2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎2 − 4𝑐𝑥

𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 𝑥 2
(𝑎 2 − 𝑐 2 )𝑥 2 + 𝑎 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 ( 𝑎 2 − 𝑐 2 )

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2

Observe that 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 so the equation can be written as

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2

This is one of the equations of the ellipse.

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1. With horizontal major axis and center 𝑪(𝟎, 𝟎) at the origin

We will discuss an ellipse whose major axis is the horizontal and center at the
origin.

An ellipse with horizontal major axis and center at the origin (0,0) has the
form

𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

where 𝒂 > 𝒃 > 𝟎

𝒚
Vertices:𝑉1 (−𝑎, 0) and 𝑉2 (𝑎, 0)

Length of major axis:2𝑎

Endpoints of minor axis: 𝐵1 (0, −𝑏) and 𝐵2 (0, 𝑏)

𝒙
Length of minor axis:2𝑏

Foci:𝐹1 (−𝑐, 0) and 𝐹2 (𝑐, 0)

where 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.14
2. With vertical major axis and center 𝑪(𝟎, 𝟎) at the origin

An ellipse with vertical major axis and center at the origin (0,0) has the
form

𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐

where 𝒂 > 𝒃 > 𝟎

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Vertices:𝑉1 (0, −𝑎) and 𝑉2 (0, 𝑎)

Length of major axis: 2𝑎

Endpoints of minor axis: 𝐵1 (−𝑏, 0) and 𝐵2 (𝑏, 0)

𝒙
Length of minor axis:2𝑏

Foci:𝐹1 (0, −𝑐) and 𝐹2 (0, 𝑐)

where 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.15
3. Generally, let the graph of an ellipse be translated so that the center is at (ℎ, 𝑘 ),
then its equation has either of the form

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 ( 𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐 ( 𝒙 − 𝒉 ) 𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌 ) 𝟐
A. + =𝟏 or B + =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

Major Axis Vertices Endpoints of Minor Axis Sample Graph

A. horizontal (𝒉 ± 𝒂, 𝒌) (𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒃

vertical (𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒂) (𝒉 ± 𝒃, 𝒌

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𝑥2 𝑦2
Example: Sketch the graph of 25 + 9
= 1.
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
The above equation can be written as + 3 2 = 1.
52
So, 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 3, since 𝑎 > 𝑏, then the major axis is horizontal, with center at 𝐶 (0,0).

• Vertices:𝑉1 (−5,0) and 𝑉2 (5,0)

• Endpoints of minor axis:𝐵1 (0, −3) and 𝐵2 (0,3)

• 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 16 = 42

• Foci:𝐹1 (−4,0) and 𝐹2 (4,0)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 𝑥
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

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4. Hyperbola

• Definition:
Hyperbola is the set of all points in plane where the absolute value of the
difference of whose distances from two fixed points 𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 (foci) is
constant

• Properties of Hyperbola

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.16

• Equation of the hyperbola

We let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the hyperbola and suppose 𝑐 > 0. Let us find the
equation of the hyperbola with foci 𝐹1 (−𝑐, 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 (𝑐, 0). Assuming that the
hyperbola intersects 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 at 𝑉1 (−𝑎, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 (𝑎, 0) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 > 0. Remember that
the difference between the distance from the farther focus to the vertex and the
distance of the closer focus to the same vertex is

[(𝑐 − 𝑎) + 2𝑎] − (𝑐 − 𝑎) = 2𝑎

Hence, the distance to the farther focus minus the distance to the closer focus
for all points on the parabola is 2𝑎.

From the 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.16 and based on the definition of the hyperbola,
we obtain
|√(𝑥 + 𝑐 )2 + 𝑦 2 − √(𝑥 − 𝑐 )2 + 𝑦 2 | = 2𝑎

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If we simplify this, we get

𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2

Let 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 , since 2𝑎 < 2𝑐 and it follows that 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 > 0. So the above

equation then becomes

𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2

This is the equation of the

hyperbola.

To solve for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥, we obtain

𝑥 2𝑏2
𝑦 = ±√ − 𝑏2
𝑎2

Corner points
of auxiliary
rectangle

Conjugate axis

Asymptotes, the
extended diagonals
of the auxiliary
rectangle

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.1.3.17
Source: Adajar, C.,Baysauli,M.,Burdeos, K., Fabrero,L.,& Oropeza, A.(2018). Mathematics 21
Module:Elementary analysis 1. Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman

Conjugate axis of the hyperbola is the segment connecting the points

𝐵1 (0, −𝑏) and 𝐵2 (0, 𝑏) as shown in the figure above.

Auxiliary rectangle of the hyperbola is the rectangle formed above.

𝑏 𝑏
Asymptotes of the hyperbola are the lines 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = − 𝑎.

• Sketching hyperbola

1. Construct the auxiliary rectangle using its corners at (±𝑎, ±𝑏).

2. Trace the diagonals of the auxiliary rectangle and extend it farther from the
corners.
3. Determine its conjugate axis 𝐵1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵2 .
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4. Determine the vertices 𝑉1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 of hyperbola.

5. Then draw the hyperbola similar to what is shown in figure 2.1.3.17.

• Forms of the equation of hyperbola

1. Hyperbola with center at the origin

Generally, the equation of hyperbola centered at the origin has the
form:
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
A. − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

foci:𝐹1 (−𝑐, 0), 𝐹2 (𝑐, 0)

vertices: 𝑉1 (−𝑎, 0), 𝑉2 (𝑎, 0)
horizontal transverse axis
endpoints of conjugate axis:
𝐵1 (0, −𝑏), 𝐵2 (0, 𝑏)
𝑏
asymptotes: 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 𝑥

𝒚𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
− =𝟏
B. 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

foci:𝐹1 (0, −𝑐 ), 𝐹2 (0, 𝑐 )

vertices:
𝑉1 (0, −𝑎), 𝑉2 (0, 𝑎)
vertical transverse axis
endpoints of conjugate
axis:
𝐵1 (−𝑏, 0), 𝐵2 (𝑏, 0)
𝑏
Asymptotes: 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 𝑥
Notice the difference of the two equations of hyperbola with same center.
The hyperbola considered in our discussion above is centered at the
origin. Generally, what will happen if the axes are translated and the
center is not at the origin?

The next we will discuss is the equation of the hyperbola when there is
translation of axis, meaning the center is not at the origin, thus the axes
is being move according to the given point.

2. Hyperbola with center at 𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘 ) different from the origin.

Suppose the center of hyperbola is at 𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘 ), then the equation of the
hyperbola has the form as shown below, where 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .

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A. (𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

foci:𝐹1 (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 ), 𝐹2 (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 )
vertices: 𝑉1 (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 ), 𝑉2 (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 )
horizontal transverse axis
endpoints of conjugate axis:
𝐵1 (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏), 𝐵2 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏)
𝑏
asymptotes: 𝑦 − 𝑘 = ± 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ)

(𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐
B. − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

foci:𝐹1 (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐 ), 𝐹2 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐 )

vertices: 𝑉1 (ℎ , 𝑘 − 𝑎), 𝑉2 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
vertical transverse axis
endpoints of conjugate axis:
𝐵1 (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 ), 𝐵2 (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 )
𝑎
Asymptotes: 𝑦 − 𝑘 = ± 𝑏 (𝑥 − ℎ)

Try to Remember:

Directrices of the hyperbola are

the lines which are perpendicular
to the transverse axis and of
𝑎2
distance units from the center.
𝑐

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Example 1: Sketch the graph of 9𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 = 144.

Solution:
y2 x2
We have to write the equation in the form of a2 − b2 = 1, since we can notice in
the equation that 9𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 . We divide the equation in both sides with 144 in order
for the coefficient of 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 2 to be equal to 1.

1 1
( ) (9𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 ) = 144 ( )
144 144
𝑦 2 𝑥 2 144
⟹ − =
16 36 144

𝑦2 𝑥2
⟹ 2− 2=1
4 6

Therefore:
𝑎 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 6
So the transverse axis is vertical and the center is at 𝐶 (0,0).
The vertices are 𝑉1(0, −4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 (0,4).
The foci are 𝐹1 (0, −2√13)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 (0,2√13) since 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .
The conjugate axis has coordinates of 𝐵1 (−6,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 (6,0).

So the hyperbola will look loke this:

Example 2: Find an equation of the hyperbola and the equations of its asymptotes
if the hyperbola has its center at 𝐶 (1, −3), foci at 𝐹1 (1, −5) and
𝐹2 (1, −1) and vertices at 𝑉1 (1, −4) and 𝑉2 (1, −2)

Solution: Since the center is at 𝐶 (1, −3), then it follows that ℎ = 1, 𝑘 = −3. Then
|𝐹1 𝐹2 | = 2𝑐 = 4 and |𝑉1 𝑉2| = 2𝑎 = 2. Thus, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑎 = 1, so 𝑏 = √22 − 12 = √3. The
transverse axis is vertical since the vertices and foci all lie on the same vertical line.
The equation of the hyperbola has the form

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(𝑦 − 𝑘 ) 2 ( 𝑥 − ℎ ) 2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

So it is given by

(𝑦 − (−3))2 (𝑥 − 1)2
− =1
12 (√3)2

(𝑦 + 3))2 (𝑥 − 1)2
− =1
12 (√3)2

(𝑦 + 3)2 (𝑥 − 1)2
− =1
1 3

With asymptote at
1
𝑦+3= ± (𝑥 − 1)
√3

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Activities/Exercises

Instructions: Find the solution in each item indicated in Problem set #2. Write the
problem first then your solution and answer on any available sheet of
paper you have, then submit through e-mail, my e-mail address:
[email protected].

Example:
1. Find an equation of the circle whose center is at (−1,2) and whose
radius is 3.
Solution:

Answer:

Problem Set # 2

A. Find an equation of the circle whose center is at (−1,2) and whose radius
is 3.

B. From the following equations, determine the center and radius of the circle
if it exists.
1. (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 5
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 + 7 = 0
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 13 = 0
4. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 1 = 0

C. Determine an equation of the circle centered at (3,4) and

1. passing through (−1,5)
2. tangent to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
3. tangent to the vertical line passing through (5,0)

D. identify the following conic sections.

a. 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 1 = 0
b. 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 16𝑥 − 18𝑦 − 53 = 0
c. 9𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 5 = 0
d. 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 1
e. 7𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 = 0

E. For each item, find the vertex, focus, equation of directrix, and the
endpoints of latus rectum of the parabola with the given equation. Provide
a sketch of the parabola.
a. 𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 = 0
b. 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0
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F. For each item, find the center, vertices, foci, and endpoints of the minor
axis of the ellipse with the given equation. Provide a sketch for the ellipse.
a. 4𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 100
b. 16𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 64𝑥 + 18𝑦 − 71 = 0

G. For each item, find the center, vertices, foci, and equations of the
asymptotes of the hyperbola with the given equation. Provide a sketch for
the hyperbola.
𝑥2 𝑦2
a. − 49 = 1
25
b. −𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0

H. Find an equation of the given conic satisfying the prescribed properties.

1. parabola with focus at 𝐹 (0, −2) and equation of directrix is 𝑦 = 2
2. parabola with vertex at the origin, opens to the left, and passing through
𝑃(−2,2)
3. parabola which opens to the right, endpoints of latus rectum have
coordinates (−8,6)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−8,2).
4. ellipse with center at the origin, foci at 𝐹1 (0, −3)and 𝐹2 (0,3), major axis
of length 8 units
5. ellipse with foci at 𝐹1 (2, 0)and 𝐹2 (2, 12) and a vertex at 𝑉(2,14)
6. ellipse with foci on the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, distance between foci is half of the
9
major axis, center at origin, point with coordinates (2 , 3)on the ellipse
7. hyperbola centered at the origin, a focus at 𝐹 (5,0),a vertex at 𝑉(4,0)
8. hyperbola with foci at 𝐹1 (0,0)and 𝐹2 (0,4), passing through the point
with coordinates (12,9)
9. hyperbola with center at origin, a vertex at 𝑉(8,0), asymptotes with
equations 2𝑥 ± 4𝑦 = 0
10. ellipse whose foci are the vertices of the hyperbola 11𝑥 2 − 7𝑦 2 = 77 and
whose vertices are the foci of the same hyperbola

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Evaluation/Post-test
Directions: This is a test to assess what you have learned in this lesson. The result of
this test will be recorded. You have to submit your answers. That is, you
have to provide an answer sheet preferably with yellow paper, where you
can write your answers on the test items below. Submit your answers
through e-mail.

Test I: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer
sheet.

1. In the ordered pair(−2, 3), what is the ordinate?

A. 3 B. -2 C. both a & b D. none

2. The point (−4, −1 ( is located in which quadrant?

A. I B. II C. III D. IV

3. Which of the following points is found on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠?

A. (1, −1) B. (0, −3) C. (−3,5) D. (−2,0)

4. If a point 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏) is in the fourth quadrant, which of the following is true?

A. a is positive; b is negative C. a and b are positive
B. a is negative; b is positive D. a and b are negative

5. The coordinates of four points are𝐴(4,4), 𝐵(−4,4), 𝐶 (−4, −4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷(4, −4). If
line segments join A to B, B to C, C to D, and D to A, what geometric figure is
formed?
A. rectangle B. square C. trapezoid D. cone

6. As a particle moves from (3, -5) to (4, 2), the directed distance or increment in
𝑦 is
A. 7 B. -3 C. -7 D. 3

7. Which of the following has a zero 𝑥 increment or directed distance in 𝑥?

A. (7, -1) to (-7, 5) B. (8, -5) to (-8, 5) C. (5, 5) to (5, -5) D.(5, −5)𝑡𝑜(−5, −5)

8. As a particle moves from (-1, 3) to (4, -2),

A. 𝑥 is negative B. 𝑦 is positive C. 𝑥 is zero D. 𝑦 is
negative

9. What is the distance between the two points 𝐴(3,2) and 𝐵(3, −7)?
A. 0 B. 3 C. 9 D. 81

10. What is the distance between the points C(5, 3) and D (-4, 3)?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 3 D. 9

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11. What is the distance between the points P(-2, 2) and Q (2, 5)?
A. 2 B. 5 C. 9 D. 16

12. What is the midpoint of the line segment joining A(3, -8) and B(7, 2)?
A. (4, -1) B. (2, 5) C. (5, -3) D. (10, -6)

13. The midpoint between points P and Q is at M (3, 5). If P is at (-2, 6), where is Q
located at?
A. (8, 4) B. (8, 7) C. (8, -4) D. (-4, 12)

14. What is the 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of the equation 4x + 2y = 24?

A. 0 B. 2 C. 5 D. 6
2𝑥 3𝑦
15. What is the x-intercept of the equation 3 + 4 = 8 ?
A. 4 B. -4 C. 12 D. -12

16. What is the y-intercept of the equation y – 10 + 12x = 0?

A. 10 B. 12 C. 10/12 D. 5/12

17. What is the slope of the line passing through the points (3, -1) and (4, 7)?
A. 8 B. -8 C. 1/8 D. 3/4

18. The slope of the line tilted upward from right to left is
A. positive B. negative C. zero D. undefined

19. The line x = -2 has

A. a positive slope B. a negative slope C. zero slope D. no slope

20. The slope of the line is 4. It passes through the point (1, -2), what is the second
point on the line?
A. (-3, 4) B. (3, 6) C. (5, -2) D. (6, 2)

21. . What is the slope of the equation 2x – 3y – 6 = 0?

A. -3/2 B. 2 C. 2/3 D. 6

22. . What is the equation of the line that passes through the point (3, -4) and has
slope of 3/5?
A. 3x – 5y – 29 = 0 B. 3x + y + 29 = 0 C. 5x – 3y – 11 = 0 D. 5x + 2y – 20 = 0

23. The line passes through the points (3, -1) and (4, 7) has the equation
A. 8x – y = 32 B. 8x – y – 25 = 0 C. x + 8y – 32 = 0 D. 8x + 2y – 25 = 0

24. A line whose slope is -2 has a y-intercept of 3. What is the equation of the line?
A. 2x + y – 3 = 0 B. x – y – 3 = 0 C. y – x + 3 = 0 D. 2x - y - 3 = 0

25. What is the equation of the line which has x- intercept of 3 and y- intercept of
2?
A. 2x + y – 3 = 0 B. 2x + 3y – 6 = 0 C. 3x – 2y – 6 = 0 D. 3x – 2y – 1 = 0

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26. The equation 3x – y – 2 = 0 has a y-intercept of

A. - 2 B. 2 C. -2/3 D. – 3/2

27. If the line L1 and L2 are perpendicular, their slopes are

A. both zero B. equal C. positive reciprocals D. negative reciprocals

28. What is the slope of the line parallel to 5x – 3y = 1?

A. 3/5 B. 5/3 C. 1 D. -5/3

29. What is the slope of the line perpendicular to 3x – 5y – 12 = 0?

A. 1/3 B. -3/5 C. 5/3 D. -3

30. The line y - 2x = 5 is parallel to the line

A. 2x – 3y = 1 B. 2x – y = 4 C. 2x + 3y = 1 D. 3x + y = 5

31. A line L passes through the points (5, -2) and (-1, 1). The slope of a line
perpendicular to L is
A. 1/2 B. -1/2 C. 2 D. -2

32. What is the equation of the line through (3, -2) and the point of intersection of
lines x + 2y = 8 and 3x – y = 3?
A. 5x – y = 7 B. 5x - y = -7 C. x + 5y = -13 D. 5x – y = 13

33. What is the equation of the line perpendicular to y – 2x = 5 and passing through
(1, 3)?
A. 3y + 2x = 1 B. 2x - y = -1 C. y + 2x = 1 D. 2y + x = 4

34. What is the distance between the point (4, 1) and the line y = 2x + 1?
8√5 5√8
A. units B. 8 units C. units D. 5 units
5 8

35. The equation 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 0 gives a graph that faces

A. upward B. downward C. to the right D. to the left

36. The equation 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 = 30 is an equation of which type of conic?

A. circle B. ellipse C. parabola D. hyperbola

37. The two fixed points in an ellipse are the

A. Vertices B. length sum C. foci D. intercepts

38. If the center of the circle is at the origin and it passes through (1, -5), what is the
equation of the circle?
A. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 B. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 26 C. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 D. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

39. The fixed line in a parabola is called the

A. asymptote B. focus C. directrix D. Intercept

40. In the equation 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 = 0, the focus is at the point

1 1 4 4
A. (0, 5) B. ( 5 , 0 ) C. ( 5 , 0 ) D. (0, 5)

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41. A line perpendicular to the axis will have a slope equal to

A. Zero B. -1 C. 1 D. undefined

42. In the equation4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 36 , the radius is

A. 3 B. 6 C. 9 D. 36

43. In the equation 𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 25, the vertices are at

A. (0, ±5) B. (0, ±1) C.( ±5, 0) D. (±1, 0)
1
44. The equation of the parabola whose focus is at(− 3 , 0) is
A. 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 0 B. 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 = 0 C. 4𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 D. 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 = 0

45. The equation of the line that passes through (-3, 4) and perpendicular to 3x –
5y = 1 is
A. 5x = 3y + 11 = 0 B. 5x + 3y + 3 = 0 C. 5x + 3x – 11 = 0 D. 5y -3x + 29 = 0

46. If the radius of the circle is 4, and the center at the origin , the equation of the
circle is
A. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 1 B. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 C. 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 16 D. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 32

47. The distance between the line 4x + 3y – 10 = 0 and the origin is

A. -2 B. 3/5 C. 2 D. -3/5

48. Which of the following is an equation of an ellipse?

A. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 1 B. 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 1 C. 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 = 1 D. 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = 1

49. A segment joining two points on a circle is called

A. vertex B. center C. chord D. tangent

50. 𝑀 is the midpoint of segment 𝐿𝑁 . If LM = 3x + 16 and MN = 7x, how long is

LN?
A. 56 B. 26 C. 66 D. 36

51. AB is a chord of circle O of length 20 cm. If OA = 15 cm. Find the distance of

AB from O.
A. 5cm B. 5√5 cm C. 4 cm D. 15√5 cm

52. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 = 0 if the point of
tangency is (0, 8).
A. y – 8 = 0 B. y + 8 – 0 C. y = 4 D. y + 4 = 0

53. What is the equation of the parabola with focus at (2, 0) and vertex is at origin?
A. 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 B. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 C. 𝑥 2 = 3𝑦 D. 𝑥 2 = 6𝑦

54. When the focus of the parabola is at (0,-5), the curve faces
A. upward B. downward C. to the left D. to the right

55. The vertex of the parabola is at the origin and the directrix is at the line y= -3.
What is the equation of the parabola?
A. 𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 B. 𝑥 2 = −12𝑦 C. 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥 D. 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥
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 53

56. The focus of the parabola x2 – 24y = 0 is found at

A. (0, 6) B. (0, -6) C. (6, 0) D. (-6,0)

57. Find the equation of the parabola with focus at (8, 0) and with directrix x= -8.
A. 𝑦 2 = −32𝑥 B. 𝑥 2 = 32𝑦 C. 𝑦 2 = 32𝑥 D. 𝑥 2 = −32𝑦

58. Find the equation of the parabola with focus (6, -5) and directrix y = 2.
A. 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 57 = 0 C. 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 57 = 0
B. 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 − 8𝑥 − 57 = 0 D. 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 16𝑥 + 57 = 0

For item number 59 and 60. Refer to the given problem. Given the equation of the
parabola 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 16 = 0 find

59. The coordinates of the vertex?

A. (6, -6) B.(4, -4) C. (3, -3) D.(2, -2)

60. The length of the latus rectum

A. 6units B. 3 units C. 12 units D. 9 units

For item number 61 and 62 refer to the given problem. The equation of the parabola
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 7 = 0 find

61. The coordinates of the vertex

A. (-1, 2) B.(1, 2) C. (0, 2) D. (2, 2)

62. The coordinates of the focus

A. (1, 1) B. (0,0) C. (2, 2) D. (3, 3)

63. Which of the equation below describes an ellipse?

𝑥2 𝑦2
A. x2 + y2 = 4 B.4x2 + 9y2 = 36 C. 2x2 + 2y2 = 50 D. 16 + 16
=1

𝑥2 𝑦2
64. The vertices of the ellipse + =1
16 4
A. (± 4,0) B. (0, ±2) C. ( 0, ± 4, ) D. (±2, 0)

65. Find the length of the major axis of the ellipse 16x2 + 5y2 = 400.
A. 5 B. 10 C.8√5 D. 10√5

66. Find the equation of the ellipse with vertices at (-14, -0) and (14, 0) and foci at
(-9, 0) and (9, 0).

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. 81 + 196 = 1 C. 196 + 115 = 1

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
B. + 81 = 1 D. 115 + 196 = 1
196

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

 54

67. Find the equation of the ellipse with vertices of (0, -18) and (0, 18) and minor
axis of length 30.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. + 99 = 1 C. 225 + 324 = 1
225

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
B. + =1 D. + =1
99 225 324 225

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References
Adajar, C.,Baysauli,M.,Burdeos, K., Fabrero,L.,& Oropeza, A.(2018). Mathematics
21 Module:Elementary analysis 1. Institute of Mathematics, University of the
Philippines Diliman.
Angenent, S. (2006). Calculus:lecture note version. http://www.math.wisc.edu/-
angenent/Free-Lecture-Notes
Apostol, T. (1990). One- Variable Calculus with an Introduction to Linear
Algebra. John Wily and Sons Inc. Ney York
Bittinger, M.,Ellenbogen,D., Surgent, S. (2012). Calculus and its applications.
Pearson Education.
Cuaresma, G.,Cuaresma,M., Jose, E., Loyola, J. & Naalio, E., A worktext in analytic
geometry and calulus 1. C & E Publishing.
Dawkins, P. (2007). Calculus 1. http.//tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx
Etgen, S. (2007). Calculus one and several variables. John Wiley and Sons, 10th
edition.
Heinbockel, J.H. (2012). Introduction to Calculus, volume 1.in pdf.
Larson, R., and Hostetler, R. (1986).Calculus with analytic geometry. (3rd
ed.)Heath and Company.
Leithold, L (1990). The Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Happer and Row
Publishers, New York
Leithold, L. (1990). The calculus with analytic geometry.(6th ed.)Harper & Row,
Publishers
Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
Mercado, J., & Orines, F. (2016).Next Century mathematics : basic
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Smith, R (2012). Calculus: early transcendental Functions. Mc Graw Hill
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Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage Learning

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